Acute, fatal Sarcocystis falcatula infection in rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri).

Sarcocystosis is an important avian disease that affects several intermediate host species. Birds not endemic from Americas, like Old World psittacine species, appear to be more susceptible to lethal infection than New World psittacine species. The aim of this study was to investigate the sudden death of rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) in an exotic private parrot's aviary. Macroscopically, the most prevalent findings were severe lung congestion, slight superficial myocardial hemorrhagic lesions, enlarged liver and congestion of meningeal vessels. The initial diagnosis of sarcocystosis was made in all birds by microscopic observations of intravascular pulmonary schizonts, as well hepatitis, myocarditis, and nephritis. Immunohistochemistry for detection of Sarcocystis sp. antigen revealed an intense immunoreactivity in the lungs. Molecular identification of Sarcocystis falcatula were obtained by nested PCR and sequencing of amplified fragments of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and three surface antigen-coding genes (SAG2, SAG3 and SAG4). SAG-based phylogenies showed a close relatedness of the isolate described here and S. falcatula previously detected in naturally infected native birds, which suggests that the isolates that affected ringnecks are a common isolate that circulates in Brazil.

Endogenous lipid pneumonia associated with atherosclerosis in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva).

Endogenous lipid pneumonia is a rare inflammatory, non-infectious lung disease characterized by the accumulation of endogenous lipids in alveolar macrophages. It has been associated with bronchial obstruction, chronic lung inflammation, alveolar proteinosis and lipid storage disorders. A 14-year-old female blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) presented with intermittent dyspnoea, neurological signs and persistent lipaemia of unknown aetiology. At necropsy, the most relevant gross findings were increased rigidity of the great vessels, lungs with diffuse grey to whitish discolouration of the parenchyma and multifocal small yellowish nodules. Microscopic examination revealed typical lesions of atherosclerosis and severe multifocal accumulation of foamy macrophages filling the parabronchi, which led to a diagnosis of endogenous lipid pneumonia. Although the relationship between dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and endogenous lipid pneumonia in birds is not well established, the chronic dyslipidaemia of unknown origin could be involved in the pathogenesis of both the atherosclerosis and the endogenous lipid pneumonia. The present case highlights the need to better understand the relationships between various disorders of lipid metabolism in psittacine birds.

Pandemic Clones of CTX-M-15 Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15, ST147, and ST307 in Companion Parrots.

Psittacine birds are commonly kept as companion birds and the maintenance of these birds in captivity may represent a zoonotic risk and contribute to the propagation of multidrug-resistant and ß-lactamase extended-spectrum (ESBLs)-producing pathogens. This study aimed to identify and characterize strains of the Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolated from diseased psittacine birds, determining virulence and resistance profiles. K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 16 birds (16/46). All strains carried more than three virulence genes, with a high frequency of fimH and kpn (93.75%), uge (87.52%), and irp-2 (81.25%) genes. The antimicrobial susceptibility revealed that 3/16 strains were ESBL producers. Genomic analysis revealed that CTX-M-15-positive strains belonged to sequence types (STs) ST15, ST147, and ST307, characterized as international clones associated with outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) worldwide.

Dispharynx nasuta (Nematoda: Acuarioidea: Acuariidae) infestation in exotic red-rumped parrots (Psephotus haematonotus) in captivity in the State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Dispharynx nasuta is a widespread nematode parasite located in the proventriculus. This parasite may cause mortality in free-living birds or in captivity. However, reports of this parasite in psittacines are scarce. In a private aviary, in Zamora, Michoacan, Mexico six red-rumped parrots (Psephotus haematonotus) died in one month, from mid-August to mid-September 2016, and one more specimen died during the examination. Prior to death, the birds presented depression, ruffled feathers, crop atony, and regurgitation. Upon necropsy, ulcers in the proventriculus, and hemorrhagic content associated with the presence of round worms was observed. At histopathology examination, the parasites were identified as Spirurida nematodes, located in the proventricular and ventricular mucosa. Specimens were submitted to the parasitology laboratory of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), where the parasites were identified as D. nasuta. This is the first report of D. nasuta in P. haematonotus and the first report of D. nasuta in Mexico.

