Becoming a first-time father during the COVID-19 pandemic in France.

The role of fathers in Western societies has undergone significant change over time. However, their psychopathology remains largely misunderstood and difficult to identify. This study aims to explore the lived experiences of first-time fathers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty-seven first-time French fathers were recruited for the study, which involved a narrative interview, the Rorschach projective test, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and a semi-structured interview. Narrative interviews revealed several challenges faced by these fathers, including the pressure of paternal responsibility, the need to be actively involved in the prenatal activities and caregiving (haptonomy, skin-to-skin contact), and concerns about the future of their couple and family as a triad. The Rorschach tests showed numerous perinatal responses and difficulties in identifying phallic representations among the fathers. Additionally, the EPDS scores indicated that 15% of fathers showed signs of depression, while 52% exhibited signs of anxiety. This study also examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated health context on creating the initial triad. Lastly, the case of one father is presented to illustrate the need for diagnostic tools to address the psychopathology of fathers, as narrative or semi-structured interviews have often fallen short of addressing this issue.

Blots and brains. A note on the centenary of Hermann Rorschach's death.

This historical note is a commemorial of Rorschach, the person, and Rorschach the test. Hermann Rorschach died 100 years ago, not quite a year after the publication of his book containing the 10 inkblots. These have reached an iconic status, but the "Rorschach Test" as used in psychiatry, legal organizations and aptitude assessments is not quite what Hermann Rorschach designed it for in the first line. A first section of this article introduces Hermann Rorschach as a man with very broad interests and an inclination to ask cognitive science questions that are still challenging today. A second section provides a critical summary of the fate of the ten inkblots after Rorschach's death - how they conquered the whole world in a time with a pronouced "psychometric attitude", and also how they failed in some attempts to measure personality traits in special populations. A final section focuses on recent research on one particular aspect of a testee's associations to the inkblots: "movement responses", i.e. the perception of implied motion. Here, neural and behavioral correlates have been demonstrated by modern neuroimaging techniques. One study, which set out to validate both the Rorschach as a personality test and the view that the two cerebral hemispheres correspond to divergent "personalities" is also summarized. The viewpoint concludes by suggesting that future work with inkblots should consider Rorschach's original intention to use inkblots to uncover basic laws of perception. Modern applications of computer-generated pseudorandom stimuli (random dot arrays or stochastic noise) would have been embraced by Hermann Rorschach as he appreciated the impact of visual noise for the study of vision and visual cognition.

Forest Manners Exchange: Forest as a Place to Remedy Risky Behaviour of Adolescents: Mixed Methods Approach.

This paper evaluates the impact of the forest environment on aggressive manifestations in adolescents. A remedial educative programme was performed with 68 teenagers from institutions with substitute social care with diagnoses F 30.0 (affective disorders) and F 91.0 (family-related behavioural disorders), aged 12-16 years. Adolescents observed patterns of prosocial behaviour in forest animals (wolves, wild boars, deer, bees, ants, squirrels and birds), based on the fact that processes and interactions in nature are analogous to proceedings and bonds in human society. The methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative research. Projective tests (Rorschach Test, Hand Test, Thematic Apperception Test) were used as a diagnostic tool for aggressive manifestations before and after forest therapies based on Shinrin-yoku, wilderness therapy, observational learning and forest pedagogy. Probands underwent 16 therapies lasting for two hours each. The experimental intervention has a statistically significant effect on the decreased final values relating to psychopathology, irritability, restlessness, emotional instability, egocentrism, relativity, and negativism. Forest animals demonstrated to these adolescents ways of communication, cooperation, adaptability, and care for others, i.e., characteristics without which no community can work.

Using a Mixed-Methods Approach to Analyze Traumatic Experiences and Factors of Vulnerability Among Adolescent Victims of Bullying.

A number of studies have analyzed the bullying phenomenon among adolescent victims. Relatively few studies, however, have specifically addressed the associated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our clinical practice and therapeutic encounters with adolescents reveal that the majority of bullied adolescents suffer from high levels of PTSD. The objective of this study is to further explore bullied adolescents' traumatic experiences. In an attempt to analyze these experiences, this article presents a mixed-methods approach. Such an approach will allow to analyze the PTSD that results from bullying as well as subjects' psychic and family-relevant vulnerabilities. First, bullying will be defined in the context of adolescence. Then the main studies on bullying will be presented. The objectives, tools and methods of analysis will be presented. The interviews will be analyzed according to the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method. Projective tools, family drawings, Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), will be analyzed using a psychoanalytic interpretation method. Each qualitative tool will be used alongside a validated quantitative tool. The Clinical Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-CA-5 questionnaire) and the interviews conducted will thus allow to analyze PTSD and traumatic experiences. The Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the family drawing test will enable to assess family functioning; lastly, the Symptom Check List (SCL-90) that will be used alongside Rorschach and TAT tests will allow to analyze individual psychological vulnerabilities. This approach will increase data validity. The originality of this research study is based on a mixed-methods approach, our methodology which is based on clinical psychology, and the choice of certain research tools which have received little attention to date. Ultimately, this study may help improve how bullying is identified and could contribute toward the reinforcement or revision of the criteria that characterize bullying. Lastly, it may help us explore various unexamined dimensions of bullying. A possible limitation is the complexity associated with such a protocol.

