Manejo endoscópico de fístulas del seno piriforme. Reporte de dos casos / Endoscopic management of piriform sinus fistula. Two cases report

Resumen Caso 1: Femenino de cuatro años de edad con absceso cervical izquierdo recurrente por fístula del seno piriforme izquierdo tratada finalmente con electrocoagulación endoscópica sin recidivas en más de siete meses. Caso 2: Masculino de seis años de edad con absceso cervical izquierdo recurrente por fístula del seno piriforme izquierdo tratado con electrocoagulación endoscópica sin recidivas en más de 6 meses. Discusión: Las fistulas del seno piriforme son poco comunes, resueltas en forma quirúrgica con amplias disecciones cervicales y en ocasiones con hemitiroidectomías. No suelen sospecharse sino hasta la recurrencia del cuadro. Aunque no todos los abscesos cervicales son por fístulas del seno piriforme, recomendamos descartarla en casos de recidiva sobre todo en el lado izquierdo del cuello; acompañando el drenaje con exploración endoscópica. De confirmarse el diagnóstico se ofrece tratamiento por electrocoagulación en la misma intervención con mejores resultados al evitar los riesgos que implica la resección extensa del tratamiento convencional. En nuestros casos usamos endoscopía flexible y electrocoagulación con resultados superiores en relación con el tratamiento quirúrgico convencional. Limitaciones: Solo se trata de dos casos, pero corresponden a una entidad poco frecuente. Valor: Se muestra como alternativa el tratamiento endoscópico con electrocoagulación con mejores resultados en relación con el manejo tradicional para los casos de fístula del seno piriforme en niños.

Abstract Case 1: A 4-year-old female with a recurrent left cervical abscess due to a left piriform sinus fistula finally treated with endoscopic electrocoagulation without recurrences for more than 7 months. Case 2: 6-year-old male with recurrent left cervical abscess due to left piriform sinus fistula treated with endoscopic electrocoagulation without recurrences for more than 6 months. Discussion: Piriform sinus fistulas are rare and are surgically corrected with extensive cervical dissections and occasionally hemithyroidectomies. They are not usually noticed as such until the recurrence. Although not all cervical abscesses are due to piriform sinus fistulas, we recommend ruling out in cases of recurrence, especially on the left side of the neck, accompanying by drainage with endoscopic exploration. If the suspicion is confirmed, electrocoagulation treatment is offered in the same intervention with better results by avoiding the risks involved in an extensive resection with conventional treatment. In our cases we use flexible endoscopy and electrocoagulation with better results compared to conventional surgical treatment. Limitations: These are only two cases, but they are rare. Value: Endoscopic treatment with electrocoagulation is shown as an alternative with better results in relation to traditional management for cases of piriform sinus fistula in children.

[Acute suppurative thyroiditis in a patient with a piriform sinus fistula: A case report]. / Tiroiditis aguda supurada en una paciente con fístula del seno piriforme: presentación de un caso.

Acute suppurative thyroiditis is an infectious disease, uncommon in children, caused by various microorganisms, being bacteria the most frequently involved. The typical presentation includes the appearance of a tumor in combination with signs of swelling in the anterior aspect of the neck, which is painful on palpation and is associated with warmth and erythema. It usually moves with swallowing and the patient can suffer fever, dysphagia or dhysfonia. In children, congenital anomalies can lead to the gland's infection, and the surgical excision of them is important to prevent recurrency. A quick diagnosis, based on clinical manifestations and imaging studies, is necessary to install an adequate antibiotic treatment. We present the case of a 3-year-old patient, who was previously healthy, with a painful left cervical tumor associated with fever. During the hospitalization, we reached the diagnosis of acute suppurative thyroiditis caused by an underlying pyriform sinus fistula.

