Development of the Psychotherapist Character Virtues (PCV) Interview.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an interview-based rating method for assessing therapists' beneficial character traits and evaluate its reliability and validity. METHOD: The semi-structured Psychotherapist Character Virtues (PCV) interview and evaluation method, based on Erik Erikson's and Heinz Kohut's writings on 16 virtues or abilities and achievements of an adult self, was administered to 68 psychodynamic and solution-focused therapists. Inter-rater reliability was assessed based on 20 videorecorded interviews, rated by two evaluators. In a mixed-methods design, validity was investigated against (i) therapist's questionnaire-based self-reported professional and personal background characteristics and (ii) a qualitative content analysis of emotional atmosphere in the interview. RESULTS: Interrater reliability for individual 16 virtues was acceptable (median correlation .72). From individual virtues, three principal components (Creative Will, Empathy, and Love/Care) emerged with good/excellent internal consistency (component determinacies .95, .85, and .90, respectively) and criterion validity with self-reported professional and personal characteristics. Cluster analysis of therapists' component scores yielded six different therapist character profiles. In qualitative analysis, character profiles meaningfully differed in their impact on the interview's emotional atmosphere. CONCLUSION: PCV appears promising for evaluating therapists' character virtues, posited to undergird therapists' sensitive attunement and responsiveness. Further research is needed on PCV's predictive validity for therapeutic relationships and outcomes.

[Participation-oriented psychotherapy for patients with mental disorders who are able or unable to work : Results of a survey of practicing psychotherapists]. / Teilhabeorientierte Psychotherapie bei arbeitsfähigen und arbeitsunfähigen Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen : Ergebnisse einer Befragung niedergelassener Psychotherapeuten.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of (chronic) mental disorders must focus on both reducing symptoms and improving social and work participation by social medicine treatments and counselling. The objective of this study was to compare psychotherapy patients who are fit or unfit for work to describe similarities and differences regarding patient status and interventions. METHODS: Interviews were performed with 73 cognitive behavior therapists and 58 psychodynamic psychotherapists about 188 and 134 recent cases they had seen, respectively. The case reports referred to patients who were on average 42 years old (65% females). RESULTS: There were no differences between patients with no or short-term sick leave (up to 6 weeks, n = 156) and patients with longer sick leave (7 weeks or more, n = 140) with respect to basic characteristics of treatment (side effects, therapeutic alliance). Patients with a longer sick leave duration had more severe capacity and participation impairments and received more specific work participation-oriented treatments, whereas general saluto-therapeutic activities (sports-club, counselling, family-support) were similarly undertaken in patients with shorter or longer sick leave. DISCUSSION: Therapists chose intervention options according to indication: in patients with work participation problems, more work-related treatments are undertaken, whereas interventions for general mental health improvement are distributed independent of specific work participation problems.

Prevalence of mental health symptoms and potential risk factors among Austrian psychotherapists.

This research focused on the intricacies of mental health within the psychotherapist community, a domain currently understudied. A recent study suggests a better overall mental health profile for Austrian psychotherapists compared to the general population. However, a substantial proportion of psychotherapists still exhibited scores beyond the cut-off for clinically significant mental disorders, potentially undermining the efficacy of patient outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April to June 2023, enrolling a cohort of 502 Austrian psychotherapists (79.7% female; mean age: 53.4 ± 9.26 years). The analysis leveraged indicators for symptoms of depression (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2), insomnia (ISI-2), stress (PSS-4), and overall well-being (WHO-5). Key correlations were revealed using multivariable logistic regressions incorporating sociodemographic, work-related, and health behavior variables. Mental health symptoms in psychotherapists were associated with lower income, lesser physical activity, employment in outpatient facilities, less experience in the field, and a smaller patient load. Notably, physical activity emerged as a significant protective component, underscoring regular exercise as a vital self-care routine for psychotherapists. Adequate income also presented as a crucial contributor to mental health stability. These findings augment our understanding of the complex dynamics influencing psychotherapists' mental health, potentially enhancing their well-being and optimizing professional output.

