Preparation of a sustainable magnetic sorbent for the extraction and preconcentration of progestogens in natural water samples.

A film composed of agarose and graphene (G) and magnetic nanoparticles (G-MNPs) is proposed as a sorbent for the extraction and determination of medroxyprogesterone (MED), levonorgestrel (LEV), norethisterone (NOR) and progesterone (PRO) in natural water samples. Both the preparation of the film and the extraction procedure were optimized. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: isopropyl alcohol as activation solvent, sample pH value of 3.0, extraction time of 30 min, 1.00 mL of acetonitrile as eluent, elution time of 5 min and sample volume of 100.00 mL. HPLC with photodiode array detector was used for the separation and determination. The method presented a linear range between 2.50 and 75.0 µg L-1 for all analytes, and the LODs were between 1.40 and 1.80 µg L-1. The method was applied to natural water samples, obtaining satisfactory recovery values (75-111 %). In conclusion, for the immobilization of the G-MNPs, agarose was used, which is a non-toxic, renewable and biodegradable material. The G-MNPs-agarose film was reused up to 70 times, without losing its extraction capacity significantly and presenting excellent sorbent properties, which allow the extraction and preconcentration of the progestogens under study.

Understanding Progestins: From Basics to Clinical Applicability.

Progestin is a term used to describe a synthetic progestogen. The activity and potency of synthetic progestins are mostly evaluated via parameters associated with their endometrial effects, which are related to their interactions with progesterone, estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptors. The chemical structure of progestins is the key to understanding their interactions with these receptors and predicting the other effects associated with these drugs. Due to their endometrial effect, progestins are used for different gynecological conditions, such as endometriosis, contraception, hormonal replacement therapy, and artificial reproduction techniques. This review is focused on improving our knowledge of progestins (from their history and biochemical effects related to their chemical structures to clinical applications in gynecological conditions) in order to improve clinical practice.

Using an on-site laboratory for fecal steroid analysis in wild white-faced capuchins.

Hormone laboratories located "on-site" where field studies are being conducted have a number of advantages. On-site laboratories allow hormone analyses to proceed in near-real-time, minimize logistics of sample permits/shipping, contribute to in-country capacity-building, and (our focus here) facilitate cross-site collaboration through shared methods and a shared laboratory. Here we provide proof-of-concept that an on-site hormone laboratory (the Taboga Field Laboratory, located in the Taboga Forest Reserve, Costa Rica) can successfully run endocrine analyses in a remote location. Using fecal samples from wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) from three Costa Rican forests, we validate the extraction and analysis of four steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone) across six assays (DetectX® and ISWE, all from Arbor Assays). Additionally, as the first collaboration across three long-term, wild capuchin field sites (Lomas Barbudal, Santa Rosa, Taboga) involving local Costa Rican collaborators, this laboratory can serve as a future hub for collaborative exchange.

Uso de éguas receptoras acíclicas em programas de transferência de embrião / Anovulatory recipient mares in embryo transfer programs

O maior entrave para o êxito de um programa de transferência de embrião (TE) está relacionado às receptoras, tanto a qualidade de características reprodutivas, quanto a sincronização entre doadoras e receptoras. Éguas doadoras, geralmente, apresentam melhor escore corporal e disponibilidade alimentar nos períodos de seca, fazendo com que iniciem o seu ciclo estral precocemente enquanto éguas receptoras se encontram ainda em anestro ou período transicional, o que dificulta a TE. Vários estudos foram realizados com o objetivo de utilizar receptoras acíclicas como receptoras de embrião. Assim, podem ser utilizadas nos programas de TE quando submetidas a protocolos hormonais que mimetizam o ciclo estral natural. Uma diversidade de protocolos é encontrada na literatura, usando diferentes doses, posologias e intervalos do uso de estradiol associado a progestágenos. Portanto, objetivou-se analisar resultados de pesquisas com protocolos hormonais que poderiam ajudar a solucionar a escassez de receptoras cíclicas e maximizar os resultados da biotécnica de transferência de embriões.(AU)

There are obstacles to the success of equine embryo transfer programs, concomitantly there has been an increase in the popularity of the technique. One of the most urgent issues to overcome is related to the recipient mare availability and the donor-recipient synchrony. Usually, the donor mares have a higher body condition score and are fed a higher quality diet than recipient mares during the non-breeding season. Therefore, the donor mares start cycling earlier than recipient mares, which makes embryo transfer challenging. Several studies have been carried on finding hormonal protocols that mimic the natural oestrous cycle to allow the use of noncycling recipient mares for embryo transfer programs. Many protocols can be found in the literature, using different doses and intervals. Among the main difference is the use of progestogens, which can be used alone or in combination with oestradiol. The aim of this review was to analyse results that could help solve the lack of recipient mares and improve the results of the embryo transfer technique.(AU)

Effects of progestogens used in menopause hormone therapy on the normal breast and benign breast disease in postmenopausal women.