Use of MALDI-TOF for identification and surveillance of gram-negative bacteria in captive wild psittacines / Uso do MALDI-TOF para identificação e monitoramento de bactérias Gram-negativas em psitacídeos cativos

Microbiological studies of the sanitary and health status of psittacine birds that will be reintroduced is important in evaluating whether these animals act as carriers of pathogenic agents to other animals and humans. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a faster and more accurate method to identify bacteria than conventional microbiology methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of psittacines housed in captivity, by assessment of Gram-negative bacteria from fecal microbiota through MALDI- TOF MS identification. The results indicate high frequency of Gram-negative bacteria in feces (96.5%), especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (88.7%). The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (39.0%), Proteus vulgaris (12.2%), Klebsiella spp. (12.1%) and Raoultella ornithinolytica (8.7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia hermannii were isolated with lower frequency. . All these agents are potentially pathogenic for parrots and can cause systemic infections in other animals and humans. These findings reinforce that MALDI- TOF MS proved to be a rapid and accurate method of identification of the microorganism and evaluation of the health status of psittacines, providing relevant data to assist decision-making regarding the sanitary protocols in wildlife centers, and possible future reintroduction of wild birds.

Estudos microbiológicos da sanidade de psitacídeos que serão reintroduzidos são importantes para avaliar se esses animais atuam como portadores de agentes patogênicos para outros animais e humanos. A espectrometria de massa por ionização/dessorção de matriz assistida por laser/tempo de vôo (MALDI-TOF MS) é um método mais rápido e preciso para identificar bactérias na comparação com métodos convencionais de microbiologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado de saúde de psitacídeos cativos, identificando bactérias Gram-negativas da microbiota fecal por MALDI -TOF MS. Os resultados indicaram alta frequência de bactérias Gram-negativas nas fezes (96,5%), principalmente da família Enterobacteriaceae (88,7%). As mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli (39,0%), Proteus vulgaris (12,2%), Klebsiella spp. (12,1%) e Raoultella ornithinolytica (8,7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. e Escherichia hermannii foram isolados com menor frequência. Todos esses agentes são potencialmente patogênicos para os papagaios e podem causar infecções sistêmicas em outros animais e seres humanos. Esses achados reforçam que o MALDI- TOF MS é um método rápido e preciso de identificação do microrganismo e avaliação do estado de saúde dos psitacídeos, fornecendo dados relevantes para auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre os protocolos sanitários em centros de triagem de animais selvagens e sobre a possibilidade de reintrodução futura.

Use of MALDI-TOF for identification and surveillance of gramnegative bacteria in captive wild psittacines / Uso do MALDI-TOF para identificação e monitoramento de bactérias Gram negativas em psitacídeos cativos

Microbiological studies of the sanitary and health status of psittacine birds that will be reintroduced is important in evaluating whether these animals act as carriers of pathogenic agents to other animals and humans. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a faster and more accurate method to identify bacteria than conventional microbiology methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of psittacines housed in captivity, by assessment of Gram-negative bacteria from fecal microbiota through MALDI- TOF MS identification. The results indicate high frequency of Gram-negative bacteria in feces (96.5%), especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (88.7%). The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (39.0%), Proteus vulgaris (12.2%), Klebsiella spp. (12.1%) and Raoultella ornithinolytica (8.7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia hermannii were isolated with lower frequency. . All these agents are potentially pathogenic for parrots and can cause systemic infections in other animals and humans. These findings reinforce that MALDI- TOF MS proved to be a rapid and accurate method of identification of the microorganism and evaluation of the health status of psittacines, providing relevant data to assist decision-making regarding the sanitary protocols in wildlife centers, and possible future reintroduction of wild birds.

Estudos microbiológicos da sanidade de psitacídeos que serão reintroduzidos são importantes para avaliar se esses animais atuam como portadores de agentes patogênicos para outros animais e humanos. A espectrometria de massa por ionização/dessorção de matriz assistida por laser/tempo de vôo (MALDI-TOF MS) é um método mais rápido e preciso para identificar bactérias na comparação com métodos convencionais de microbiologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado de saúde de psitacídeos cativos, identificando bactérias Gram-negativas da microbiota fecal por MALDI -TOF MS. Os resultados indicaram alta frequência de bactérias Gram-negativas nas fezes (96,5%), principalmente da família Enterobacteriaceae (88,7%). As mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli (39,0%), Proteus vulgaris (12,2%), Klebsiella spp. (12,1%) e Raoultella ornithinolytica (8,7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. e Escherichia hermannii foram isolados com menor frequência. Todos esses agentes são potencialmente patogênicos para os papagaios e podem causar infecções sistêmicas em outros animais e seres humanos. Esses achados reforçam que o MALDI- TOF MS é um método rápido e preciso de identificação do microrganismo e avaliação do estado de saúde dos psitacídeos, fornecendo dados relevantes para auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre os protocolos sanitários em centros de triagem de animais selvagens e sobre a possibilidade de reintrodução futura.