Limitations of Trainings in Cross-Cultural Competence - The Practitioner Perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: Trainings in cross-cultural competence1 are of increasing importance for psychotherapists in order to provide adequate mental health care for patients with a migration background. Yet, little is known about practitioners´ perspectives on working with migrants. Method: Problem-centered interviews with 30 practitioners offering psychotherapy within the German mental health care system have been analyzed using Grounded Theory Methodology to get an insight into practitioners´ experiences with cross-cultural work. Results: Practitioners have to deal with strong feelings of insecurity in their cross-cultural work. Feelings of insecurity were influenced by practitioners' underlying cultural concepts, how specific they perceived the cross-cultural contact to be and how they saw themselves in their professional role as psychotherapists. Interestingly, the analysis shows that trainings in cross-cultural competence which mainly convey "culture specific" knowledge on a rather theoretical level might even increase practitioners' feelings of insecurity. Conclusions: Conventional teaching formats in cross-cultural competence might not provide psychotherapists with sufficient space to reflect on their insecurities, their "cultural concepts", and their expectations of themselves in their professional role. Therefore, other settings are required. Dealing with practitioners' perceived lack of knowledge in the context of culture could be an effective starting point to deal with cross-cultural insecurities.

Creatively Adapting Touch-Based Practices to the Web Format During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic forced numerous touch-based fields, including manual therapy, body psychotherapy, arts therapy, creative arts practices, and the fitness industry, to swiftly transition to web-based service delivery. These disciplines faced substantial challenges in adapting their traditionally in-person practices, which rely heavily on physical touch and close proximity, to a web format. OBJECTIVE: This review intends to provide a systematically sourced overview of the literature concerning innovative approaches for adapting touch-based practices to the web format in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A systematic search across 7 databases and gray literature sources identified studies presenting innovative web delivery methods, particularly those addressing the challenges arising from the absence of physical proximity and touch. The inclusion criteria were designed to encompass studies exploring the creative adaptation of touch-based practices to web formats in response to the COVID-19 pandemic irrespective of study methodology. The exclusion criteria applied to studies focusing solely on technical aspects of web delivery or nontouch or noninteractive practices. There were no geographical restrictions, but the selection was limited to publications from 2020 onward. As only qualitative studies were found, data synthesis was conducted thematically. RESULTS: The review encompassed 17 studies revealing that touch-based fields successfully devised innovative and creative methods for web service delivery. These methods were categorized into five main themes: (1) adapted working methods (cross-field methods), (2) adapted working methods for sensorial experiences and nonphysical connections, (3) creative methods using materials or additional tools, (4) creative use of web-based platform tools or additional technologies, and (5) creative methods requiring previous preparation of practitioners or participants. These creative approaches allowed practitioners to address the challenges of web touch-based practices, fostering connections and offering unique sensory experiences, albeit with some concerns related to technology and preparation. CONCLUSIONS: These innovative methods demonstrate promise in circumventing the limitations imposed by the lack of physical touch and proximity in web settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, these insights hold potential for application in other fields in the future. This systematic search and thematic synthesis provide valuable guidance for practitioners and educators seeking to navigate the evolving landscape of web service delivery in touch-based disciplines, ensuring continuity of care even in challenging circumstances. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022379731; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=379731.

O que Terapeutas Comportamentais Aprendem para sua Prática Clínica na Relação Terapêutica? / What Do the Behavioral Therapists Learn for their Clinical Practice in the Therapeutic Relationship? / ¿Qué Aprenden los Terapeutas Conductuales para su Práctica Clínica en la Relación Terapéutica?