Hormone replacement therapy in menopause is used to improve climacteric syndrome in women whose quality of life is affected. However, given the wide variety of progestogens available, it is important to evaluate their differential benign changes (radiological, cellular, and clinical) on the breast. This review aimed to determine the different benign changes of progestogens used in postmenopausal combined hormone therapy on the breast (radiological, cellular, and clinical), in women without mammary pathology, in order to establish their safety profile. A systematic review of the literature was carried out with a balanced search strategy for the identification of relevant references in the MEDLINE, BVSalud, EMBASE, ProQuest, and Cochrane databases until November 2019. The search terms used were 'menopause' or 'hormonal replacement therapy' or 'progestins' or 'estrogen' or 'mastodynia' or 'benign breast disease' or 'mammography'. Data were collected from the 'eligible' articles by two researchers (ARF and SHA), and possible discrepancies in inclusion were resolved by consensus. A total of 1886 articles were identified; 60 full-text articles were reviewed, and 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included for the qualitative analysis. In conclusion, combined hormone replacement therapy is associated with benign effects on the breast, such as mastodynia and increased mammographic density.

Follicular dynamic and reproductive performance of gilts submitted to estrous cycle synchronization using two different progestogen sources.

This study evaluated reproductive indicators of gilts treated with altrenogest or an intravaginal device (IVD) containing medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for estrous cycle synchronization, starting the protocol on different days of the estrous cycle or replacing the IVD in the middle of treatment. In Experiment 1, 126 gilts were assigned, according to the day of treatment onset (Day 5 or 10 of the estrous cycle), to the following treatments: Control-5 (no hormone); Control-10 (no hormone); IVD-5 (IVD with MPA); IVD-10 (IVD with MPA); ALT-5 (altrenogest); or ALT-10 (altrenogest). The first day of the previous estrus was considered as Day 0 of the estrous cycle, and progestogen groups were treated for 14 d. In Experiment 2, 63 gilts were assigned to Control, ALT, or IVD groups. Progestogen treatment started on Day 10 of the estrous cycle, and the IVD was replaced after 7 d of treatment. In both experiments, no gilts expressed estrus during progestogen administration. In Experiment 1, the interval hormonal withdrawal-to-estrus (IHE) tended to be shorter when treatment started on Day 10 than on Day 5 (3.6 vs. 4.1 d, respectively; P = 0.09). The percentage of gilts expressing estrus after hormone withdrawal was lower for IVD-gilts (76.3%) compared to ALT (100%) and Control-gilts (92.9%; P ≤ 0.07). The percentage of persistent follicles (PFOL) was greater in IVD-10 (60.0%) and ALT-10 (33.3%) than CONT-10 (0.0%; P ≤ 0.06). The adjusted farrowing rate (AFR) was lower in IVD (65.5%) and ALT (80.5%) compared with CONT (97.4%; P ≤ 0.08). In Experiment 2, the IHE was longer for ALT than IVD (4.9 vs. 3.9 d, respectively; P < 0.01). No difference among groups was observed in the percentage of gilts expressing estrus (overall 86.4%), but the occurrence of PFOL was higher in IVD (61.5%) compared to ALT (5.3%), and Control groups (10.5%; P < 0.01). The AFR was lower in IVD (53.8%) than in ALT (88.2%) and Control (94.7%; P ≤ 0.05). The total number of piglets born was not affected by hormonal treatments in either experiment. Estrous expression was delayed in gilts treated with altrenogest or IVD-MPA. However, the reproductive performance of IVD-gilts was compromised, which was not circumvented by IVD replacement in the middle of treatment. Therefore, further studies are necessary to understand MPA pharmacodynamics and investigate alternative devices for a steady release of progestogens in gilts.

Steroid hormones and estrogenic activity in the wastewater outfall and receiving waters of the Chascomús chained shallow lakes system (Argentina).

Natural and synthetic steroid hormones, excreted by humans and farmed animals, have been considered as important sources of environmental endocrine disruptors. A suite of estrogens, androgens and progestogens was measured in the wastewater treatment plant outfall (WWTPO) of Chascomús city (Buenos Aires province, Argentina), and receiving waters located downstream and upstream from the WWTPO, using solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The following natural hormones were measured: 17ß-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), testosterone (T), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Also, in order to complement the analytical method, the estrogenic activity in these surface water samples was evaluated using the in vitro transactivation bioassay that measures the estrogen receptor (ER) activity using mammalian cells. All-natural steroid hormones measured, except 17OHP, were detected in all analyzed water samples. E3, E1, EE2 and DHT were the most abundant and frequently detected. Downstream of the WWTPO, the concentration levels of all compounds decreased reaching low levels at 4500 m from the WWTPO. Upstream, 1500 m from the WWTPO, six out of eight steroid hormones analyzed were detected: DHT, T, P, 17OHP, E3 and E2. Moreover, water samples from the WWTPO and 200 m downstream from it showed estrogenic activity exceeding that of the EC50 of the E2 standard curve. In sum, this work demonstrates the presence of sex steroid hormones and estrogenic activity, as measured by an in vitro assay, in superficial waters of the Pampas region. It also suggests the possibility of an unidentified source upstream of the wastewater outfall.