Use of MALDI-TOF for identification and surveillance of gram-negative bacteria in captive wild psittacines

Abstract Microbiological studies of the sanitary and health status of psittacine birds that will be reintroduced is important in evaluating whether these animals act as carriers of pathogenic agents to other animals and humans. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a faster and more accurate method to identify bacteria than conventional microbiology methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of psittacines housed in captivity, by assessment of Gram-negative bacteria from fecal microbiota through MALDI- TOF MS identification. The results indicate high frequency of Gram-negative bacteria in feces (96.5%), especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (88.7%). The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (39.0%), Proteus vulgaris (12.2%), Klebsiella spp. (12.1%) and Raoultella ornithinolytica (8.7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia hermannii were isolated with lower frequency. . All these agents are potentially pathogenic for parrots and can cause systemic infections in other animals and humans. These findings reinforce that MALDI- TOF MS proved to be a rapid and accurate method of identification of the microorganism and evaluation of the health status of psittacines, providing relevant data to assist decision-making regarding the sanitary protocols in wildlife centers, and possible future reintroduction of wild birds.

Resumo Estudos microbiológicos da sanidade de psitacídeos que serão reintroduzidos são importantes para avaliar se esses animais atuam como portadores de agentes patogênicos para outros animais e humanos. A espectrometria de massa por ionização/dessorção de matriz assistida por laser/tempo de vôo (MALDI-TOF MS) é um método mais rápido e preciso para identificar bactérias na comparação com métodos convencionais de microbiologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado de saúde de psitacídeos cativos, identificando bactérias Gram-negativas da microbiota fecal por MALDI -TOF MS. Os resultados indicaram alta frequência de bactérias Gram-negativas nas fezes (96,5%), principalmente da família Enterobacteriaceae (88,7%). As mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli (39,0%), Proteus vulgaris (12,2%), Klebsiella spp. (12,1%) e Raoultella ornithinolytica (8,7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. e Escherichia hermannii foram isolados com menor frequência. Todos esses agentes são potencialmente patogênicos para os papagaios e podem causar infecções sistêmicas em outros animais e seres humanos. Esses achados reforçam que o MALDI- TOF MS é um método rápido e preciso de identificação do microrganismo e avaliação do estado de saúde dos psitacídeos, fornecendo dados relevantes para auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre os protocolos sanitários em centros de triagem de animais selvagens e sobre a possibilidade de reintrodução futura.

Use of MALDI-TOF for identification and surveillance of gramnegative bacteria in captive wild psittacines / Uso do MALDI-TOF para identificação e monitoramento de bactérias Gram negativas em psitacídeos cativos

Microbiological studies of the sanitary and health status of psittacine birds that will be reintroduced is important in evaluating whether these animals act as carriers of pathogenic agents to other animals and humans. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a faster and more accurate method to identify bacteria than conventional microbiology methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of psittacines housed in captivity, by assessment of Gram-negative bacteria from fecal microbiota through MALDI- TOF MS identification. The results indicate high frequency of Gram-negative bacteria in feces (96.5%), especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (88.7%). The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (39.0%), Proteus vulgaris (12.2%), Klebsiella spp. (12.1%) and Raoultella ornithinolytica (8.7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia hermannii were isolated with lower frequency. . All these agents are potentially pathogenic for parrots and can cause systemic infections in other animals and humans. These findings reinforce that MALDI- TOF MS proved to be a rapid and accurate method of identification of the microorganism and evaluation of the health status of psittacines, providing relevant data to assist decision-making regarding the sanitary protocols in wildlife centers, and possible future reintroduction of wild birds.(AU)

Estudos microbiológicos da sanidade de psitacídeos que serão reintroduzidos são importantes para avaliar se esses animais atuam como portadores de agentes patogênicos para outros animais e humanos. A espectrometria de massa por ionização/dessorção de matriz assistida por laser/tempo de vôo (MALDI-TOF MS) é um método mais rápido e preciso para identificar bactérias na comparação com métodos convencionais de microbiologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado de saúde de psitacídeos cativos, identificando bactérias Gram-negativas da microbiota fecal por MALDI -TOF MS. Os resultados indicaram alta frequência de bactérias Gram-negativas nas fezes (96,5%), principalmente da família Enterobacteriaceae (88,7%). As mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli (39,0%), Proteus vulgaris (12,2%), Klebsiella spp. (12,1%) e Raoultella ornithinolytica (8,7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. e Escherichia hermannii foram isolados com menor frequência. Todos esses agentes são potencialmente patogênicos para os papagaios e podem causar infecções sistêmicas em outros animais e seres humanos. Esses achados reforçam que o MALDI- TOF MS é um método rápido e preciso de identificação do microrganismo e avaliação do estado de saúde dos psitacídeos, fornecendo dados relevantes para auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre os protocolos sanitários em centros de triagem de animais selvagens e sobre a possibilidade de reintrodução futura.(AU)

Ocular teratoid medulloepithelioma in a northern red-shouldered macaw: case report and literature review.

