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Community sanitation is a fundamental human right and need. Every year, as per the World Bank, total cost of providing sanitation services is estimated at around 114 billion USD per year. In India, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), a public welfare scheme (PWS), is aimed at addressing community sanitation problems. Despite the successful implementation of SBA, local communities still practise open defaecation. To deduce the behavioural patterns governing communal toilet use, interviews were conducted with the local communities in the Kho Nagorian area of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. This qualitative survey examined attitudes towards the construction of a toilet, awareness towards the SBA scheme, and the willingness to use excreta-based pit humus. The study then discusses the factors that increase the local community's willingness to use these toilets. Results show that open defaecation is still prevalent in society. One way to foster the adoption of toilets is that the construction materials should mainly consist of local materials. As a recourse, places of worship could be used to influence people's perception of hygiene. In addition, community toilets should be cleaned often as well. PWS should not be made accessible at no cost to prevent a sense of entitlement among the people. A small sum should be charged to increase social responsibility towards the PWS. Another way to curb open defaecation is to tap into the sense of entitlement by making effective use of social campaign programs. Further, cross-table analysis revealed that the locals were inclined to use a toilet if they have invested in it. Advertisements were found to be ineffective, and proposals were made to make them effective. These findings aid in understanding public perceptions and can guide the development of public policies. The findings also assist in making tax distribution decisions that reflect public concerns, attitudes, and values.
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The Chinese economy has undergone high-speed, high-quality growth, and the concept of low-carbon technology has gained popular support. Businesses and consumers must jointly endeavor to achieve low-carbon economic development. Moreover, it is important to investigate whether enterprises' low-carbon behavior is correlated with consumers' green consumption behavior. We built a theoretical model to depict the relationship between corporate public welfare low-carbon behavior, consumers' green purchase intention, and green purchase behavior. We then divided corporate public welfare low-carbon behavior into three dimensions. We proposed hypotheses, collected data through a questionnaire survey, and analyzed the data using statistical analysis software of SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0. Public welfare low-carbon behavior was significantly correlated with consumers' green purchase intention, and public welfare low-carbon participation and public welfare low-carbon motivation were significantly correlated with green purchase intention. Finally, we proposed suggestions from three perspectives: the public welfare low-carbon mechanism, public welfare low-carbon participation, and public welfare low-carbon motivation. The results provide theoretical support for research methods related to the low-carbon growth of enterprises and green consumption, as well as guidance and decision-making support for enterprises in carrying out cause marketing.
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This paper examines how paid and unpaid work affects leisure differently for older women and men in China and India. We use data from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Aging and Health. We find that urban China, with higher levels of public welfare and gender equality, represents the best scenario for older adults' leisure life in developing countries. Although urban Chinese women are disadvantaged relative to urban Chinese men, they still enjoy longer hours of leisure and relaxing leisure than both men and women in rural China, urban India and rural India. Furthermore, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition results show gender disparities in unpaid housework to be the primary driver of gender inequalities in leisure in all societies, albeit to varying degrees. These findings highlight the role of public welfare, gender equality, and the gendered consequences of the family support model in shaping older adults' leisure life.
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The enquiry arose from the necessity for a reevaluation of Nigeria's budgetary system. The current fiscal structure does not appear to be fair enough to foster social development in all of its ramifications. As a result, there is a void in infrastructure development in favor of citizens. The current study investigates the effect of federal government tax autonomy and statutory income on capital investment. The analysis spans the years 1990-2021 and using the ARDL, ECM and compound relapse method, revealing that the federal government's exclusive tax revenues have a large and beneficial influence on capital investment. The statutory allocation to the federal government, in divergence, has an insubstantial destructive impression on capital project spending. These findings suggest that statutory revenue at the federal level has little effect on capital project funding. There is also an existence of a long run relationship between federal government capital investment and the classes of earning applied in this investigation. The policy implication is that if the government does not expand its earning capacity, in the near future, the statutory income will be incapacitated in outlaying capital projects necessary to expand the economy. Study recommends outsourcing of more revenue avenues including foreign direct investment avenues. Study novelty: The study's originality is that it employs ARDL approaches to give an unbiased justification for the government's growth of income sources. Above all, this is a pioneering work that expressly highlights the efficacy, or lack thereof, of the federal government's tax autonomy, therefore demonstrating the short and long term link between capital outlay on infrastructure and independent proceeds of the central administration.