Fertility-Sparing Treatment in Young Women with Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia and Low-Grade Endometrial Cancer: A Tertiary Center Experience.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the oncologic and reproductive outcomes of patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia and low grade stage 1 endometrial cancer who received medical treatment. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study on all patients aged 20-42 years with complex, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and low-grade stage 1 endometrial cancer, who wished to preserve fertility and were treated at the Royal Hospital. We held this study between January 2006 and December 2016. The patients received oral megestrol acetate with or without a levonorgestrel intrauterine system. We assessed their response to progestin treatment in terms of treatment duration, time to response, pregnancy, time of surgery, and oncological outcome. We performed the statistical analysis using the SPSS 20.0 software. RESULTS: Twenty patients met the inclusion criteria, and among them 90% had complete remission. Among these 90%, 55% had complete remission within six months of treatment. The recurrence rate was recorded in 11 patients (55%) and it was more frequent in obese patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 (p=0.001), who had complete response in > 6 months of hormonal treatment. About 15% of the patients required hysterectomy, and 12 (60%) patients conceived after full treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Fertility-sparing treatment of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and grade 1 stage 1 endometrial cancer in reproductive-age women is feasible. However, obese patients (BMI ≥ 30) had a higher recurrence rate.

Hormonal protocols for the synchronization and induction of synchronized estrus in dairy ewes kept under tropical conditions

Background: Lacaune is an important sheep breed and shows reproductive seasonality which affects dairy product supply. The most common hormonal protocols are based on progesterone-releasing devices in order to reach reproductive activity. Due to international consumer demand for natural, green, and clean methods, such issues encourage the minimal or absent use of synthetic hormones in livestock. In this sense, the present study tested the efficiency of induction and estrus synchronization protocols in lacaune ewes, considering: application interval of synthetic prostaglandin at the breeding season; length of synthetic progesterone exposure; and eCG dose at the outbreeding season. Materials, Methods & Results: In study 1: 52 ewes were submitted to estrus synchronization protocol using two doses of d-cloprostenol 7 or 9 days apart. In study 2: 47 ewes were submitted to estrus induction protocol using an intravaginal device containing 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate maintained for 6, 9, or 12 days. In study 3: 46 ewes were submitted to synchronized estrus induction protocol using intravaginal progesterone device for six days. On the fifth day, d-cloprostenol and 300 IU or 400 IU of eCG were administered. For all studies, signs of estrus beginning/ending were recorded and natural mating was performed. After 30 days, transrectal ultrasound was performed for pregnancy diagnosis. In study 1, groups presented similar rate of estrus behavior (78.8%) and pregnancy (average 75.6%). Meanwhile, compared to G9days (37.8 ± 7.2 h), interval between the second dose of prostaglandin and beginning of estrus was smaller in G7days (31.5 ± 7.8 h). No difference was found among variables studied in study 2 (P > 0.05), nevertheless the SD for the estrus duration was shorter (P < 0.05) in G6days and G12 days when compared with the G9days . Equally, the SD...

Esclarecimento da população de Dourados MS sobre o uso indiscriminado de anticoncepcionais como agente causador de hiperplasia mamária / Clarification of the population of Dourados MS on the indiscriminated use of contraceptives as a causing agent of mammary hyperplasia / Esclarecimiento de la población de Dourados MS sobre el uso indiscriminado de anticoncepcionales como agente causador de hiperplasia mamaria

A densidade populacional de cães e gatos aumenta exponencialmente a cada ano e a adoção de métodos de interrupção do ciclo reprodutivo têm sido descritos para o controle desta, sendo a forma amplamente utilizada a farmacológica consistindo na aplicação de anticoncepcionais veterinários de efetiva ação, porém com efeitos adversos. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de esclarecimento da população de Dourados-MS sobre a posse responsável de cães e gatos no que diz respeito às formas de controle reprodutivo bem como o conhecimento das possíveis patologias decorrentes da utilização de fármacos anticoncepcionais. Para tanto, foi aplicado questionário contendo questões relacionadas à temática, cujo preenchimento ocorreu de maneira manual ou eletrônica por 200 entrevistados escolhidos aleatoriamente. Verificou-se que a população que compôs a pesquisa consistia de indivíduos com instrução acadêmica (74% possuíam nível superior) e elevado poder aquisitivo (33% com renda familiar superior a 3 salários mínimos) que alegaram conhecer os riscos da administração de fármacos anticoncepcionais (88,5%) porém que ainda fazem uso deste método (14%) como forma de controle populacional possibilitando a ocorrência de alterações reprodutivas em seus animais (19,9%). Sendo assim é necessário maior esclarecimento da população sobre o bem-estar animal já que se verificou que o fator financeiro não consistiu em um parâmetro que determinasse a não adoção de métodos cirúrgicos de esterilização.(AU)

The population density of dogs and cats increases exponentially each year and the adoption of methods of interruption of the reproductive cycle have been described for the control of this, being the widely used pharmacological form consisting of the application of effective contraceptive contraceptives, but with effects adverse effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of enlightenment of the population of Dourados-MS on the responsible possession of dogs and cats with respect to the forms of reproductive control as well as the knowledge of the possible pathologies resulting from the use of contraceptive drugs. For this purpose, a questionnaire containing questions related to the subject matter was applied, which was filled manually or electronically by 200 randomly chosen interviewees. It was verified that the population that composed the research consisted of individuals with academic instruction (74% had a higher level) and high purchasing power (33% with a family income higher than 3 minimum salaries) who claimed to know the risks of administering contraceptive drugs (88.5%) but still use this method (14%) as a form of population control, allowing the occurrence of reproductive changes in their animals (19.9%). Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the population about animal welfare since it was verified that the financial factor did not consist in a parameter that determined the non-adoption of surgical methods of sterilization.(AU)