La tiroiditis aguda supurada es una entidad poco frecuente en pediatría; de origen infeccioso, cuya etiología más frecuente es bacteriana. Su presentación típica en niños es la aparición de una tumoración en la cara anterior del cuello, con signos de flogosis, dolorosa, caliente y eritematosa, que excursiona con la deglución, y puede o no estar acompañada de fiebre, disfagia o disfonía. En niños, las anomalías congénitas, principalmente la fístula del seno piriforme, predisponen a la infección de la glándula, por lo que es importante la resolución quirúrgica del defecto anatómico para prevenir las recurrencias. El diagnóstico rápido, basado en la clínica y los estudios por imágenes, es importante para comenzar en forma temprana con un tratamiento antibiótico adecuado. Se presenta una paciente de 3 años, previamente sana, con tumoración cervical izquierda dolorosa y asociada a fiebre. Durante la internación, se arribó al diagnóstico de tiroiditis aguda supurada secundaria a fístula de seno piriforme.

Tiroiditis aguda supurada en una paciente con fístula del seno piriforme: presentación de un caso / Acute suppurative thyroiditis in a patient with a piriform sinus fistula: A case report

La tiroiditis aguda supurada es una entidad poco frecuente en pediatría; de origen infeccioso, cuya etiología más frecuente es bacteriana. Su presentación típica en niños es la aparición de una tumoración en la cara anterior del cuello, con signos de flogosis, dolorosa, caliente y eritematosa, que excursiona con la deglución, y puede o no estar acompañada de fiebre, disfagia o disfonía. En niños, las anomalías congénitas, principalmente la fístula del seno piriforme, predisponen a la infección de la glándula, por lo que es importante la resolución quirúrgica del defecto anatómico para prevenir las recurrencias. El diagnóstico rápido, basado en la clínica y los estudios por imágenes, es importante para comenzar en forma temprana con un tratamiento antibiótico adecuado.Se presenta una paciente de 3 años, previamente sana, con tumoración cervical izquierda dolorosa y asociada a fiebre. Durante la internación, se arribó al diagnóstico de tiroiditis aguda supurada secundaria a fístula de seno piriforme.

Acute suppurative thyroiditis is an infectious disease, uncommon in children, caused by various microorganisms, being bacteria the most frequently involved. The typical presentation includes the appearance of a tumor in combination with signs of swelling in the anterior aspect of the neck, which is painful on palpation and is associated with warmth and erythema. It usually moves with swallowing and the patient can suffer fever, dysphagia or dhysfonia. In children, congenital anomalies can lead to the gland's infection, and the surgical excision of them is important to prevent recurrency. A quick diagnosis, based on clinical manifestations and imaging studies, is necessary to install an adequate antibiotic treatment. We present the case of a 3-year-old patient, who was previously healthy, with a painful left cervical tumor associated with fever. During the hospitalization, we reached the diagnosis of acute suppurative thyroiditis caused by an underlying pyriform sinus fistula

Aspiration with or without lavage in the treatment of acute suppurative thyroiditis secondary to pyriform sinus fistula

ABSTRACT Objective There is currently no consensus regarding the optimal management of acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST) secondary to pyriform sinus fistula (PSF). To investigate the benefits and adverse events of aspiration with or without lavage for the treatment of AST secondary to PSF. Subjects and methods This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with AST secondary to PSF who were admitted at the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between August 2012 and December 2018. Clinical information, procedural data, and imaging data were analyzed. Results Seven patients (five women; mean age, 16.9 ± 6.3 years; range, 8-26 years) were included. The patients most presented with anterior neck pain and swelling (n = 7), fever (n = 7), or odynophagia (n = 5). Six cases of AST occurred on the left side of the thyroid and 1 on the right. All patients had thyroid abscess. AST was diagnosed by ultrasound-guided needle aspiration cytology in all cases. PSF was diagnosed during the inflammatory stage in five patients and during the quiescent stage in two. All patients were treated with empiric antibiotics. Needle aspiration without lavage was performed in three cases. Needle aspiration with lavage was performed in four cases. Repeat aspiration was performed in three cases. All patients recovered completely, with no procedure-related complications. During 18.3 ± 7.8 months of follow-up, AST recurred in one case. Excision of the PSF was performed in another case. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided aspiration with or without lavage had a good treatment effect and without adverse events for the management of AST secondary to PSF.