De acordo com a visão vigente, aprende-se a ser psicoterapeuta comportamental em cursos, onde se ensinam teoria, intervenções e técnicas; e na supervisão, onde a atuação do terapeuta é aprimorada. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar uma terceira via de aprendizagem. O que os terapeutas aprendem na relação com seus clientes? Foram entrevistados 14 terapeutas analítico-comportamentais, cognitivo comportamentais ou comportamentais contextuais, a respeito do que aprenderam com seus clientes para sua prática clínica. A análise das transcrições foi pautada nos preceitos da grounded theory analysis. Os resultados sugerem que os terapeutas aprendem sobre algumas coordenadas importantes do processo terapêutico: a singularidade de cada cliente, a responsabilidade do cliente e do terapeuta para o processo e sobre as suas limitações como terapeuta. Expandem suas competências clínicas: como enxergar além de rótulos e julgamentos, assumir uma postura terapêutica, flexibilidade e autenticidade. Adquirem estratégias clínicas, aprendem a ceder espaço para o cliente, a respeitar o tempo do cliente e responder às suas necessidades. Finalmente, aprendem a manejar riscos e contrariedades, a lidar com a proximidade no relacionamento, como usar dos seus equívocos a favor da terapia e conduzir aspectos burocráticos da sua profissão.

According to the current view, the role of a behavioral therapist is trained in courses which theory, interventions and techniques are taught and in clinical supervision supervision where the beginner's performance is shaped. The aim of this study was to explore a third learning pathway. What do therapists learn in their relationship with their clients? Fourteen behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapists were interviewed about what they learned from their clients. The transcripts were examined according to the precepts of grounded theory analysis. The results suggest that therapists learn about important coordinates of the therapeutic process: the uniqueness of each client, the client's and therapist's responsibility in the process, and also about therapists limitations. They expand their clinical competencies: how to see beyond labels and evaluations, to assume a therapeutic stance, be flexible and authentic. They acquire clinical strategies, learning to allow due space to the client, to respect the client's time and to respond to their needs. Finally, they learn how to manage risks and setbacks, to deal with closeness in the relationship, take advantage of their errors in favor of therapy and how to manage bureaucratic aspects of their profession.

Según la visión actual, la profesión de psicoterapeuta se aprende de los profesores que imparten teoría, intervenciones y técnicas y de los supervisores que acompañan la actuación. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar una tercera vía de aprendizaje: ¿qué aprenden los terapeutas con sus clientes? Se entrevistó a catorce terapeutas conductuales y cognitivo-conductuales sobre lo que aprendieron con sus clientes. El análisis de datos se basó en los preceptos del análisis de teoría fundamentada. Los resultados sugieren que los terapeutas aprenden sobre las coordenadas importantes del proceso terapéutico: la singularidad de cada cliente, la responsabilidad del cliente y del terapeuta por el proceso y sus limitaciones como terapeuta. Los terapeutas amplían sus competencias clínicas: cómo ver más allá de las etiquetas y los juicios, adoptar una postura terapéutica, desarrollar flexibilidad y autenticidad. Adquirir estrategias clínicas, aprender a darle espacio al cliente, respetar el tiempo del cliente y responder a sus necesidades. Finalmente, aprenden a gestionar los riesgos y contratiempos, a lidiar con la proximidad al cliente, a aprovechar los conceptos erróneos a favor de la terapia y a gestionar los aspectos burocráticos de su profesión.

Trajectories of burnout and psychological well-being among psychotherapists during the Covid-19 pandemic: Results of a 1-year prospective study.

The main goal of this study was to investigate the trajectories of the changes in burnout and subjective well-being (SWB) among psychotherapists in relation to social support, self-efficacy, sociodemographic, and work-related factors, with additional control for the subjectively experienced Covid-19 related distress. This study was carried out over a 1-year period during the critical time of the Covid-19 pandemic. We reached 226 Polish psychotherapists, of which 207 psychotherapists (91.6%) participated in all three measurements. The participants completed the following measurements: the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic, work-related factors and Covid-19 related distress. Several trajectories were observed for both burnout and SWB, which were differently associated with the level of social support, self-efficacy, and sociodemographic and work-related factors. We did not find a significant relationship between Covid-19 related distress and the inclusion of either burnout or SWB trajectories. This study calls for greater interest in the psychological health of psychotherapists. More specifically, our findings may entail some implications for the practice of psychotherapy by creating customized intervention programs to reduce burnout and enhance well-being in this specific occupation.