La densidad de población de perros y gatos aumenta exponencialmente cada año y la adopción de métodos de interrupción del ciclo reproductivo se ha descrito para el control de esta, siendo la forma ampliamente utilizada la farmacológica consistente en la aplicación de anticonceptivos veterinarios de acción efectiva, pero con efectos adverso. Siendo así el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el grado de esclarecimiento de la población de Dourados-MS sobre la posesión responsable de perros y gatos en lo que se refiere a las formas de control reproductivo así como el conocimiento de las posibles patologías derivadas de la utilización de fármacos anticonceptivos. Para ello, se aplicó cuestionario que contenía cuestiones relacionadas con la temática, cuyo llenado ocurrió de manera manual o electrónica por 200 entrevistados escogidos aleatoriamente. Se verificó que la población que compuso la investigación consistía de individuos con instrucción académica (74% poseían nivel superior) y elevado poder adquisitivo (33% con renta familiar superior a 3 salarios mínimos) que alegaron conocer los riesgos de la administración de fármacos anticonceptivos (El 88,5%), pero que todavía hacen uso de este método (14%) como forma de control poblacional posibilitando la ocurrencia de alteraciones reproductivas en sus animales (19,9%). Siendo así es necesario mayor aclaración de la población sobre el bienestar animal ya que se verificó que el factor financiero no consistió en un parámetro que determinara la no adopción de métodos quirúrgicos de esterilización.(AU)

Esclarecimento da população de Dourados MS sobre o uso indiscriminado de anticoncepcionais como agente causador de hiperplasia mamária / Clarification of the population of Dourados MS on the indiscriminated use of contraceptives as a causing agent of mammary hyperplasia / Esclarecimiento de la población de Dourados MS sobre el uso indiscriminado de anticoncepcionales como agente causador de hiperplasia mamaria

A densidade populacional de cães e gatos aumenta exponencialmente a cada ano e a adoção de métodos de interrupção do ciclo reprodutivo têm sido descritos para o controle desta, sendo a forma amplamente utilizada a farmacológica consistindo na aplicação de anticoncepcionais veterinários de efetiva ação, porém com efeitos adversos. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de esclarecimento da população de Dourados-MS sobre a posse responsável de cães e gatos no que diz respeito às formas de controle reprodutivo bem como o conhecimento das possíveis patologias decorrentes da utilização de fármacos anticoncepcionais. Para tanto, foi aplicado questionário contendo questões relacionadas à temática, cujo preenchimento ocorreu de maneira manual ou eletrônica por 200 entrevistados escolhidos aleatoriamente. Verificou-se que a população que compôs a pesquisa consistia de indivíduos com instrução acadêmica (74% possuíam nível superior) e elevado poder aquisitivo (33% com renda familiar superior a 3 salários mínimos) que alegaram conhecer os riscos da administração de fármacos anticoncepcionais (88,5%) porém que ainda fazem uso deste método (14%) como forma de controle populacional possibilitando a ocorrência de alterações reprodutivas em seus animais (19,9%). Sendo assim é necessário maior esclarecimento da população sobre o bem-estar animal já que se verificou que o fator financeiro não consistiu em um parâmetro que determinasse a não adoção de métodos cirúrgicos de esterilização.

The population density of dogs and cats increases exponentially each year and the adoption of methods of interruption of the reproductive cycle have been described for the control of this, being the widely used pharmacological form consisting of the application of effective contraceptive contraceptives, but with effects adverse effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of enlightenment of the population of Dourados-MS on the responsible possession of dogs and cats with respect to the forms of reproductive control as well as the knowledge of the possible pathologies resulting from the use of contraceptive drugs. For this purpose, a questionnaire containing questions related to the subject matter was applied, which was filled manually or electronically by 200 randomly chosen interviewees. It was verified that the population that composed the research consisted of individuals with academic instruction (74% had a higher level) and high purchasing power (33% with a family income higher than 3 minimum salaries) who claimed to know the risks of administering contraceptive drugs (88.5%) but still use this method (14%) as a form of population control, allowing the occurrence of reproductive changes in their animals (19.9%). Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the population about animal welfare since it was verified that the financial factor did not consist in a parameter that determined the non-adoption of surgical methods of sterilization.

La densidad de población de perros y gatos aumenta exponencialmente cada año y la adopción de métodos de interrupción del ciclo reproductivo se ha descrito para el control de esta, siendo la forma ampliamente utilizada la farmacológica consistente en la aplicación de anticonceptivos veterinarios de acción efectiva, pero con efectos adverso. Siendo así el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el grado de esclarecimiento de la población de Dourados-MS sobre la posesión responsable de perros y gatos en lo que se refiere a las formas de control reproductivo así como el conocimiento de las posibles patologías derivadas de la utilización de fármacos anticonceptivos. Para ello, se aplicó cuestionario que contenía cuestiones relacionadas con la temática, cuyo llenado ocurrió de manera manual o electrónica por 200 entrevistados escogidos aleatoriamente. Se verificó que la población que compuso la investigación consistía de individuos con instrucción académica (74% poseían nivel superior) y elevado poder adquisitivo (33% con renta familiar superior a 3 salarios mínimos) que alegaron conocer los riesgos de la administración de fármacos anticonceptivos (El 88,5%), pero que todavía hacen uso de este método (14%) como forma de control poblacional posibilitando la ocurrencia de alteraciones reproductivas en sus animales (19,9%). Siendo así es necesario mayor aclaración de la población sobre el bienestar animal ya que se verificó que el factor financiero no consistió en un parámetro que determinara la no adopción de métodos quirúrgicos de esterilización.