Absceso retrofaríngeo por fístula congénita del seno piriforme en una adolescente / Retropharyngeal abscess due to a congenital pyriform sinus fistula in a teenager

Arch Argent Pediatr 2020;118(1):e81-e84 / e81Presentación de casos clínicosRESUMENLas fístulas del seno piriforme son anomalías poco frecuentes de los arcos branquiales. La forma de presentación más común en los niños y los adolescentes es la tiroiditis aguda supurada y/o los abscesos cervicales laterales recurrentes. Sin embargo, las fístulas se pueden manifestar de forma atípica. La rareza de esta patología y la presentación clínica atípica pueden demorar el diagnóstico, lo que aumenta el riesgo de infecciones recurrentes y complicaciones.Se presenta el caso inusual de una adolescente de 13 años con absceso retrofaríngeo debido a una fístula congénita del seno piriforme, tratada de forma exitosa mediante electrocauterización endoscópica.

Pyriform sinus fistulas are rare anomalies of the branchial arches. The most common form of presentation in children and adolescents is acute suppurative thyroiditis and/or recurrent lateral cervical abscesses. However, fistulas can manifest atypically. The rarity of this pathology and the atypical clinical presentation can delay the diagnosis increasing the risk of recurrent infections and complications.We present the unusual case of a 13-year-old teenager with retropharyngeal abscess due to a congenital pyriform sinus fistula successfully treated by endoscopic electrocautery

[Retropharyngeal abscess due to a congenital pyriform sinus fistula in a teenager]. / Absceso retrofaríngeo por fístula congénita del seno piriforme en una adolescente.

Pyriform sinus fistulas are rare anomalies of the branchial arches. The most common form of presentation in children and adolescents is acute suppurative thyroiditis and/or recurrent lateral cervical abscesses. However, fistulas can manifest atypically. The rarity of this pathology and the atypical clinical presentation can delay the diagnosis increasing the risk of recurrent infections and complications. We present the unusual case of a 13-year-old teenager with retropharyngeal abscess due to a congenital pyriform sinus fistula successfully treated by endoscopic electrocautery.

Las fístulas del seno piriforme son anomalías poco frecuentes de los arcos branquiales. La forma de presentación más común en los niños y los adolescentes es la tiroiditis aguda supurada y/o los abscesos cervicales laterales recurrentes. Sin embargo, las fístulas se pueden manifestar de forma atípica. La rareza de esta patología y la presentación clínica atípica pueden demorar el diagnóstico, lo que aumenta el riesgo de infecciones recurrentes y complicaciones. Se presenta el caso inusual de una adolescente de 13 años con absceso retrofaríngeo debido a una fístula congénita del seno piriforme, tratada de forma exitosa mediante electrocauterización endoscópica.

Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis: Diagnosis, management and technical considerations.

BACKGROUND: Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is a rare cause of nasal obstruction in neonates with respiratory distress manifestations. Diagnosis is made with craniofacial computed tomography, prompt and precise treatment creates good outcomes in these patients. AIM: To present our experience in diagnosis and management considerations with this rare pathology and a case series of our surgically managed patients. METHODS: A retrospective, analytical study of CNPAS patients surgically managed over a period of seven years. Evaluation and follow up was reviewed. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were evaluated; pyriform aperture mean width was 5.5mm. Of these patients, 31% also had Congenital Midnasal Stenosis. Medical treatment failed for all the patients and they required surgical enlargement of the pyriform aperture. No complications were seen and all patients improved in symptoms and development. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital nasal obstruction can be fatal in new-borns, CNPAS is a rare differential diagnosis that must be completely evaluated, properly treated with conservative management and if it fails, with well-planned and executed surgery. Follow-up shows high rates of success.