Development and validation of the facilitative interpersonal skills scale for clients.

OBJECTIVE: Psychotherapy studies have revealed that therapist characteristics are responsible for 5% to 9% of outcome variance. The therapist-facilitative interpersonal skills (FIS) have been shown to predict both alliance and outcomes, indicating that higher FIS therapists are more effective than lower FIS therapists. The current study focused on the development and validation of the FIS-client version (FIS-C) instrument, aimed at collecting the clients' perspectives on relevant therapist characteristics. METHOD: The clinical outcomes in routine evaluation-outcome measures, the session rating scale, and the FIS questionnaire-client version were filled out by psychotherapy clients. Exploratory, confirmatory factor, and test-retest analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Results indicate robust psychometric characteristics, in terms of validity (factorial, convergent, discriminant, and nomological), reliability, and sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The validation of the FIS-C represents an important contribution to clinical research and practice, namely to the field of client feedback and therapist expertise.

Mindfulness training for community-based psychotherapists: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: While mindfulness training's feasibility has been assessed in many health care settings, the feasibility of teaching mindfulness to psychotherapists of various orientations for both self- and patient-care has not been explored. The objectives of this feasibility assessment were to determine the degree to which clinic psychotherapists were willing to complete a skills-based mindfulness training program; evaluate the acceptability of integrating mindfulness interventions into an urban community mental health clinic; examine the training's influence on both personal mindfulness practice and integration into patient care; and explore the impact of a support group following the training. METHODS: Data on six aspects of feasibility were gathered through quantitative surveys, semi-structured qualitative interviews, and group observation and feedback, analyzed using grounded theory. RESULTS: Sixteen therapists and one administrator attended at least one session of this voluntary program and responded to the associated surveys. At 1-year post-training, 7 participants had attended one or more group support sessions, and 4 more than 50% of sessions. The following factors were identified as contributing to the training's success: significant interest on the part of clinic staff to receive the training; diversity of the teaching staff, buy-in from clinic administration, provision of meditation scripts, role-play exercises, the variety of practices taught, and case presentations. Therapists indicated that the training helped them create a personal mindfulness practice, and several proceeded to integrate mindfulness into client sessions. A bi-weekly support group organized after the training encompassed group practice, discussion, case presentations, and information about trauma-sensitive mindfulness. Clinicians identified the following challenges to integrating mindfulness into sessions: lack of scripts in client languages other than English, the unacceptability of mindfulness to some clients' religious beliefs, the lack of appropriateness for clients facing ongoing psychosocial crises, the lack of interest on the part of some clients, and the time constraints posed by brief therapy sessions. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that such training may be feasible in community mental health settings given support from leadership and the presence of qualified facilitators within the organization. Adaptations to the training based on participant feedback can inform a larger scale trial that compares our protocol with another intervention in the treatment of a psychological disorder or condition identified by the participants as having responded favorably to the program.

Figures of the Psychotherapist in Contemporary Chinese Literature.

Since the 1980s, psychoanalysis and psychotherapy have attracted great interest in Chinese society, and in parallel, the psychotherapist as a character has emerged in Chinese literature. Through four novels by three Chinese authors, namely, Xu Xiaobin , Ke Yunlu , and Bi Shumin , this article studies the evolution of the image of the psychotherapist in contemporary Chinese literature, which reflects the reception of psychoanalysis as well as the development of psychotherapy in China. In Xu Xiaobin's novel, two psychology students attempt to cure a psychotic patient through "transference therapy" based on a complete misunderstanding of the notion; Ke Yunlu features a "life counselor" who, like typical good counselors in Chinese classical novels, simply gives advice without caring about the patients' needs and desires; and the two novels by Bi Shumin show a significant change in the writer's understanding of the profession and therapeutic methods, as well as the current, unregulated situation of psychotherapy in China.

