RESUMO
The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 or its RNA on surfaces, points, or wastewaters may increase the risk of transmission of this virus. Therefore, we conducted this review to discuss the places and surfaces with the highest potential for infection and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Several common and public areas, hospitals, elevators, public transport, local markets, and surfaces such as public toilets, door handles, untreated and treated wastewaters, wastewater plants, and public washrooms are also considered major points for spreading of SARS-CoV-2. Highly contaminated surfaces or places often have materials or contain items made of materials on which the SARS-CoV-2 virus can persist (e.g., metal, wood, and plastic). For example, SARS-CoV-2 can exist up to 4 days on doorknobs made by those materials. For public places such as public transports, elevators, and local markets, crowding and enclosed spaces are major source for transmission. Several measures such as using copper alloy surfaces instead of metal surfaces, disinfectants, and suitable personal protective equipment have been suggested. Our research could be the basis to help develop studies on the existence and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 as well as its RNA to take measures to prevent and limit the harmful effects of COVID-19 pandemic.
RESUMO
O sono e o estresse podem influenciar a qualidade de vida de profissionais que atuam em contextos laborais, que oferecem riscos de violências, tais como o trânsito. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade do sono, o estresse e a qualidade de vida de motoristas profissionais das cidades brasileiras de Petrolina (PE) e Juazeiro (BA). Os participantes (317, 99,1% do sexo masculino), cuja idade variou entre 21 e 65 anos, responderam a Escala de Sonolência Epworth, o Índice de Pittsburgh, o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos, o WHOQOL-BREF e um questionário estruturado. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos motoristas tem boa qualidade de vida e que a sonolência diurna excessiva e a qualidade ruim de sono ocorreram em taxas menores que aquelas observadas em estudos internacionais. Já o estresse apresentou prevalência similar à de outros estudos na área. Ademais, melhor qualidade de vida e boa qualidade do sono se associaram, enquanto o sono ruim se associou à presença de estresse na fase de resistência. Os resultados apontam, ainda, para o impacto que as variáveis aqui investigadas têm sobre a atividade laboral desses motoristas e para a necessidade de ações de intervenção em seu contexto de trabalho, tendo em vista que esses profissionais lidam cotidianamente com o transporte de pessoas, em meio à realidade tão violenta do trânsito brasileiro.(AU)
Sleep and stress can influence people's quality of life of professionals working in labour contexts, which, in turn, involve risk of violence, such as traffic. This study aimed to evaluate quality of sleep, stress and quality of life of professional drivers of the Brazilian municipalities of Petrolina (state of Pernambuco) and Juazeiro (state of Bahia). The participants (317, and 99.1% male), aged between 21 and 65 years, answered the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pittsburgh Index, the Stress Symptom Inventory for Adults, the WHOQOL-BREF, and a structured questionnaire. The results indicate that most drivers have a good quality of life, and that excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality were present at lower rates than those observed in international studies, whereas stress had a prevalence similar to other studies in the field. Furthermore, better quality of life and good quality of sleep were associated, whereas poor sleep was associated with the presence of stress in the resistance phase. Results also point to the impact that the variables investigated here have on the work activity of these drivers and the need for intervention actions in their work context, considering that these professionals transport people every day amid the violent reality of Brazilian traffic.(AU)
La calidad del sueño y el estrés pueden influir en la calidad de vida de los profesionales que trabajan en contextos de riesgo y violencia, como el tránsito. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad del sueño, la calidad de vida y el estrés en conductores profesionales de las ciudades brasileñas de Petrolina (en el estado de Pernambuco) y Juazeiro (en el estado de Bahía). Los participantes (317, el 99,1% del sexo masculino), con edades comprendidas entre 21 y 65 años, respondieron la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth, el Índice de Pittsburgh, el Inventario de Síntomas de Estrés para Adultos, el WHOQOL-BREF y un cuestionario estructurado. Los resultados indican que la mayoría de los conductores tienen una buena calidad de vida y que la somnolencia diurna excesiva y la mala calidad del sueño se presentaron a tasas más bajas que las observadas en estudios internacionales. Por otro lado, el estrés tuvo una prevalencia similar a la de otros estudios en el campo. Además, se asociaron una mejor calidad de vida y una buena calidad del sueño, mientras que el mal sueño se asoció con la presencia de estrés en la fase de resistencia. Los resultados apuntan al impacto que las variables investigadas tienen sobre la actividad laboral de estos conductores y a la necesidad de acciones de intervención en su contexto laboral, considerando que estos profesionales transportan a personas todos los días en medio de la realidad violenta del tránsito brasileño.(AU)