A 4-mo-old northern red-shouldered macaw (Diopsittaca nobilis) was admitted to the veterinary hospital of the Arruda Câmara Zoo, in the State of Paraiba, Brazil, for investigation of an orbital mass. Given rapid progression and lack of response to treatment, the bird was euthanized, and an autopsy was performed. Histologically, the mass consisted of a retrobulbar invasive tumor characterized by tubular and rosette-like structures, with interspersed heteroplastic tissues, such as aggregates of neuroglial cells and islands of hyaline cartilage. The tumor was immunopositive for pancytokeratin, GFAP, NSE, and S100. These findings were compatible with an ocular teratoid medulloepithelioma, a neoplasm best described in humans but also reported rarely in young cockatiels and African Grey parrots.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from wild grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus) / Perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

The grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus) is an endangered psittacine species that have been affected by illegal trade and deforestation. Currently, this endemic species is only found in three areas in Ceará state, in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in wild adult grey-breasted parakeets and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 27 individuals and environmental swabs (drag swabs) from five nests used by these birds. Twenty-seven strains from nine species of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from cloacal swabs, and the most prevalent bacteria strains were Hafnia alvei (22%) and Pantoea agglomerans (22%). From environmental nest samples, seven strains from three bacterial species were isolated, being the P. agglomerans the most frequent species (100%). Twenty-two of the 27 isolates (81.4%) exhibited antibiotic resistance, varying from one to eight of the 12 antimicrobials commonly used. Resistance to amoxicillin was the most prevalent (70.4%), followed by azithromycin (22.2%) and ceftriaxone (18.5%). None of the strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. The H. alvei was the main species presenting multidrug resistance, including resistance against meropenem, which is an important finding. These results could provide interesting information on the health of these endangered wild grey-breasted parakeets. They could also indicate that the obtained isolates are part of a group of bacteria that are typical components of the enteric microbiota of birds, which present elevated rates of resistance to amoxicillin.(AU)

O periquito-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) é uma espécie de psitacídeo considerado pela IUCN como ameaçado de extinção, resultado do comércio ilegal e do desmatamento. Atualmente, essa espécie endêmica é encontrada apenas em três áreas no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência e a diversidade de Enterobacteriaceae em periquitos de peito cinza adultos selvagens e determinar sua suscetibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos. Amostras de suabes cloacais foram coletadas de 27 indivíduos e de suabes ambientais (suabes de arrasto) de cinco ninhos utilizados por essas aves. Vinte e sete cepas de nove espécies de Enterobacteriaceae foram isoladas a partir de suabes cloacais, sendo as cepas bacterianas mais prevalentes Hafnia alvei (22%) e Pantoea agglomerans (22%). Das amostras ambientais de ninhos foram isoladas sete linhagens de três espécies bacterianas, sendo P. agglomerans a espécie mais frequente (100%). Vinte e dois dos 27 isolados (81,4%) exibiram resistência a antibióticos, variando de um a oito dos 12 antimicrobianos comumente usados. A resistência a amoxicilina foi a mais prevalente (70,4%), seguida por azitromicina (22,2%) e ceftriaxona (18,5%). Nenhuma das cepas era resistente à gentamicina, tobramicina, ciprofloxacina ou tetraciclina. H. alvei foi a principal espécie que apresentou resistência a múltiplas drogas e que também esteve associada a um outro achado relevante desta pesquisa, que foi a detecção de um caso de resistência ao meropenem. Esses dados fornecem informações relevantes sobre a saúde desses periquitos selvagens ameaçados e permite concluir que os isolados obtidos fazem parte de um grupo de bactérias que normalmente compõe a microbiota entérica das aves, sendo a amoxicilina envolvida em elevadas taxas de resistência.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from wild grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