Sex prediction by metric and non-metric analysis of the hard palate and the pyriform aperture.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the bones and bone fragments of the cranium may be a useful tool for sex diagnosis in the identification of human remains which have been exposed to adverse conditions. The object of the present study was to evaluate sex prediction through metric and non-metric analysis of the hard palate (HP) and the pyriform aperture (PA), using macerated skulls of adult individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed 312 dry skulls of adult individuals of both sexes, studying the metric and non-metric characteristics of the HP and PA. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were evaluated. A binary logistic regression and a linear regression were performed. The receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to analyse the perfor- mance of sex diagnosis. Measurements of the HP and the PA were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. The SPSS v. 20.0 software was used, with a significance threshold of 5%. RESULTS: The shape of the PA presented 61.9% accuracy, 54.4% sensitivity and 65.7% specificity. The shape of the HP presented 51.5% accuracy, 65.6% sen- sitivity and 44.7% specificity. Only the height of the PA functioned as a good predictor of sex. CONCLUSIONS: The height of the PA produced good diagnostic performance (area under curve = 0.764). The height of the PA was the most reliable indicator for sex prediction, and could be used by forensic scientists to identify sex.

Incisivo central único de la línea media del maxilar, holoprosencefalia y estenosis congènita del orificio nasal anterior en un recién nacido prematuro: a propósito de un caso / Solitary median maxillary central incisor, holoprosencephaly and congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis in a premature infant: case report

El síndrome del incisivo central único de la línea media del maxilar es un trastorno raro que implica anomalías de la línea media, como holoprosencefalia, anomalías de las fosas nasales, fisura palatina, labio leporino, hipotelorismo, microcefalia y panhipopituitarismo. La estenosis congénita del orificio nasal anterior es una causa mortal de dificultad respiratoria neonatal debido al estrechamiento del orificio nasal anterior, y podría confundirse con la atresia de coanas. En este informe, presentamos el caso de un recién nacido con síndrome del incisivo central único de la línea media del maxilar acompañado de otras anomalías, tales como holoprosencefalia, estenosis del orificio nasal anterior, microcefalia y panhipopituitarismo. El cariotipado mostró una deleción heterocigota en el gen SIX3 en la región 2p21, que produjo una forma más grave de holoprosencefalia.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome is a rare disorder involving midline abnormalities such as holoprosencephaly, nasal cavity anomalies, cleft palate-lip, hypotelorism, microcephaly, and panhypopituitarism. Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis is a lethal cause of neonatal respiratory distress due to narrowing of the pyriform aperture anteriorly and it can be confused with choanal atresia. In this report, we present a newborn infant with solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome accompanied by other abnormalities including holoprosencephaly, nasal pyriform aperture stenosis, microcephaly and panhypopituitarism. Chromosomal analysis showed heterozygous SIX3 gene deletion at 2p21 region resulting in a more severe form of holoprosencephaly.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor, holoprosencephaly and congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis in a premature infant: case report. / Incisivo central único de la línea media del maxilar, holoprosencefalia y estenosis congènita del orificio nasal anterior en un recién nacido prematuro: a propósito de un caso.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome is a rare disorder involving midline abnormalities such as holoprosencephaly, nasal cavity anomalies, cleft palate-lip, hypotelorism, microcephaly, and panhypopituitarism. Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis is a lethal cause of neonatal respiratory distress due to narrowing of the pyriform aperture anteriorly and it can be confused with choanal atresia. In this report, we present a newborn infant with solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome accompanied by other abnormalities including holoprosencephaly, nasal pyriform aperture stenosis, microcephaly and panhypopituitarism. Chromosomal analysis showed heterozygous SIX3 gene deletion at 2p21 region resulting in a more severe form of holoprosencephaly.

El síndrome del incisivo central único de la línea media del maxilar es un trastorno raro que implica anomalías de la línea media, como holoprosencefalia, anomalías de las fosas nasales, fisura palatina, labio leporino, hipotelorismo, microcefalia y panhipopituitarismo. La estenosis congénita del orificio nasal anterior es una causa mortal de dificultad respiratoria neonatal debido al estrechamiento del orificio nasal anterior, y podría confundirse con la atresia de coanas. En este informe, presentamos el caso de un recién nacido con síndrome del incisivo central único de la línea media del maxilar acompañado de otras anomalías, tales como holoprosencefalia, estenosis del orificio nasal anterior, microcefalia y panhipopituitarismo. El cariotipado mostró una deleción heterocigota en el gen SIX3 en la región 2p21, que produjo una forma más grave de holoprosencefalia.