Subjective well-being among psychotherapists during the coronavirus disease pandemic: A cross-cultural survey from 12 european countries.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the amount of the total variance of the subjective well-being (SWB) of psychotherapists from 12 European countries explained by between-country vs. between-person differences regarding its cognitive (life satisfaction) and affective components (positive affect [PA] and negative affect [NA]). Second, we explored a link between the SWB and their personal (self-efficacy) and social resources (social support) after controlling for sociodemographics, work characteristics, and COVID-19-related distress. METHODS: In total, 2915 psychotherapists from 12 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, Great Britain, Serbia, Spain, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and Switzerland) participated in this study. The participants completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (I-PANAS-SF), the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. RESULTS: Cognitive well-being (CWB; satisfaction with life) was a more country-dependent component of SWB than affective well-being (AWB). Consequently, at the individual level, significant correlates were found only for AWB but not for CWB. Higher AWB was linked to being female, older age, higher weekly workload, and lower COVID-19-related distress. Self-efficacy and social support explained AWB only, including their main effects and the moderating effect of self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight more individual characteristics of AWB compared to CWB, with a more critical role of low self-efficacy for the link between social support and PA rather than NA. This finding suggests the need for greater self-care among psychotherapists regarding their AWB and the more complex conditions underlying their CWB.

Acceptance of E-mental health interventions and its determinants among psychotherapists-in-training during the first phase of COVID-19.

Background: Although E-mental health (EMH) interventions have been shown to be effective in the treatment of mental health problems and empirical knowledge regarding EMH acceptance for different occupations in health care is established, little is known regarding EMH and psychotherapists-in-training. This seems particularly relevant as psychotherapists-in-training will shape the future health care system since they are as being the next generation of psychotherapists. With social distancing measures in place, COVID-19 has led to an increased demand for EMH, which is broadening the way psychological treatments are delivered. Objective: The present study aims to assess the acceptance of EMH and its determinants among psychotherapists-in-training of different EMH modalities and to retrospectively compare current acceptance with pre-COVID-19 times. Methods: Altogether, 29 training institutions in Switzerland and 232 training institutions in Germany were contacted, resulting in a sample of N = 216 psychotherapists-in-training (88.4 % female) who filled out the self-administered web-based questionnaire in summer 2020. The acceptance of EMH was assessed considering several different modalities (e.g., videoconference, guided self-help programs) as well as further possible predictors of EMH acceptance based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Acceptance scores were categorized as low, moderate or high based on prior research and predicted using multiple regression. Results: Acceptance of EMH was moderate (M = 3.40, SD = 1.11) and increased significantly (t(215) = 12.03, p < .01; d = 0.88) compared to pre-COVID-19 (M = 2.67, SD = 1.11); however, acceptance varied significantly between modalities (F(2.6, 561.7) = 62.93, p < .01, partial η2 = 0.23), with videoconferencing being the most accepted and unguided programs the least. Stepwise regression including three of 14 variables (R2 = 0.55, F (14, 201) = 17.68, p < .001) identified performance expectancy, social influence and concerns about the therapeutic alliance as significant determinants of EMH acceptance. Discussion: Acceptance by psychotherapists-in-training was moderate and in line with prior research and comparable with other clinicians' acceptance scores. Performance expectancy, social influence and concerns about the therapeutic alliance were predictive of EMH acceptance, indicating their significance in the implementation of EMH in health care. Conclusion: These findings underline the importance of the aforementioned determinants of EMH acceptance and the need for further studies investigating EMH acceptance in order to derive adequate educational programs and to facilitate dissemination among psychotherapists-in-training.