ABSTRACT: The grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus) is an endangered psittacine species that have been affected by illegal trade and deforestation. Currently, this endemic species is only found in three areas in Ceará state, in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in wild adult grey-breasted parakeets and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 27 individuals and environmental swabs (drag swabs) from five nests used by these birds. Twenty-seven strains from nine species of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from cloacal swabs, and the most prevalent bacteria strains were Hafnia alvei (22%) and Pantoea agglomerans (22%). From environmental nest samples, seven strains from three bacterial species were isolated, being the P. agglomerans the most frequent species (100%). Twenty-two of the 27 isolates (81.4%) exhibited antibiotic resistance, varying from one to eight of the 12 antimicrobials commonly used. Resistance to amoxicillin was the most prevalent (70.4%), followed by azithromycin (22.2%) and ceftriaxone (18.5%). None of the strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. The H. alvei was the main species presenting multidrug resistance, including resistance against meropenem, which is an important finding. These results could provide interesting information on the health of these endangered wild grey-breasted parakeets. They could also indicate that the obtained isolates are part of a group of bacteria that are typical components of the enteric microbiota of birds, which present elevated rates of resistance to amoxicillin.

RESUMO: O periquito-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) é uma espécie de psitacídeo considerado pela IUCN como ameaçado de extinção, resultado do comércio ilegal e do desmatamento. Atualmente, essa espécie endêmica é encontrada apenas em três áreas no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência e a diversidade de Enterobacteriaceae em periquitos de peito cinza adultos selvagens e determinar sua suscetibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos. Amostras de suabes cloacais foram coletadas de 27 indivíduos e de suabes ambientais (suabes de arrasto) de cinco ninhos utilizados por essas aves. Vinte e sete cepas de nove espécies de Enterobacteriaceae foram isoladas a partir de suabes cloacais, sendo as cepas bacterianas mais prevalentes Hafnia alvei (22%) e Pantoea agglomerans (22%). Das amostras ambientais de ninhos foram isoladas sete linhagens de três espécies bacterianas, sendo P. agglomerans a espécie mais frequente (100%). Vinte e dois dos 27 isolados (81,4%) exibiram resistência a antibióticos, variando de um a oito dos 12 antimicrobianos comumente usados. A resistência a amoxicilina foi a mais prevalente (70,4%), seguida por azitromicina (22,2%) e ceftriaxona (18,5%). Nenhuma das cepas era resistente à gentamicina, tobramicina, ciprofloxacina ou tetraciclina. H. alvei foi a principal espécie que apresentou resistência a múltiplas drogas e que também esteve associada a um outro achado relevante desta pesquisa, que foi a detecção de um caso de resistência ao meropenem. Esses dados fornecem informações relevantes sobre a saúde desses periquitos selvagens ameaçados e permite concluir que os isolados obtidos fazem parte de um grupo de bactérias que normalmente compõe a microbiota entérica das aves, sendo a amoxicilina envolvida em elevadas taxas de resistência.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from wild grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus) / Perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

The grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus) is an endangered psittacine species that have been affected by illegal trade and deforestation. Currently, this endemic species is only found in three areas in Ceará state, in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in wild adult grey-breasted parakeets and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 27 individuals and environmental swabs (drag swabs) from five nests used by these birds. Twenty-seven strains from nine species of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from cloacal swabs, and the most prevalent bacteria strains were Hafnia alvei (22%) and Pantoea agglomerans (22%). From environmental nest samples, seven strains from three bacterial species were isolated, being the P. agglomerans the most frequent species (100%). Twenty-two of the 27 isolates (81.4%) exhibited antibiotic resistance, varying from one to eight of the 12 antimicrobials commonly used. Resistance to amoxicillin was the most prevalent (70.4%), followed by azithromycin (22.2%) and ceftriaxone (18.5%). None of the strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. The H. alvei was the main species presenting multidrug resistance, including resistance against meropenem, which is an important finding. These results could provide interesting information on the health of these endangered wild grey-breasted parakeets. They could also indicate that the obtained isolates are part of a group of bacteria that are typical components of the enteric microbiota of birds, which present elevated rates of resistance to amoxicillin.(AU)