Fístulas del seno piriforme congénitas: reporte de 4 casos y revisión de la literatura / Congenital pyriform sinus fistula: report of 4 cases and review of the literature

Resumen Introducción: Las fístulas del seno piriforme, originadas desde el tercer o cuarto arco branquial, son entidades poco frecuentes. Se pueden presentar como aumento de volumen cervical, fístula cervical, absceso cervical, tiroiditis abscedada y/o disfonía. Objetivo: Reportar 4 casos tratados en nuestro hospital y revisión de la literatura. Discusión: Frente a un cuadro clínico compatible, se debe realizar estudio endos- cópico y de imágenes. El manejo quirúrgico sigue siendo el de mejores resultados, pero se han desarrollado terapias endoscópicas y combinaciones de estas con buenos resultados. Conclusión: El diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha clínica. La cirugía abierta se mantiene como el gold standard, sin embargo, en población pediátrica estaría indicada la resolución endoscópica debido a la alta morbilidad de la cirugía tradicional.

Introduction: Pyriform sinus fistula is a rare cervical branchial anomaly derived from the third and fourth branchial arch. Pyriform sinus fistula should be considered in children presenting enlarged neck mass, fistula, abscess, thyroid infection and/or dysphonia. Objective: We here report 4 cases treated in Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile and review of the current literature on pyriform sinus fistula. Discussion: When clinical presentation is compatible with pyriform sinus fistula, endoscopic and imaging techniques are required. Surgical outcomes are better, although endoscopic therapies and combination of both surgery and endoscopy have also reported good outcomes. Conclusion: Diagnosis is made based on signs and symptoms and a high index of clinical suspicion. Open surgery is gold standard, however in pediatric population endoscopic resolution should be considered to reduce the high morbidity of traditional surgery.

Manejo endoscópico de anomalías del cuarto arco branquial: reporte de tres casos / Endoscopic management of anomalies of the fourth branchial arch: report of three cases

Las anomalías de cuarto arco branquial corresponden a una entidad patológica infrecuente. Para su manejo existen distintas alternativas terapéuticas siendo una de ellas la cauterización endoscópica. Reportamos 3 casos de senos de cuarto arco branquial tratados mediante cauterización endoscópica en el Hospital Regional de Concepción luego de una revisión de fichas clínicas de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de anomalías de cuarto arco branquial. Se identificaron tres casos de senos de cuarto arco branquial. Todos corresponden a pacientes de sexo masculino que presentaron cuadro de absceso cervical, diagnosticándose 2 de ellos al presentar recurrencia. Todos fueron tratados mediante cauterización endoscópica de la apertura fistulosa en seno piriforme. Estas anomalías representan vestigios de un trayecto que se origina desde el vértice del seno piriforme. La cauterización endoscópica presenta una serie de ventajas con tasas de recurrencia similares a la cirugía abierta de cuello, menores tasas de complicaciones y costo económico. Las anomalias de cuarto arco branquial constituyen una patología infrecuente y el diagnóstico requiere alta sospecha clínica. El manejo endoscópico ha demostrado ser una alternativa segura y efectiva con menor tasa de complicaciones.