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In Europe, individualist societies, in which people more highly value independence, have fewer people who are lonely. Yet these societies also have more people who live alone, a strong determinant of loneliness. Evidence suggests that some unrecognized societal-level resources or characteristics can explain this. We uncover multiple pathways toward a lower degree of loneliness among European societies using an ideal method for this purpose, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Using data from the 2014 wave of the European Social Survey and other sources, we analyzed loneliness outcomes among 26 European societies. Our findings suggest two necessary conditions for a low degree of loneliness: high internet access and high association participation. Further, three pathways are sufficient for achieving less loneliness at the societal level. Most societies that have less loneliness follow both the welfare support and cultural support pathways. The third path, commercial provision, is mutually exclusive with welfare support because the former requires a weak welfare state. The surest policy for building societies that have lower rates of loneliness includes the expansion of internet accessibility, the fostering of civil society through association participation and volunteering, and a welfare state that protects potentially vulnerable populations while funding opportunities for social interaction. This article further contributes methodologically by demonstrating "configurational robustness testing," a more comprehensive means to implement current best practices for fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis robustness testing.
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Today, more and more Internet public media platforms allowing people to make donations or seek help are being founded in China. However, there are few specialized sports-related public welfare platforms. In this paper, a sports-related public welfare platform that aims to help people who were disabled due to participation in sports and those who are disabled but want to participate in sports was developed based on multi-sensor technology. A multi-sensor data fusion algorithm was developed, and its estimation performance was verified by comparing it with the existing Kalman consistent filtering algorithm in terms of average estimation and average consistency errors. Experimental results prove that the speed of the data collection and analysis of the sports-related public welfare platform using the algorithm established in this paper was greatly improved. Relevant data on how users used this platform showed that various factors affected users' practical satisfaction with sports-related public welfare media platforms. It is suggested that a sports-related public welfare media platform should pay attention to the aid effect, and specific efforts should be devoted to improving the reliability and timeliness of public welfare aid information, and ensuring the stability of the platform system.
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Esportes , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Tecnologia , Coleta de Dados , AlgoritmosRESUMO
High-quality development is the primary task of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way. Organ donation and transplantation in China are evolving from high-speed growth to high-quality development, which put forward new requirements for the safe, stable and healthy operation of Organ Procurement Organization (OPO). Safety is the foundation and prerequisite for achieving the goal of high-quality development. As an independent and comprehensive department, internal audit should create new achievements in the new era. The department should include OPO and organ donation into the scope of internal audit, shift the emphasis upon the overall development of organ donation. Besides, it should fully consider the actual situation in different places, conduct all-round, objective and fair evaluation, provide evaluation and consulting services for OPO to properly implement organ donation, and give full play to the supervision and prevention role of internal audit.
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Public welfare orientation is the core requirement of public hospital reform. A profound understanding of the connotation of public welfare in public hospitals is related to the effectiveness of deepening the reform and implementation of public hospitals guided by public welfare. The author reviewed and sorted out the historical evolution process of public hospital reform guided by public welfare, summarized and condensed the core connotation of public hospital public welfare, including " legal obligations, system concepts, people′s positions, and inclusive goals", and introduced the practice of deepening the public welfare reform of public hospitals based on the connotation of Union Hospital affiliated with Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology based on this connotation, focusing on " party building, medical technology, health emergency response, improvement of services, salary distribution, economic operation, resource expansion and sinking" .
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Given that an increasing number of online healthcare channels play an essential role as a supply method in the healthcare service supply chain (HSSC), this paper studies the price decision-making problem for a dual-channel HSSC considering the channel acceptance, price ceiling, and public welfare. In this HSSC, a healthcare institution establishes both a traditional offline channel and an online channel to provide healthcare services for some health conditions. Considering the public welfare of healthcare institutions, we employ a sum formula of economic revenue and patient surplus to describe the total revenue of both healthcare service channels. Based on the Stackelberg game, we develop a decentralized supply chain model to maximize supply chain members' revenue. By employing the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality condition, we derive an analytical expression for the optimal service price, which includes the functions of the public welfare coefficient and channel acceptance. Finally, we conduct extensive numerical analyses under various system parameters to verify the optimal price decision-making strategies. Our analytical results indicate that: (1) the healthcare service price is closely related to the patients' channel acceptance, the public welfare coefficient, and the government price ceiling policy; (2) the public welfare coefficient strongly influences the service price and total revenue, and its increase can decrease the economic revenue of the HSSC; (3) the acceptance of online channels is an essential factor that should be carefully considered in the construction of a dual-channel HSSC. Improving patient acceptance of online channels is conducive to developing and improving a sustainable dual-channel HSSC.