O periquito-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) é uma espécie de psitacídeo considerado pela IUCN como ameaçado de extinção, resultado do comércio ilegal e do desmatamento. Atualmente, essa espécie endêmica é encontrada apenas em três áreas no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência e a diversidade de Enterobacteriaceae em periquitos de peito cinza adultos selvagens e determinar sua suscetibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos. Amostras de suabes cloacais foram coletadas de 27 indivíduos e de suabes ambientais (suabes de arrasto) de cinco ninhos utilizados por essas aves. Vinte e sete cepas de nove espécies de Enterobacteriaceae foram isoladas a partir de suabes cloacais, sendo as cepas bacterianas mais prevalentes Hafnia alvei (22%) e Pantoea agglomerans (22%). Das amostras ambientais de ninhos foram isoladas sete linhagens de três espécies bacterianas, sendo P. agglomerans a espécie mais frequente (100%). Vinte e dois dos 27 isolados (81,4%) exibiram resistência a antibióticos, variando de um a oito dos 12 antimicrobianos comumente usados. A resistência a amoxicilina foi a mais prevalente (70,4%), seguida por azitromicina (22,2%) e ceftriaxona (18,5%). Nenhuma das cepas era resistente à gentamicina, tobramicina, ciprofloxacina ou tetraciclina. H. alvei foi a principal espécie que apresentou resistência a múltiplas drogas e que também esteve associada a um outro achado relevante desta pesquisa, que foi a detecção de um caso de resistência ao meropenem. Esses dados fornecem informações relevantes sobre a saúde desses periquitos selvagens ameaçados e permite concluir que os isolados obtidos fazem parte de um grupo de bactérias que normalmente compõe a microbiota entérica das aves, sendo a amoxicilina envolvida em elevadas taxas de resistência.(AU)

Companion psittacine birds as reservoir of gentamicin and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp / Psitacídeos de companhia como reservatórios de Enterococcus spp. gentamicina e vancomicina-resistentes

Enterococcus are recognized worldwide as significant nosocomial agents that have been continuously envolving to adapt to different niches and acquire resistance to several antibiotic classes. Vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium have been associated with nosocomial human infections. Some epidemiological studies suggest the participation of pets as reservoirs of vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus strains. However, the role of companion birds as reservoirs of these strains has been poorly studied. In this study, 126 psittacine birds were evaluated and 26.9% carried Enterococcus spp., including the species E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. The antibiotic resistance profile showed four high-level gentamicin-resistance (HLGR) strains. In addition, two strains presented intermediate levels of vancomycin resistance. Resistant strains were isolated from fecal and oropharynx samples of sick and clinically healthy birds, suggesting that psittacine birds may act as reservoirs of HLGR Enterococcus spp. However, sick birds appear to be more implicated in the enterococci transmission than healthy birds.(AU)

Enterococcus são reconhecidos mundialmente como significantes agentes nosocomiais, que têm continuamente se adaptado a diferentes nichos e adquirido resistência a várias classes de antibióticos. Cepas de E. faecalis e E. faecium vancomicina e gantamicina-resistentes têm sido associadas a infecções nosocomiais em humanos. Alguns estudos epidemiológicos sugerem a participação de aves como reservatórios de cepas de Enterococcus vancomicina e gentamicina-resistentes. Entretanto, a relação das aves de companhia como reservatórios destas cepas tem sido pouco estudada. Neste estudo, 126 psitacídeos foram avaliados, e 26,9% destes eram portadores de Enterococcus spp., incluindo as espécies E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum e E. casseliflavus. O perfil de resistência antibiótica mostrou quatro cepas com alto nível de resistência a gentamicina (ANRG). Além de duas cepas com nível intermediário de resistência a vancomicina. As cepas resistentes foram isoladas de amostras fecais e de orofaringe de aves doentes e clinicamente saudáveis, sugerindo que psitacídeos podem estar atuando como reservatórios para Enterococcus spp. com ANRG. Contudo, Aves doentes parecem estar mais relacionadas à transmissão de enterococcus, do que aves saudáveis.(AU)

Companion psittacine birds as reservoir of gentamicin and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp / Psitacídeos de companhia como reservatórios de Enterococcus spp. gentamicina e vancomicina-resistentes

Enterococcus are recognized worldwide as significant nosocomial agents that have been continuously envolving to adapt to different niches and acquire resistance to several antibiotic classes. Vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium have been associated with nosocomial human infections. Some epidemiological studies suggest the participation of pets as reservoirs of vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus strains. However, the role of companion birds as reservoirs of these strains has been poorly studied. In this study, 126 psittacine birds were evaluated and 26.9% carried Enterococcus spp., including the species E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. The antibiotic resistance profile showed four high-level gentamicin-resistance (HLGR) strains. In addition, two strains presented intermediate levels of vancomycin resistance. Resistant strains were isolated from fecal and oropharynx samples of sick and clinically healthy birds, suggesting that psittacine birds may act as reservoirs of HLGR Enterococcus spp. However, sick birds appear to be more implicated in the enterococci transmission than healthy birds.(AU)