Esclarecimiento de la población de Dourados MS sobre el uso indiscriminado de anticoncepcionales como agente causador de hiperplasia mamaria / Clarification of the population of Dourados MS on the indiscriminated use of contraceptives as a causing agent of mammary hyperplasia / Esclarecimento da população de Dourados MS sobre o uso indiscriminado de anticoncepcionais como agente causador de hiperplasia mamária

La densidad de población de perros y gatos aumenta exponencialmente cada año y la adopción de métodos de interrupción del ciclo reproductivo se ha descrito para el control de esta, siendo la forma ampliamente utilizada la farmacológica consistente en la aplicación de anticonceptivos veterinarios de acción efectiva, pero con efectos adverso. Siendo así el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el grado de esclarecimiento de la población de Dourados-MS sobre la posesión responsable de perros y gatos en lo que se refiere a las formas de control reproductivo así como el conocimiento de las posibles patologías derivadas de la utilización de fármacos anticonceptivos. Para ello, se aplicó cuestionario que contenía cuestiones relacionadas con la temática, cuyo llenado ocurrió de manera manual o electrónica por 200 entrevistados escogidos aleatoriamente. Se verificó que la población que compuso la investigación consistía de individuos con instrucción académica (74% poseían nivel superior) y elevado poder adquisitivo (33% con renta familiar superior a 3 salarios mínimos) que alegaron conocer los riesgos de la administración de fármacos anticonceptivos ( El 88,5%), pero que todavía hacen uso de este método (14%) como forma de control poblacional posibilitando la ocurrencia de alteraciones reproductivas en sus animales (19,9%). Siendo así es necesario mayor aclaración de la población sobre e

The population density of dogs and cats increases exponentially each year and the adoption of methods of interruption of the reproductive cycle have been described for the control of this, being the widely used pharmacological form consisting of the application of effective contraceptive contraceptives, but with effects adverse effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of enlightenment of the population of Dourados-MS on the responsible possession of dogs and cats with respect to the forms of reproductive control as well as the knowledge of the possible pathologies resulting from the use of contraceptive drugs. For this purpose, a questionnaire containing questions related to the subject matter was applied, which was filled manually or electronically by 200 randomly chosen interviewees. It was verified that the population that composed the research consisted of individuals with academic instruction (74% had a higher level) and high purchasing power (33% with a family income higher than 3 minimum salaries) who claimed to know the risks of administering contraceptive drugs ( 88.5%) but still use this method (14%) as a form of population control, allowing the occurrence of reproductive changes in their animals (19.9%). Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the population about animal welfare since it was verified that the financial factor did not c

A densidade populacional de cães e gatos aumenta exponencialmente a cada ano e a adoção de métodos de interrupção do ciclo reprodutivo têm sido descritos para o controle desta, sendo a forma amplamente utilizada a farmacológica consistindo na aplicação de anticoncepcionais veterinários de efetiva ação, porém com efeitos adversos. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de esclarecimento da população de Dourados-MS sobre a posse responsável de cães e gatos no que diz respeito às formas de controle reprodutivo bem como o conhecimento das possíveis patologias decorrentes da utilização de fármacos anticoncepcionais. Para tanto, foi aplicado questionário contendo questões relacionadas à temática, cujo preenchimento ocorreu de maneira manual ou eletrônica por 200 entrevistados escolhidos aleatoriamente. Verificou-se que a população que compôs a pesquisa consistia de indivíduos com instrução acadêmica (74% possuíam nível superior) e elevado poder aquisitivo (33% com renda familiar superior a 3 salários mínimos) que alegaram conhecer os riscos da administração de fármacos anticoncepcionais (88,5%) porém que ainda fazem uso deste método (14%) como forma de controle populacional possibilitando a ocorrência de alterações reprodutivas em seus animais (19,9%). Sendo assim é necessário maior esclarecimento da população sobre o bem-estar animal já que se verificou que o fator

Molecular Interactions of Different Steroids Contributing to Sebum Production. Review.

Considerable progress has been made in learning about the physiology and biochemistry of the sebaceous glands and several of the diseases that affect this component of the skin. Of these diseases, acne has particular importance. It is associated with adolescence, and because of the hormonal changes that take place in this stage, when it is severe it can cause depression. Moreover, in a considerable proportion of acne sufferers both adolescent and adult, it can produce tumors and deformation of the sebaceous glands. This seriously affects the sufferers to the point where it may limit their professional activities because they do not want to be seen in public. Several important issues from classic studies on the sebaceous gland will be reviewed in this document to report the state of the art of current treatments for the pathology of these glands. The sebaceous gland is an intracrine organ, capable of synthesizing and metabolizing different steroidal hormones. The role of each of the enzymes involved in these processes of the skin will be analyzed. The presence of different hormone receptors in the scientific literature will be also reviewed, due to the role of the sebaceous gland in lipogenesis at different ages. We also describe the mechanism of action of androgens and progestins in relation to coregulators recruited for lipogenesis in this gland. We propose several new steroidal compounds based on their mechanism of action to block lipogenesis in the sebaceous glands. These molecules offer potential for new treatment options for skin diseases.