Exploring job demands and resources in psychotherapists treating displaced people-A scoping review.

Objective: Little is known about the occupational health of psychotherapists treating displaced people. Therefore, the literature was explored regarding job demands, job resources, as well as work- and health-related outcomes. The Job Demands-Job Resources model (JD-R model) according to Bakker and Demerouti served as theoretical framework. Method: This scoping review followed the methodological framework provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Six databases were searched for qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies. Results: Based on 15 included articles, the emotional impact of work, cultural or language barriers, and administrative obstacles were identified as major job demands. Important job resources were related to a politicized conceptualization of the professional identity. Health-related outcomes could mainly be ascribed to empathy-based strain, while work-related outcomes were associated with discrepancies between personal values and asylum regulations. Conclusion: Despite the emotional impact of work, psychotherapists seem to benefit from work engagement arising out of socio-political conviction and the ability to help suffering people. Practitioners need more environmental support like professional networks. Further research is required, as current findings are predominantly based on qualitative and cross-sectional studies.

Psychotherapist Trainees' Quality of Life: Patterns and Correlates.

While psychotherapists are trained to improve their clients' quality of life, little work has examined the quality of life experienced by psychotherapist trainees themselves. Yet their life satisfactions and stresses would plausibly affect both their ability to learn new skills and conduct psychotherapy. Therefore, in the Society for Psychotherapy Research Interest Section on Psychotherapist Development and Training study, we investigated the patterns of self-reported life quality and their correlates in a multinational sample of 1,214 psychotherapist trainees. A comprehensive questionnaire was used at the outset of trainings to assess trainees' professional background, current life situation, personal characteristics, family background, and social and national origin. The findings indicated 54.3% of trainees' lives could be characterized as fortunate or happy (i.e., experiencing great life satisfaction and not much stress), whereas 14.3% could be characterized as clearly distressed or troubled (i.e., experiencing great life stress and not much satisfaction). The strongest correlates of high life stress, a contributor to poor life quality, were economic insecurity, self-protectiveness, and attachment-related anxiety in relationships, and economic or psychological hardship in childhood. In turn, greater wellbeing was most strongly associated with a warm and open interpersonal style, being married, having sufficient economic means, and material and emotional security in childhood. While the results indicate the majority of therapists experience a relatively good quality of life, the findings also suggest potential targets for increasing trainees' life quality when it may be deficient, such as those on a societal level (e.g., availability of low-cost student loans), training program level (e.g., promoting supportive supervision, positive between-trainee relationships and group collaboration), and individual level (e.g., personal therapy and learning self-care), in order to promote effective learning and therapy practice.

Schema therapists' perceptions of the influence of their early maladaptive schemas on therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This qualitative survey aimed to explore schema therapists' perceptions of how their early maladaptive schemas are activated in their therapeutic work, and how they manage their reactions. METHOD: An online qualitative survey was conducted with 22 schema therapists. Following brief demographic questions, participants were asked three open-ended questions about their schema activation and associated reactions. An inductive-deductive hybrid thematic analysis of the qualitative responses identified four superordinate themes and 12 subthemes. RESULTS: Participants described several negative impacts on their therapeutic work, including avoiding limit setting, becoming argumentative or aggressive, detaching or avoiding, and over-functioning. An array of strategies for managing schema and countertransference reactions were identified, including refocusing on the client's vulnerability, caring for one's own vulnerability and connecting with one's healthy adult self, and engaging in supervision, training, personal therapy, and self-care. Notably, several participants described how their internal reactions can be used advantageously to conceptualize and support clients, and to facilitate therapists' personal development. CONCLUSION: The findings highlighted that although schema and associated countertransference experiences can be challenging, awareness and effective management of therapists' reactions can benefit treatment and promote personal growth.

Nursing, psychotherapy and advanced cancer: A scoping review.