Using drawing tests to explore the multidimensional psychological aspects of children with cancer.

In seeking to understand how life-threatening illness affects children psychologically, projective testing may be beneficial, particularly when attempting to identify psychological problems in younger adolescents. The advantages of projective testing are that it does not depend on patients' verbal ability and is not invasive. Three cancer inpatients from Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, aged between 10 and 16 years old, participated in the study. Projective testing was used to measure the depth of participants' distress and included a tree-drawing test, a person-drawing test and a free drawing test. Results from the tree- and person-drawing tests indicated energy loss, anxiety and a sense of emptiness. However, results from the free drawing test suggested that the children had hope and a desire to recover from their illness. The combination of drawing tests in this study may increase the understanding of the internal psychological difficulties faced by children hospitalized with cancer.

Primeiros resultados sobre respostas populares no Teste de Apercepção Familiar (FAT) / First results of popular responses on the Family Apperception Test (FAT) / Primeros resultados sobre las respuestas populares en el Test de Apercepción Familiar (FAT)

O objetivo foi identificar evidências da existência ou não de respostas populares (RP) nas verbalizações de 289 estudantes com idade entre 06 e 15 anos, às 21 lâminas do FAT. As RP permitem medir o ajustamento social e intelectual da pessoa em avaliação. Neste estudo, adotou-se a razão de 1/3, ou seja, uma resposta em cada três sujeitos. A análise das respostas permitiu a identificação de conteúdos que foram codificados em categorias, por meio da análise de conteúdo. Após tabulou-se as respostas dos estudantes, divididos em quatro grupos, considerando idade e sexo. Constatou-se que: não houve diferenças expressivas no que diz respeito ao conteúdo das categorias entre os quatro grupos analisados e que a média de RP dadas por cada participante foi superior ao apontado pela literatura como mínimo necessário para pessoas ajustadas socialmente.(AU)

The objective was to identify evidences on the existence or not of popular responses (PR) in the verbalization of 289 students aged between 06 and 15 years old, on the 21 pictures of the FAT. The PRs allow the social and intellectual adjustment of the subject in an assessment process. For this study the ratio of 1/3 was used, meaning one response on each three subjects. The responses have permitted the identification of the contents that were codified in categories. After that the tabulation results of the students was made, who were divided in four groups, considering age and sex. It was verified that: there has not been presented too significant differences among the four groups in relation to the content of the categories and the average of the RP given by each participant was superior than the minimum described in the literature as necessary for socially adjusted people.(AU)

El objetivo fue identificar evidencias de la existencia o no de respuestas populares (RP) en las verbalizaciones de 289 estudiantes de edades entre 06 y 15 años, en las 21 láminas del FAT. Las RP permiten medir el ajuste social e intelectual de la persona en evaluación. En este estudio, se adoptó la relación de 1/3, es decir, una respuesta a cada tres sujetos. El análisis de las respuestas permitió la identificación de contenidos que fueron codificados en categorías. Después se tabularon las respuestas de los estudiantes divididos en cuatro grupos conforme la edad y el sexo. Los resultados muestran que no hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto al contenido de las categorías entre los cuatro grupos analizados y que el promedio de las RP dadas por cada uno de los participantes fue mayor que la indicada en la literatura como el mínimo necesario para personas ajustadas socialmente.(AU)

Primeiros resultados sobre respostas populares no Teste de Apercepção Familiar (FAT) / First results of popular responses on the Family Apperception Test (FAT) / Primeros resultados sobre las respuestas populares en el Test de Apercepción Familiar (FAT)

O objetivo foi identificar evidências da existência ou não de respostas populares (RP) nas verbalizações de 289 estudantes com idade entre 06 e 15 anos, às 21 lâminas do FAT. As RP permitem medir o ajustamento social e intelectual da pessoa em avaliação. Neste estudo, adotou-se a razão de 1/3, ou seja, uma resposta em cada três sujeitos. A análise das respostas permitiu a identificação de conteúdos que foram codificados em categorias, por meio da análise de conteúdo. Após tabulou-se as respostas dos estudantes, divididos em quatro grupos, considerando idade e sexo. Constatou-se que: não houve diferenças expressivas no que diz respeito ao conteúdo das categorias entre os quatro grupos analisados e que a média de RP dadas por cada participante foi superior ao apontado pela literatura como mínimo necessário para pessoas ajustadas socialmente.