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Comércio , Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Custos e Análise de CustoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Self-employment is one of the most common forms of employment for migrant workers in China. However, migrant workers' lifestyle and behavior, as well as health disparities among them, would be impacted by self-employment. This research aims to explore the mechanism and group differences of the effect of self-employment on health inequality among Chinese migrant workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To explore the effect of self-employment on health inequalities among migrant workers, this research uses the data from the 2018 China Migrant Workers Dynamic Monitoring Survey, and the RIF-I-OLS decomposition method. RESULTS: We find that self-employment will reduce the health inequality of Chinese migrant workers significantly, especially among migrant workers with low education, low income, and low social integration. A further examination reveals that self-employment can directly promote the self-rated health of migrant workers. Additionally, it indirectly alleviates the health inequality among migrant workers by mediating effect of expanding access to public welfare, such as by establishing health records and strengthening health education. CONCLUSION: The government should permit and encourage migrant workers to engage in self-employment. It is necessary to provide public services such as health education, health records, and health rights for migrant workers, and focus on the employment of migrant workers in city, especially those with low income and low education. we believe that measures should be taken to enhance migrant workers' sense of belonging in urban China Only on this basis can health inequality among migrant workers be truly reduced.
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Migrantes , China , Emprego , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Direitos Humanos , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine whether community welfare resources in neighborhoods (recreational facilities, healthcare access, and public welfare expenditure) are associated with late-life depression among older adults in Seoul, South Korea. METHODS: Data for this study were obtained by merging two different data sources: the 2018 Seoul Elderly Survey for individual-level variables and publicly available administrative data for neighborhood-level variables. The sample included 3036 older adults (unweighted n = 3034) living in 25 neighborhoods (Gu) in Seoul. Multilevel regression models examined the effects of neighborhood-level variables on late-life depression while controlling for individual-level variables. We also explored the extent to which individual characteristics moderate the main effects of neighborhood characteristics on late-life depression. RESULTS: The results indicated that recreational facilities, health care centers, and public welfare expenditure in the neighborhoods were associated with late-life depression among older adults beyond individuals' predisposing conditions. Also, the effects of recreational facilities and public welfare expenditure on depressive symptoms were larger for those with higher education level. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults living in neighborhoods with more recreational facilities, more health care centers, and high public welfare expenditure were less likely to experience late-life depression. Of note is that the effects of neighborhoods' recreational facilities and public welfare expenditure varied by certain individual characteristics. Hence, local governments should introduce neighborhood-based health promotion policies to prevent depression among older adults. In doing so, local governments should also consider ways to improve access to community welfare resources for underprivileged older adults.
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2021 is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China and the 40 thanniversary of the founding of Chinese Urology Association (CUA). In compliance with the "Plan of Healthy China 2030" , we are ready to gather strength to march again, put forward the slogan "Nourishing Elite to Promote Urology, Aiming High to Forge Ahead" , and scale new heights courageously. With training elite urological talents and developing excellent scientific researches and medical projects as the engine, we will promote the rapid development of Chinese urology, and further achieve the lofty goal of leading Asia and catching up with the international community in the 50 th anniversary of the founding of CUA. In order to achieve this ambitious vision, CUA unites the strength of Chinese urologists to work together on six major tasks: leading academics, strengthening research, cultivating talents, enhancing clinical practice, public welfare and international communication. Alliances in urology should cooperate sincerely and work hand in hand to contribute to the prosperity of urology in China.
