RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a progressive muscle relaxation program on psychological (stress levels, anxiety, and mood states) and physiological (blood pressure and heart rate) variables in basketball athletes. Fifty-nine basketball players, aged 14 to 19 years, and members of Bauru Basket team, were recruited for this study and grouped into control group (CG, n = 30) and intervention group (IG, n = 29). The participants were evaluated, before and after the intervention, by the following means: Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), to measure the pre-competitive anxiety state, i.e., how anxious each athlete felt just before the competition; Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), an instrument for early detection of overtraining syndrome; Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport), to identify the extent to which each athlete was physically or mentally stressed and the athlete's current capability for recovery; Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), specifically developed for athletes. The IG athletes participated in 12 progressive muscle relaxation sessions, a practice for tensing or tightening a specific muscle until an ideal state of relaxation is reached. Each participant had blood pressure and heart rate measured before and after every session. The CG athletes were evaluated similarly to those in the IG but without relaxation. The results showed statistically significant differences in cognitive anxiety (p = 0.039) and specific stress (p = 0.016) between CG and IG before the intervention; in addition, a significant heart rate decrease (p < 0.01) between IG and CG was noted.
Assuntos
Basquetebol , Humanos , Treinamento Autógeno , Atletas/psicologia , Psicofisiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
En Colombia los trastornos de ansiedad son de mayor prevalencia que otros trastornos mentales. Aunque no existen datos concluyentes sobre la ansiedad en el embarazo, se ha dicho que se encuentra entre un 5% y un 17%. Los experimentos con animales han señalado las alteraciones en el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-suprarrenal como el mecanismo a partir del cual el estrés materno afecta al desarrollo emocional, cognitivo y comportamental de las crías. En humanos se ha encontrado relación con un mayor número de abortos espontáneos, parto pretérmino, bajo peso al nacer y dificultades comportamentales y cognitivas. Método: Se presentan opciones de tratamiento de ansiedad en el embarazo con técnicas de relajación muscular progresiva. Conclusiones: En el estudio realizado con el uso de la relajación muscular progresiva se encontró un efecto benéfico tanto en la madre como en el feto respecto a frecuencia cardiaca fetal y materna, concentraciones de cortisol, variabilidad fetal y relación de esto con los movimientos fetales, los cuales son predictores del bienestar fetal. Se necesitan más estudios para recomendar las técnicas de relajación como primera línea en el manejo de la ansiedad en mujeres embarazadas.
In Colombia, anxiety disorders are more prevalent than other mental disorders. Although there are no conclusive data on the prevalence of anxiety in pregnancy, some studies say it ranges between 5-17%, while others have found it to be of about 27.4% for any type of anxiety disorder. Contextualization: Animal experiments have indicated alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as the mechanism through which maternal stress affects the emotional, cognitive and behavioral development of offspring. In humans, a connection has been found between anxiety and an increased number of spontaneous abortions, premature labor, low newborn weight as well as behavioral and cognitive difficulties. Low scores have even been reported on the WISC scale. Treatment of anxiety during pregnancy with progressive muscle relaxation techniques: Among the treatment options, the Progressive Muscle Relaxation technique by Edmund Jacobson (1888-1983) should be considered. A study has shown how a fetus had sympathetic responses such as an increased variability of fetal heart rate with a decreased motor response and increased heart rate. Conclusions: Beneficial effects were found on this study by means of progressive muscle relaxation techniques both for mother and fetus in terms of fetal and maternal heart rates, cortisol levels, fetal variability and its connection with fetal movements which are predictors of fetal well-being. Further studies are needed to recommend relaxation techniques as first-line management of anxiety in pregnant women.