The objective was to identify evidences on the existence or not of popular responses (PR) in the verbalization of 289 students aged between 06 and 15 years old, on the 21 pictures of the FAT. The PRs allow the social and intellectual adjustment of the subject in an assessment process. For this study the ratio of 1/3 was used, meaning one response on each three subjects. The responses have permitted the identification of the contents that were codified in categories. After that the tabulation results of the students was made, who were divided in four groups, considering age and sex. It was verified that: there has not been presented too significant differences among the four groups in relation to the content of the categories and the average of the RP given by each participant was superior than the minimum described in the literature as necessary for socially adjusted people.

El objetivo fue identificar evidencias de la existencia o no de respuestas populares (RP) en las verbalizaciones de 289 estudiantes de edades entre 06 y 15 años, en las 21 láminas del FAT. Las RP permiten medir el ajuste social e intelectual de la persona en evaluación. En este estudio, se adoptó la relación de 1/3, es decir, una respuesta a cada tres sujetos. El análisis de las respuestas permitió la identificación de contenidos que fueron codificados en categorías. Después se tabularon las respuestas de los estudiantes divididos en cuatro grupos conforme la edad y el sexo. Los resultados muestran que no hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto al contenido de las categorías entre los cuatro grupos analizados y que el promedio de las RP dadas por cada uno de los participantes fue mayor que la indicada en la literatura como el mínimo necesario para personas ajustadas socialmente.

As saídas para o trabalho psíquico da adolescência / The issues of psychic work at adolescence / Las salidas del trabajo psiquico de la adolescencia

O processo de adolescência coloca em questão o trabalho psíquico da elaboração do Édipo, do narcisismo e da problemática de separação. Como se desenvolvem estes processos ao longo do tempo e aonde é que eles chegam? A partir de romances propondo retratos da adolescência e de romances de juventude, de diários e de cartas da adolescência, mas também de pesquisas feitas com a metodologia projetiva junto a adolescentes e a criadores, o autor questiona o que se entende por ® crescimento psíquico ¼ e interroga o destino destas elaborações.

The process of adolescence triggers psychic elaboration work on the Oedipus, on narcissism and the problem of separation. How is this process expressed through time and what are the results? Based on fictional work furnishing portraits of adolescents and young people, the personal diaries and letters of adolescents, but also research carried out using projective methods with random adolescents, adults and creative people, the author reflects about what underlies “ psychic growth ” and considers the various destinies of its elaboration.

Las salidas del trabajo psíquico de la adolescencia. El proceso de adolescencia pone en juego un trabajo psíquico de elaboración del Edipo, del narcisismo y de la problemática de separación. Cómo se despliega con el paso del tiempo este proceso y qué consigue? A partir de novelas que ofrecen retratos de adolescencia y novelas de juventud, diarios y cartas de adolescentes, pero también de investigaciones llevadas a cabo a partir de la metodología proyectiva ante adolescentes, de jóvenes adultos y de creadores, el autor plantea la pregunta de aquéllo que sostiene el “ crecimiento psíquico ”, e interroga los destinos de estas elaboraciones.

As saídas para o trabalho psíquico da adolescência / The issues of psychic work at adolescence / Las salidas del trabajo psiquico de la adolescencia

O processo de adolescência coloca em questão o trabalho psíquico da elaboração do Édipo, do narcisismo e da problemática de separação. Como se desenvolvem estes processos ao longo do tempo e aonde é que eles chegam? A partir de romances propondo retratos da adolescência e de romances de juventude, de diários e de cartas da adolescência, mas também de pesquisas feitas com a metodologia projetiva junto a adolescentes e a criadores, o autor questiona o que se entende por ® crescimento psíquico » e interroga o destino destas elaborações.(AU)

The process of adolescence triggers psychic elaboration work on the Oedipus, on narcissism and the problem of separation. How is this process expressed through time and what are the results? Based on fictional work furnishing portraits of adolescents and young people, the personal diaries and letters of adolescents, but also research carried out using projective methods with random adolescents, adults and creative people, the author reflects about what underlies “ psychic growth ” and considers the various destinies of its elaboration.(AU)

Las salidas del trabajo psíquico de la adolescencia. El proceso de adolescencia pone en juego un trabajo psíquico de elaboración del Edipo, del narcisismo y de la problemática de separación. Cómo se despliega con el paso del tiempo este proceso y qué consigue? A partir de novelas que ofrecen retratos de adolescencia y novelas de juventud, diarios y cartas de adolescentes, pero también de investigaciones llevadas a cabo a partir de la metodología proyectiva ante adolescentes, de jóvenes adultos y de creadores, el autor plantea la pregunta de aquéllo que sostiene el “ crecimiento psíquico ”, e interroga los destinos de estas elaboraciones.(AU)