Enterococcus são reconhecidos mundialmente como significantes agentes nosocomiais, que têm continuamente se adaptado a diferentes nichos e adquirido resistência a várias classes de antibióticos. Cepas de E. faecalis e E. faecium vancomicina e gantamicina-resistentes têm sido associadas a infecções nosocomiais em humanos. Alguns estudos epidemiológicos sugerem a participação de aves como reservatórios de cepas de Enterococcus vancomicina e gentamicina-resistentes. Entretanto, a relação das aves de companhia como reservatórios destas cepas tem sido pouco estudada. Neste estudo, 126 psitacídeos foram avaliados, e 26,9% destes eram portadores de Enterococcus spp., incluindo as espécies E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum e E. casseliflavus. O perfil de resistência antibiótica mostrou quatro cepas com alto nível de resistência a gentamicina (ANRG). Além de duas cepas com nível intermediário de resistência a vancomicina. As cepas resistentes foram isoladas de amostras fecais e de orofaringe de aves doentes e clinicamente saudáveis, sugerindo que psitacídeos podem estar atuando como reservatórios para Enterococcus spp. com ANRG. Contudo, Aves doentes parecem estar mais relacionadas à transmissão de enterococcus, do que aves saudáveis.(AU)

Prevalence of Aves Polyomavirus 1 and Beak and Feather Disease Virus From Exotic Captive Psittacine Birds in Chile.

Avian polyomavirus disease and psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) are both contagious viral diseases in psittacine birds with similar clinical manifestations and characterized by abnormal feathers. To determine the prevalence of Aves polyomavirus 1 (APyV) and beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in captive, exotic psittacine birds in Chile, feathers from 250 psittacine birds, representing 17 genera, were collected and stored during the period 2013-2016. Polymerase chain reaction testing was used to detect APyV and BFDV were detected in feather bulb samples. The results indicated that 1.6% (4/250) of the samples were positive for APyV, 23.2% (58/250) were positive to BFDV, and 0.8% (2/250) were positive to both APyV and BFDV. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of APyV and BFDV prevalence in captive, exotic psittacine birds in South America. Analysis of 2 Chilean partial sequences of the gene encoding agnoprotein 1a (APyV) and the replication-associated protein (BFDV) extends the knowledge of genomic variability for both APyV and BFDV isolates and their spectrum of hosts. No geographical marker was detected for the local isolates.

Novel Hybrid of Typical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shiga-Toxin-Producing E. coli (tEPEC/STEC) Emerging From Pet Birds.

Exotic psittacine birds have been implicated as reservoir of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC). Here, we present a genotypic and phenotypic characterization of typical EPEC/STEC hybrid strains isolated from exotic psittacine birds. The strains were positive for eae, bfpA, and stx2f genes, belong to serotype O137:H6 and ST2678. Two strains were subject to whole genome sequencing, confirming the presence of the virulence factors of both E. coli pathotypes. Phenotypical in vitro tests confirmed their ability to adhere to HeLa cells and cause cytotoxicity to Vero cells. The rabbit ileal loop assays showed the attaching and effacing lesion, in addition to inflammatory process and overproduction of intestinal mucus. This is the first report of hybrid typical EPEC/STEC (O137:H6/ST2678) strains isolated from companion psittacine birds and the results suggest zoonotic risks.

Identification and phylogenetic analysis of clade C Avipoxvirus in a fowlpox outbreak in exotic psittacines in southern Brazil.

Fowlpox is one of the oldest diseases reported in birds. The causative genus Avipoxvirus affects ~232 domestic and wild species. We present herein the history, clinical findings, and macroscopic and histologic lesions caused by a clade C poxvirus in an exotic psittacine breeding colony in southern Brazil. Clinical signs included yellow nodular lesions at the commissure of the beak and on the periocular skin, loss of appetite, and death. Fifty birds were autopsied, and fragments of periocular skin, tongue, and trachea were examined histologically, which revealed hyperkeratosis associated with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Tracheal fragments and periocular skin were subjected to nested PCR and phylogenetic analyses. The sequenced strain showed 99.58% identity with the nucleotide sequences of Avipoxvirus strains AY53011, KC018069, AM050383, and AM05382 isolated from birds in Germany, United States, and United Kingdom. The strain was grouped under clade C, which represents isolates exclusively from the Psittacidae family. The infection caused by clade C Avipoxvirus in the exotic psittacines examined ( Platycercus sp. and Psephotus haematonotus) demonstrates the circulation of this clade in this breeding colony.