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This is a personal view from London as the Covid-19 pandemic continues to spread here and the situation changes from day to day. As such it can only be a snapshot caught in time; it is not a diary of events. The Coronavirus Act 2020 gives Government enormous powers and was passed by Parliament in one day of debate immediately before it closed early for the Easter break. In March, the government imposed a "lockdown: the closure of all" but "essential" businesses and people other than essential workers must work from home but are allowed out for exercise and food shopping but must maintain 2 m apart, the "social distancing rule". The aim is to suppress the spread of the virus, reduce the death toll and "protect the National Health Service (NHS)" which needed time to empty wards and expand its intensive care unit (ICU) capability to deal with an expected influx of thousands of very sick patients. I discuss whether this strategy is working, how and why it has rapidly been altered to respond to criticism. Why was the Government so slow to seek the help of private laboratories to assist with testing? Why was the personal protective equipment (PPE) guidance altered only after criticism? I look at the impact of the lockdown on the UK economy, the changes to practice of medicine and speeding of scientific research. Cooperating with the lockdown has its price; is it harming the health and mental health of children, people living in households with potentially abusive partners or parents and those who are disabled or financially desperate? Is the cure worse than the disease? The Economy is being devastated by the lockdown and each day of lockdown it is worse. Is litigation being seeded even now by the pandemic? Notwithstanding unprecedented Government financial help many businesses are on the edge of collapse, people will lose their jobs and pensioners income. The winners include pharmacies, supermarkets, online food retailers, Amazon, online apps, providers of video games, services, streaming and scientific research laboratories, manufacturers of testing kits, ventilators, hand sanitisers, coffins, undertakers, etc. The British public is cooperating with lockdown but are we less productive at home? Parents with babies and children often child minders, school, grandparents or paid help which is not now available. Will current reliance on video-conferencing and video calls permanently change the way we work and will we need smaller city offices? Will we travel less? Will medical and legal practice and civil and criminal trials be generally carried out remotely? Will social distancing with self-isolation and job losses and business failures fuel depression? Is Covid-19 comparable to past epidemics like the Plague and Spanish flu?
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Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , COVID-19 , Comércio/legislação & jurisprudência , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Direito Penal , Depressão/epidemiologia , Economia , Previsões , Liberdade , Regulamentação Governamental , Habitação/economia , Humanos , Internet , Londres/epidemiologia , Corpo Clínico Hospitalar/provisão & distribuição , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar/provisão & distribuição , Pandemias , Pânico , Autonomia Pessoal , Pneumonia Viral/transmissão , Administração em Saúde Pública , Quarentena , SARS-CoV-2 , Instituições Acadêmicas , Políticas de Controle Social , Isolamento Social , Telemedicina , Viagem , TriagemRESUMO
Objective@#To explore the effect of the public welfare training of esophageal speech on the psychological condition of the laryngectomees.@*Methods@#Using experimental research method and convenient sampling method to select 96 laryngectomees as research object by inclusion and exclusion criteria in Hubei province. The public welfare training was used to guide the laryngectomees to learn the esophageal speech. Then, laryngectomees' restoring vocalization, self-rating anxiety and self-rating depression would be assessed in a month before training, a month after training and half a year after training. The results were analyzed by descriptive analysis, chi-square test, F-test and so on.@*Results@#Ninety-six laryngectomees participated in the public service esophageal language training one month before, one month after and half a year after the training. The number of patients recovered completely from 3 to 39 to 72 in the recovery of pronunciation function. There was significant difference in the distribution (χ2=195.579, P < 0.01). The score of anxiety and depression was (54.84±9.19), (47.41±8.16), (42.92±7.16) points and (59.00±8.87), (52.48±8.16), (47.56±7.41) points. There were significant differences (χ2=79.772, 82.705, P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Most laryngectomees have the different degrees of anxiety and depression after surgery. By carrying out the public welfare training of esophageal speech on laryngectomees, the psychological state of the laryngectomees can be effectively improved.
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Clinical trials play a crucial role in the development of new medical technologies and optimization of current treatments. Because the results directly affect medical practice, the trials must not be harmful both to the current and future patients, which is ensured by their scientific validity and data credibility. Inversely, fake trials deceive and mislead people, representing serious threats to the public welfare.In 2013, series of misconduct were revealed for Diovan trials, where false results were derived and published, based on made up data. Although futile efforts were devoted to pursue responsibility of relevant researchers and pharmaceutical company, the essential cause was lack of the rule to ensure reliability of clinical studies in academia. Indeed, importance of data credibility, which is a prerequisite of clinical science, was not stipulated in the clinical study ethical guideline, allowing for the spread of studies with poor quality and/or malpractice.Spurred by the Diovan affairs, national arguments tardily took place regarding reliability of academia trials, leading to the implementation of “Clinical Trials Act”. Although the law will improve reliability of academia trials, several concerns exist, as it ignores external consistency and harmonization with other laws. Most seriously, it lacks the mechanism to translate study achievements to the tangible benefits for people.Namely, no matter how good results were obtained by studies under the law, they would not lead to the regulatory approval, due to the lack of link with pharmaceutical affairs law. Then, there rises a doubt on the spirit of law, regarding whether it really aims to improve current medicine. Indeed, the driving force of clinical trial is the hope of medical staffs, to palliate the pain of patients and families, if not this time, but next time in the future. This is the cause of clinical trials, where we must return, in order to reward the heart of medicine and clinical trials, for the improvement of academia clinical trial regulation.