Progestogens in singleton gestations with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE DATA: Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes occurs in 3% of all pregnancies. Neonatal benefit is seen in uninfected women who do not deliver immediately after preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the administration of progestogens in singleton pregnancies prolongs pregnancy after preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. STUDY: Searches were performed in MEDLINE, OVID, Scopus, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials with the use of a combination of keywords and text words related to "progesterone," "progestogen," "prematurity," and "preterm premature rupture of membranes" from the inception of the databases until January 2018. We included all randomized controlled trials of singleton gestations after preterm prelabor rupture of membranes that were randomized to either progestogens or control (either placebo or no treatment). Exclusion criteria were trials that included women who had contraindications to expectant management after preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (ie, chorioamnionitis, severe preeclampsia, and nonreassuring fetal status) and trials on multiple gestations. We planned to include all progestogens, including but not limited to 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and natural progesterone. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: The primary outcome was latency from randomization to delivery. Metaanalysis was performed with the use of the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to produce relative risk with 95% confidence interval. Analysis was performed for each mode of progestogen administration separately. RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials (n=545 participants) were included. Four of the included trials assessed the efficacy of 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate; 1 trial assessed rectal progestogen, and 1 trial had 3 arms that compared 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate, rectal progestogen, and placebo. The mean gestational age at time randomization was 26.9 weeks in the 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate group and 27.3 weeks in the control group. 17-α Hydroxyprogesterone caproate administration was not found to prolong the latency period between randomization and delivery (mean difference, 0.11 days; 95% confidence interval, -3.30 to 3.53). There were no differences in mean gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, or maternal or neonatal outcomes between the 2 groups. Similarly, there was no difference in latency for those women who received rectal progesterone (mean difference, 4.00 days; 95% confidence interval, -0.72 to 8.72). CONCLUSION: Progestogen administration does not prolong pregnancy in singleton gestations with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes.

Prevalence of orofacial clefts and risks for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in newborns at a university hospital from West Mexico.

We determined the overall prevalence of typical orofacial clefts and the potential risks for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a university hospital from West México. For the prevalence, 227 liveborn infants with typical orofacial clefts were included from a total of 81,193 births occurred during the period 2009-2016 at the "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca" Civil Hospital of Guadalajara (Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico). To evaluate potential risks, a case-control study was conducted among 420 newborns, including only those 105 patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cases), and 315 infants without birth defects (controls). Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis expressed as adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals . The overall prevalence for typical orofacial clefts was 28 per 10,000 (95% confidence interval: 24.3-31.6), or 1 per 358 live births. The mean values for the prepregnancy weight, antepartum weight, and pre-pregnancy body mass index were statistically higher among the mothers of cases. Infants with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate had a significantly higher risk for previous history of any type of congenital anomaly (adjusted odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.4-5.1), history of a relative with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (adjusted odds ratio: 19.6; 95% confidence interval: 8.2-47.1), and first-trimester exposures to progestogens (adjusted odds ratio: 6.8; 95% CI 1.8-25.3), hyperthermia (adjusted odds ratio: 3.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-10.6), and common cold (adjusted odds ratio: 3.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-11.9). These risks could have contributed to explain the high prevalence of orofacial clefts in our region of Mexico, emphasizing that except for history of relatives with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, most are susceptible of modification.

Transferência de embriões em éguas receptoras anovulatórias / Embryo transfer in anovulatory recipient mares / Transferencia de embriones en yeguas receptoras anovulatorias

Resumo: Este artigo discute os principais aspectos do uso de protocolos hormonais baseados na aplicação de estrógeno seguido de progestágenos em receptoras anovulatórias o acíclicas, seja em anestro ou transição nos protocolos de transferência de embriões. A maioria das éguas apresentam comportamento poliéstrico estacional, com o que manifestam estro e ciclos ovulatórios nos períodos de maior luminosidade diária. O ciclo reprodutivo anual das éguas é caracterizado pela presença de quatro fases definidas pela dinâmica folicular: de anestro, de transição de primavera, ovulatória e de transição de outono. Durante as fases de transição e anestro, a incidência das ovulações diminui ou é nula, ou que dificulta a sincronização das ovulações entre doadoras e receptoras durante a preparação para a transferência de embriões. Alguns estudos mostram que as receptoras anovulatórias/acíclicas mantidas com protocolos com base em esteroides apresentam mudanças uterinas similares às que acontecem nas éguas gestantes. Contudo, não há pesquisas suficientes que permitam esclarecer o melhor protocolo de esteroides, no que se refere à dose, tempos de tratamento e vias de administração.