Investigação de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes exóticos e nativos mantidos em cativeiro na região central do Rio Grande do Sul / Investigation of Salmonella spp. in exotic and native Psittaciformes kept in captivity in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul

As doenças infecciosas são reconhecidamente causadoras de declínios populacionais de animais silvestres e algumas delas podem representar ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes exóticos e nativos mantidos em cativeiro na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, além de comparar os resultados obtidos por meio do método bacteriológico convencional e da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), mediante a utilização de material fecal do ambiente, evitando-se o estresse da contenção. Durante os meses de agosto/2016 e setembro/2016 foram coletadas amostras de fezes frescas de 90 gaiolas em dois criatórios, representando 180 aves. Com as duas técnicas empregadas nas análises, as amostras foram negativas para Salmonella spp., contudo foram detectadas bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Cedecea sp. e Citrobacter freundii. Considera-se importante a continuidade do monitoramento dos criatórios, já que o patógeno investigado pode estar em aves portadoras e se manifestar em situações de estresse, representando riscos enquanto zoonose e prejuízos à saúde das aves.(AU)

Infectious diseases are known to cause decline in wildlife population and some of them may represent a threat to public health. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in exotic and native Psittaciformes kept in captivity in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to comparing the results obtained through the conventional bacteriological method and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using fecal matter collected from the environment, avoiding the containment stress. From August to September 2016, samples of fresh feces were collected from 90 cages in two breeding grounds, representing 180 birds. According to both analysis techniques the samples were negative for Salmonella spp., however, bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family: Escherichia coli, Cedecea sp. and Citrobacter freundii were detected. Continuous monitoring of breeding grounds is important since the pathogen investigated can be found in carrier birds and manifest itself in stressful situations presenting risks such as zoonosis and reduced bird health.(AU)

Investigação de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes exóticos e nativos mantidos em cativeiro na região central do Rio Grande do Sul / Investigation of Salmonella spp. in exotic and native Psittaciformes kept in captivity in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul

As doenças infecciosas são reconhecidamente causadoras de declínios populacionais de animais silvestres e algumas delas podem representar ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes exóticos e nativos mantidos em cativeiro na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, além de comparar os resultados obtidos por meio do método bacteriológico convencional e da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), mediante a utilização de material fecal do ambiente, evitando-se o estresse da contenção. Durante os meses de agosto/2016 e setembro/2016 foram coletadas amostras de fezes frescas de 90 gaiolas em dois criatórios, representando 180 aves. Com as duas técnicas empregadas nas análises, as amostras foram negativas para Salmonella spp., contudo foram detectadas bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Cedecea sp. e Citrobacter freundii. Considera-se importante a continuidade do monitoramento dos criatórios, já que o patógeno investigado pode estar em aves portadoras e se manifestar em situações de estresse, representando riscos enquanto zoonose e prejuízos à saúde das aves.(AU)

Infectious diseases are known to cause decline in wildlife population and some of them may represent a threat to public health. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in exotic and native Psittaciformes kept in captivity in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to comparing the results obtained through the conventional bacteriological method and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using fecal matter collected from the environment, avoiding the containment stress. From August to September 2016, samples of fresh feces were collected from 90 cages in two breeding grounds, representing 180 birds. According to both analysis techniques the samples were negative for Salmonella spp., however, bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family: Escherichia coli, Cedecea sp. and Citrobacter freundii were detected. Continuous monitoring of breeding grounds is important since the pathogen investigated can be found in carrier birds and manifest itself in stressful situations presenting risks such as zoonosis and reduced bird health.(AU)

Novel hybrid of Typical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shiga-Toxin-Producing E. coli (tEPEC/STEC) emerging from pet birds

Exotic psittacine birds have been implicated as reservoir of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC). Here, we present a genotypic and phenotypic characterization of typical EPEC/STEC hybrid strains isolated from exotic psittacine birds. The strains were positive for eae, bfpA, and stx2f genes, belong to serotype O137:H6 and ST2678. Two strains were subject to whole genome sequencing, confirming the presence of the virulence factors of both E. coli pathotypes. Phenotypical in vitro tests confirmed their ability to adhere to HeLa cells and cause cytotoxicity to Vero cells. The rabbit ileal loop assays showed the attaching and effacing lesion, in addition to inflammatory process and overproduction of intestinal mucus. This is the first report of hybrid typical EPEC/STEC (O137:H6/ST2678) strains isolated from companion psittacine birds and the results suggest zoonotic risks.