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Objective To explore the effect of the public welfare training of esophageal speech on the psychological condition of the laryngectomees. Methods Using experimental research method and convenient sampling method to select 96 laryngectomees as research object by inclusion and exclusion criteria in Hubei province. The public welfare training was used to guide the laryngectomees to learn the esophageal speech. Then, laryngectomees′ restoring vocalization, self-rating anxiety and self-rating depression would be assessed in a month before training, a month after training and half a year after training. The results were analyzed by descriptive analysis, chi-square test, F-test and so on. ResuLts Ninety-six laryngectomees participated in the public service esophageal language training one month before, one month after and half a year after the training. The number of patients recovered completely from 3 to 39 to 72 in the recovery of pronunciation function. There was significant difference in the distribution (χ2=195.579, P<0.01). The score of anxiety and depression was (54.84±9.19), (47.41±8.16), (42.92 ± 7.16) points and (59.00 ± 8.87), (52.48 ± 8.16), (47.56 ± 7.41) points. There were significant differences (χ2=79.772, 82.705, P<0.01). ConcLusions Most laryngectomees have the different degrees of anxiety and depression after surgery. By carrying out the public welfare training of esophageal speech on laryngectomees, the psychological state of the laryngectomees can be effectively improved.
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At present, the development of biobank in China is still at the initial stage, and there are many problems, such as lack of scientific management and sharing mechanism, insufficient application of transformation and weak sustainable development. Through constructing the ethical challenge of biobank, the author draw out the rights protection claims of biological sample sources, such as the informed consent of samples source and the privacy protection of samples management. In order to achieve the balance between the protection and sharing of biobank construction, we should improve the awareness of privacy protection, take effective means of privacy protection and fully consider and foresee ethical issues after rapid development of technology. Finally, it is pointed out that the principle of public welfare, the principle of fairness in the distribution of results and the predictive principle should be reflected in the transformation of results.
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The continued release of demand for medical services had stimulated the development of public hospitals.In the context of insufficient government financial subsidies and inadequate hospital funds,some public hospitals tended to seek market-oriented financing support,but the contradiction between the nonprofit nature of public hospitals and the profitability nature of capital made the process of public hospital financing into a dilemma.Through the analysis of the connotation of public welfare in public hospitals and cases of PPP projects,it found that nonprofit of public hospitals did not completely exclude the profitability of capital,the market competition mechanism that capital profit behavior relied on was a prerequisite for the realization of the public welfare nature of public hospitals.Taking the advantage of market-oriented financing methods on the basis of insisting on the public welfare of public hospitals,the following measures must be taken:firstly,adhere to the government's dominant position in the direction of public hospitals;secondly,while introducing capital,it needed to focus on the reform and innovation of operational mechanisms;thirdly,convert the dividends that belong to the government into continued investment in public hospitals to support the realization of public welfare;fourth,com bined with the local government financial resources based on differentiated financing model.
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Analyzed in this paper are difficult roadblocks for social capital to "break into" public hospital by way of public-private partnership(PPP) projects. To name a few,the public welfare nature and non-profit nature,and sensitive political issues of public hospitals among other factors prevent such capital from directly making profit from the core businesses of these hospitals, hence almost impossible to design a feasible PPP model. Conflicting interest demands among stakeholders might make it a zero-sum game. New profit sources need to be created to cover such problems as insufficient returns on investment and long payback period. The financing risk exposure of social capital, which tends to be high, would push up the hidden debt risks shouldered by local government in question. In addition,there are not yet clear policies for social capital in terms of fiscal subsidy, tax preference and financing. All of these have curbed the"impulse" of social capital to a certain extent,pending better solutions.
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Objective:To understand the satisfaction of villagers on the service of village clinics,in order to improve the service ability of village clinics.Methods:Choosing M County of Beijing as the research site,we chose five towns and chose 10 villages in each town as the studysites.In the extraction 50 villages,about 5 villagers from each village were selected to conducts questionnaire survey.Results:Of the villagers surveyed,the average age was (55.99 ± 11.71)years old.A total of 75.0% of the villagers chose to seek medical care in village clinics when they had common diseases.The order of the number of people that villagers were satisfied with the village clinicsin all aspects from high to low was drug quality,basic medical care,public health,the type and quantity of drugs,medical equipment.Conclusion:It should give priority to the introduction of the village talent and weave tertiary health care network bottom tightly;pay attention to hardware equipment at basic level and tamp the service status of village clinics;give consideration to both the benefit and public welfare and improve health service ability.