Abstract: This article discusses the main aspects of using hormonal protocols based on the application of estrogen followed by progestogen in anovulatory or acyclic recipients, either in anestrous or transition in embryo transfer protocols. Most mares demonstrate seasonally polyestrous behavior, by which they manifest estrus and ovulatory cycles during periods of higher daily luminosity. The annual reproductive cycle of mares is characterized by the presence of four phases defined by follicular dynamics: anestrous, spring transition, ovulatory, and autumn transition. During the phases of transition and anestrous, the incidence of ovulations decreases or is zero, making it difficult to synchronize ovulations between donors and recipients in preparation for embryo transfer. Some studies have shown that anovulatory/acyclic recipient mares managed with steroid-based protocols have similar uterine changes to those observed in pregnant mares. However, there is no sufficient research to allow to clarify the best steroid protocol with respect to dose, treatment times, and routes of administration.

Resumen: Este artículo discute los principales aspectos del uso de protocolos hormonales basados en la aplicación de estrógeno seguido de progestágeno en receptoras anovulatorias o acíclicas, sea en anestro o transición en los protocolos de transferencia de embriones. La mayoría de las yeguas presentan comportamiento poliéstrico estacional, con lo que manifiestan estro y ciclos ovulatorios en los periodos de mayor luminosidad diaria. El ciclo reproductivo anual de las yeguas es caracterizado por la presencia de cuatro fases definidas por la dinámica folicular: de anestro, de transición de primavera, ovulatoria y de transición de otoño. Durante las fases de transición y anestro, la incidencia de las ovulaciones disminuye o es nula, lo que dificulta la sincronización de las ovulaciones entre donadoras y receptoras durante la preparación para la transferencia de embriones. Algunos estudios han mostrado que las receptoras anovulatorias/acíclicas mantenidas con protocolos con base en esteroides presentan cambios uterinos similares a los que pasan en las yeguas gestantes. Sin embargo, no hay investigaciones suficientes que permitan aclarar el mejor protocolo de esteroides, con respecto a dosis, tiempos de tratamiento y vías de administración.

Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System for Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Metabolic and Clinical Effects.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is related to clinical and metabolic comorbidities that may limit the prescription of combined hormonal contraceptives, with consequent need to use progestogen-only contraceptives (POCs). Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical and metabolic effects of a POC, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), in women with PCOS followed up over a period of 6 months compared to baseline and to women without PCOS. Thus, an observational, prospective, controlled study was conducted on 30 women with a diagnosis of PCOS who presented adverse effect secondary to the use of combined oral contraceptives (nausea, headache, mastalgia or vomiting; PCOS group) paired with 30 ovulatory women without PCOS (control group), both groups being free of comorbidities and having chosen the LNG-IUS as contraceptive. Clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic variables were evaluated immediately before LNG-IUS insertion and 6 months after the use of this method. Before LNG-IUS insertion, the PCOS group had higher total testosterone levels (P = .04), lower HDL levels (P = .04), and greater ovarian volume (P < .01) than the control group. Six months after LNG-IUS insertion, there was a 2.3% increase in abdominal circumference (P = .04) and a 3.4% increase in fasting glycemia (P = .02). On the other hand, mean ovarian volume was 10% smaller compared to the volume found before LNG-IUS insertion (P = .04), LDL levels were reduced by 5.2% (P = .03), and total cholesterol levels were reduced by 6.7% (P < .01) compared to baseline evaluation in the PCOS group. The remaining variables did not differ significantly during the 6 months of observation. The control group did not show significant changes compared to the period before LNG-IUS insertion. When the groups were compared after the 6-month follow-up, only glycemia showed a statistically significant variation between the groups, with glycemia levels increasing by 3.4% in the PCOS group and decreasing by 2.6% in the control group (P = .008). In conclusion, the use of the LNG-IUS for 6 months was not associated with relevant changes in clinical or metabolic variables of women with no comorbidities regardless of the presence of PCOS.

Administration of GnRH on the day of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) and melengestrol acetate (MGA) administration after ftai in non-suckling nelore cattle / Aplicação de GnRH no dia da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) e administração de acetato de melengestrol (MGA) após iatf em vacas nelore solteiras

The present study evaluated the effect of administering buserelin acetate (GnRH) at the time of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI), along with the effect of oral administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA) after FTAI on conception rates in non-suckling Nelore cattle. In Experiment I, the effect of GnRH application at the time of FTAI was evaluated, as was administration of MGA from the 13th through the 18th day following FTAI (D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol). Experiment I was performed in 215 non-suckling cattle of the Nelore breed, divided into four experimental groups: Control group: 56 cows subjected to FTAI without GnRH injection; GnRH group: 51 cows subjected to GnRH at the time of FTAI; MGA Group: 57 cows subjected to FTAI without the application of GnRH with mineral supplementation and the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol; MGA and GnRH group: 51 cows subjected to GnRH injection at the time of FTAI, with mineral supplementation and the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol. In Experiment II, the effect of providing MGA five to ten days after FTAI was evaluated in 196 non-suckling pluriparous Nelore cows, divided into two groups: Control group: 104 cows subjected to FTAI, not supplemented with MGA; treated group: 92 cows supplemented with the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D15 to D20 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol. Diagnosis of gestation was carried out 45 days after FTAI. Both experiments were conducted using a completely randomised design and analysed via the SAS MIXED procedure.[...](AU)

Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de Acetato de Buserelina (GnRH) no momento da IATF e o efeito do fornecimento, via oral, de Acetato de Melengestrol (MGA) após IATF, sobre a taxa de concepção em vacas solteiras da raça Nelore. No Experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de GnRH no momento da IATF e do fornecimento de MGA do décimo terceiro ao décimo oitavo dia após a IATF (D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF), em 215 vacas solteiras da raça Nelore divididas em quatro grupos experimentais; grupo Controle: 56 vacas submetidas à IATF sem aplicação de GnRH; Grupo GnRH: 51 vacas submetidas à aplicação de GnRH no ato da IATF; Grupo MGA: 57 vacas submetidas à IATF sem aplicação de GnRH e suplementação mineral, com adição de 2,28g de MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF; Grupo MGA e GnRH: 51 vacas submetidas à aplicação de GnRH no momento da IATF e suplementação mineral com adição de 2,28g MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF. No Experimento II, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de MGA cinco a dez dias após a IATF em 196 vacas pluríparas solteiras da raça Nelore, divididas em dois grupos experimentais; grupo Controle: 104 vacas submetidas à IATF sem fornecimento de MGA, e grupo Tratado: 92 vacas suplementadas, com adição de 2,28g de MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D15 ao D20 após o início do protocolo de IATF. Realizou-se diagnóstico de gestação 45 dias após a IATF. Ambos os Experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, analisados através do procedimento MIXED do SAS. No Experimento I, o grupo controle obteve menor taxa de concepção (32,1%) comparado com os demais grupos avaliados quando fornecido MGA após a IATF (45,6%), GnRH no momento da IATF (50,9%), bem como a associação dos dois tratamentos (50,9%) (P<0,05). No experimento II, o grupo controle obteve maior taxa de concepção (40,38%) quando comparado com o grupo que recebeu MGA pós-IATF (18,48%) (P<0,05).[...](AU)

Administration of GnRH on the day of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) and melengestrol acetate (MGA) administration after ftai in non-suckling nelore cattle / Aplicação de GnRH no dia da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) e administração de acetato de melengestrol (MGA) após iatf em vacas nelore solteiras

The present study evaluated the effect of administering buserelin acetate (GnRH) at the time of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI), along with the effect of oral administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA) after FTAI on conception rates in non-suckling Nelore cattle. In Experiment I, the effect of GnRH application at the time of FTAI was evaluated, as was administration of MGA from the 13th through the 18th day following FTAI (D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol). Experiment I was performed in 215 non-suckling cattle of the Nelore breed, divided into four experimental groups: Control group: 56 cows subjected to FTAI without GnRH injection; GnRH group: 51 cows subjected to GnRH at the time of FTAI; MGA Group: 57 cows subjected to FTAI without the application of GnRH with mineral supplementation and the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol; MGA and GnRH group: 51 cows subjected to GnRH injection at the time of FTAI, with mineral supplementation and the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D24 to D29 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol. In Experiment II, the effect of providing MGA five to ten days after FTAI was evaluated in 196 non-suckling pluriparous Nelore cows, divided into two groups: Control group: 104 cows subjected to FTAI, not supplemented with MGA; treated group: 92 cows supplemented with the addition of 2.28 g of MGA® Premix per cow per day from D15 to D20 after the initiation of the FTAI protocol. Diagnosis of gestation was carried out 45 days after FTAI. Both experiments were conducted using a completely randomised design and analysed via the SAS MIXED procedure.[...]

Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de Acetato de Buserelina (GnRH) no momento da IATF e o efeito do fornecimento, via oral, de Acetato de Melengestrol (MGA) após IATF, sobre a taxa de concepção em vacas solteiras da raça Nelore. No Experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de GnRH no momento da IATF e do fornecimento de MGA do décimo terceiro ao décimo oitavo dia após a IATF (D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF), em 215 vacas solteiras da raça Nelore divididas em quatro grupos experimentais; grupo Controle: 56 vacas submetidas à IATF sem aplicação de GnRH; Grupo GnRH: 51 vacas submetidas à aplicação de GnRH no ato da IATF; Grupo MGA: 57 vacas submetidas à IATF sem aplicação de GnRH e suplementação mineral, com adição de 2,28g de MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF; Grupo MGA e GnRH: 51 vacas submetidas à aplicação de GnRH no momento da IATF e suplementação mineral com adição de 2,28g MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D24 ao D29 após o início do protocolo de IATF. No Experimento II, avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de MGA cinco a dez dias após a IATF em 196 vacas pluríparas solteiras da raça Nelore, divididas em dois grupos experimentais; grupo Controle: 104 vacas submetidas à IATF sem fornecimento de MGA, e grupo Tratado: 92 vacas suplementadas, com adição de 2,28g de MGA® Premix/vaca/dia do D15 ao D20 após o início do protocolo de IATF. Realizou-se diagnóstico de gestação 45 dias após a IATF. Ambos os Experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, analisados através do procedimento MIXED do SAS. No Experimento I, o grupo controle obteve menor taxa de concepção (32,1%) comparado com os demais grupos avaliados quando fornecido MGA após a IATF (45,6%), GnRH no momento da IATF (50,9%), bem como a associação dos dois tratamentos (50,9%) (P<0,05). No experimento II, o grupo controle obteve maior taxa de concepção (40,38%) quando comparado com o grupo que recebeu MGA pós-IATF (18,48%) (P<0,05).[...]