PURPOSE: Many individuals with advanced cancer have unmet psychological needs and often lack access to supportive care. Psychotherapy for adults with advanced cancer is a promising way to address some of the challenges in meeting these care needs. Nurses are the largest cohort of healthcare workers who can practice as psychotherapists and are positioned ideally to integrate these interventions as part of routine care. The purpose of this scoping review is to map the literature on psychotherapeutic interventions among adults with advanced cancer and to explore the nursing role in this body of evidence. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review for relevant quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies. The content of included studies was analyzed and grouped based on two broad categories that describe how nursing's role was mentioned, described, and utilized: 1. Nurses are not the interventionist/psychotherapist and, 2. Nurses are mentioned as the interventionist/psychotherapist. RESULTS: Eighty-six studies were included. Overall, majority of studies did not mention a role for nursing in any capacity. Some studies mentioned a non-interventionist role for nursing in the research study. Fourteen studies mentioned nurses as interventionists/psychotherapists. These studies focused on feasibility, acceptability and patient related outcomes of brief psychotherapies. Dignity therapy was the most common psychotherapy in studies where nurses were utilized as interventionists, followed by life review and supportive expressive therapies. Very few studies discussed nursing's role in this area and nursing's capacity to deliver this form of care. CONCLUSION: There is paucity in nursing research focused on psychotherapy for adults with advanced cancer. It is feasible and acceptable for nurses to deliver brief psychotherapies to adults with advanced cancer, and the integration of these techniques in everyday practice has great potential that must be explored. The development of this knowledge base is needed to support future education, research, and practice policy agendas.

The competence development of German psychotherapy trainees: A naturalistic, longitudinal and multidimensional outcome study.

Objectives:This study investigated the development of German psychotherapy trainees in professional, relational, and personal competence. Methods: The study followed a naturalistic pre-post design over 3 years and included a control group of non-trainee psychologists. The sample consisted of 219 participants, including 64 cognitive-behavioral trainees, 120 psychodynamic trainees and 35 control participants. Outcomes were knowledge (multiple choice exam), case-formulation competence (Case Formulation Content Coding Method), healing and stressful involvement (Therapist Work Involvement Scales), attributional complexity (Attributional Complexity Scale), introject affiliation, and affiliation in patient treatments (Intrex questionnaire). Multilevel Modeling was used to investigate change over time and group by time interactions. Comparisons to the control group were limited to knowledge, case-formulation competence, and attributional complexity. Results: Trainees improved in knowledge, case-formulation competence, healing involvement, and affiliation in treatments with small to medium effects. There was no change in stressful involvement, attributional complexity or introject affiliation. According to reliable change indices, the majority of trainees did not change reliably. Over time, trainees outperformed the control group only in case-formulation competence. There were several main and group by time effects regarding trainee orientation. Conclusions: Results imply benefits of training on professional and relational competence but only limited effects on personal competence.

[The judgment of the Federal Social Court on the involvement of psychological psychotherapists in interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy : A critical comment]. / Das Urteil des Bundessozialgerichts zur Einbindung von Psychologischen Psychotherapeuten in die interdisziplinäre multimodale Schmerztherapie : Eine kritische Kommentierung.

In the context of their offer of interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy (day-patient and inpatient), hospitals repeatedly have to contend with strict detailed checks of the procedure codes (OPS 8-918.xx; 8-91c) by health insurers and the medical service. The necessity of day-patient or inpatient treatment in the respective sector, documented therapy components, and the qualifications of the therapists are regularly reviewed. On 27 October 2020, the Federal Social Court ruled on the specific qualification of psychological psychotherapists (BSG, 27 October 2020, Ref.: B 1 KR 25/19 R). The ruling and its potential impact are explained and discussed in this overview.

Emoções vivenciadas pelos psicoterapeutas-aprendizes nos serviços-escolas: uma leitura psicanalítica / Emociones vivenciadas por los psicoterapeutas-aprendices em las escuelas-clínicas: una lectura psicanalítica / Emotions experienced by apprentice psychotherapists at school-clinics: a psychoanalytic reading

RESUMO Os atendimentos clínicos realizados nos serviços-escolas são permeados por uma série de experiências emocionais vivenciadas pela díade psicoterapeuta-aprendiz/paciente. Diante das diversas nuances da clínica psicanalítica, o psicoterapeuta-aprendiz vivencia experiências que refletem em sua subjetividade. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as vivências emocionais dos estudantes de graduação em psicologia durante os estágios em clínica psicanalítica e analisar as emoções percebidas em si mesmos pelos psicoterapeutas-aprendizes nos atendimentos em psicoterapia psicanalítica. Trata-se de um estudo clínico-qualitativo, utilizando-se o referencial teórico psicanalítico. Participaram 27 estudantes de psicologia, que realizavam atendimentos nos serviços-escolas de quatro Instituições de Ensino Superior. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semidirigidas, as quais foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Nos resultados observou-se a presença das vivências de ansiedade, medo, insegurança e nervosismo, presentes no processo psicoterapêutico. A identificação com as vivências emocionais dos pacientes e as dúvidas referentes à percepção das próprias emoções, foram importantes aspectos encontrados neste estudo. Tais resultados podem contribuir para a reflexão sobre a vivência desta experiência para o psicoterapeuta-aprendiz, a fim de melhor prepará-lo para os desafios da prática clínica psicanalítica.

RESUMEN Los atendimientos clínicos realizados en las escuelas clínicas están impregnados por una serie de experiencias emocionales vivenciadas por la díada psicoterapeuta-aprendiz / paciente. Ante los diversos matices de la clínica psicoanalítica, el psicoterapeuta-aprendiz vivencia experiencias que reflejan en su subjetividad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las vivencias emocionales de los estudiantes de graduación en psicología durante las etapas en clínica psicoanalítica y analizar las emociones percibidas en sí mismos por los psicoterapeutas-aprendices en las atenciones en psicoterapia psicoanalítica. Se trata de un estudio clínico-cualitativo, utilizando el referencial teórico psicoanalítico. Participaron veintisiete estudiantes de psicología, que realizaban atendimientos en las escuelas clínicas de cuatro Instituciones de Enseñanza Superior. La recolección de datos fue realizada a través de entrevistas semidirigidas las cuales fueron sometidas a análisis de contenido. En los resultados se observó la presencia de las vivencias de ansiedad, miedo, inseguridad y nerviosismo, presentes en el proceso psicoterapéutico. La identificación con las vivencias emocionales de los pacientes y las dudas referentes a la percepción de las propias emociones, fueron importantes aspectos encontrados en este estudio. Tales resultados pueden contribuir a la reflexión sobre la vivencia de esta experiencia para el psicoterapeuta-aprendiz, a fin de prepararlo mejor para los desafíos de la práctica clínica psicoanalítica.

ABSTRACT The psychotherapeutic clinic services in the school-clinics are permeated by a series of emotional experiences lived by the apprentice psychotherapist/patient dyad. In the light of the various nuances of the psychoanalytic practice, the apprentice psychotherapist goes through experiences that reflect on his subjectivity. This study aimed to investigate the emotional experiences of undergraduate psychology students during their stages in school-clinics and to analyze the emotions perceived in themselves in the attendance in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. This is a clinical-qualitative study using the psychoanalytic theoretical framework. Twenty-seven psychology students participated in this study who attended the school-clinics of four Higher Education Institutions. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews, which were submitted to content analysis. The results showed the presence of anxiety, fear, insecurity and nervousness feelings in the psychotherapeutic process. Identification with the emotional experiences of patients and doubts regarding the perception of their own emotions were essential aspects found in this study. Such results may contribute to the reflection on the experience of the apprentice psychotherapist to better prepare him for the challenges of psychoanalytic clinical practice.