Anomalies of the fourth branchial arch correspond to an uncommon pathological entity. There are different therapeutic alternatives being one of them the endoscopic cauterization. We report 3 cases of fourth branchial arch anomalies treated by endoscopic cauterization in the Regional Hospital of Concepción. Review of clinical records of all patients with diagnosis of fourth branchial anomalies operated by endoscopic cauterization at the Regional Hospital of Concepción. Cases: Three cases of fourth branchial arch sinus were identified. All of them were male patients who presented with a cervical abscess, diagnosing 2 of them when they recurred. All 3 cases were treated by endoscopic cauterization of the fistulous opening in the piriform sinus. These anomalies represent vestiges of a path that originates from the apex of the piriform sinus. Endoscopic cauterization presents a number of advantages with recurrence rates similar to open neck surgery, with lower complication rates and economic cost. Fourth branchial anomalies constitute an uncommon pathology and the diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion. Endoscopic management has proven to be a safe and effective alternative with a lower rate of complications.

Estenosis de la apertura piriforme y síndrome de incisivo central único: casos clínicos / Piriform aperture stenosis and solitary median maxillary central incisor: clinical cases

El síndrome incisivo central único es un trastorno que involucra anomalías de la línea media. Se puede presentar con dificultad respiratoria poniendo en peligro la vida del recién nacido, debido a malformaciones nasales. Estas malformaciones incluyen atresia de coanas y la estenosis de la apertura del orificio piriforme. Debe pensarse en esta última en todo recién nacido con estridor y dificultad respiratoria de grado variable, asociado a la dificultad de pasar una sonda a través de la región anterior de las fosas nasales. El diagnóstico se confirma por tomografía computarizada del macizo craneofacial y el examen nasofibroscópico. La conducta terapéutica dependerá de la gravedad de los síntomas, pero en general si es que no hay compromiso respiratorio severo, se prefiere una conducta expectante, y esperar el crecimiento craneofacial del niño, para aumentar permeabilidad nasal. Presentamos dos casos clínicos.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome is a rare disorder involving midline abnormalities. It may present with life threatening respiratory distress in the neonate secondary to nasal malformations. These include choanal atresia and pyriform aperture stenosis. The last to be thought in any newborn with stridor and respiratory distress associated with the difficulty of passing a tube through the anterior region of the nostrils. The diagnosis is confirmed by craniofacial CT scan and nasolaryngoscope evaluation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of symptoms.

Piriformeplastia associada à rinoplastia aberta / Pyriform plasty associated with open rhinoplasty

Introdução: A respiração bucal ou mista desde a infância, por fatores alérgicos que causam hipertrofia de cornetos e adenoides ou desvio septal traumático no parto ou por traumas na primeira infância, provoca incorreto desenvolvimento da face com o palato ogival, crescimento excessivo da crista maxilar, alterações na arcada dentária e hipomaxilismo, por falta de aeração dos seios paranasais. O septo com limitado espaço para de crescer empurra o arcabouço osteocartilaginoso cranialmente, originando a giba nasal com desvios do septo, comprometendo a respiração nasal. Método: A piriformeplastia mediante incisão no sulco gengivolabial permite amplo acesso à crista maxilar e ao palato ogival. A crista maxilar é desgastada com broca e o palato é modelado ou pode ter sua cúpula removida subperiostealmente. Resultados: A rinoplastia aberta facilita a abordagem e a fixação dos enxertos alargadores para tratar as alterações da válvula interna e prevenir retrações cicatriciais ao nível da gaiola cartilaginosa, além dos enxertos estruturais na columela para projeção e evitar retração cicatricial neste nível. A abordagem aberta permite também a simetrização das estruturas nasais, que possibilita o tratamento das laterorrinias num tempo único e a correção da válvula nasal externa por meio dos enxertos específicos. A piriformeplastia permite ainda a abordagem mais abrangente das alterações nasais estéticas e funcionais. Conclusão: A rinoplastia aberta é por nós preferida dada a facilidade de fixação dos enxertos, bem como dos enxertos alargadores para tratamento das alterações da válvula interna com o objetivo de prevenir futuros problemas respiratórios.

Introduction: Mouth or mixed breathing since childhood that is due to allergy factors causing turbinate hypertrophy and adenoids, or traumatic septal deviation at childbirth or first trauma in childhood leads to the impairment of facial development, including ogival palate, excessive growth of the maxillary crest, changes in the dental arch, and small jawbone. Mouth or mixed breathing may be due to the lack of aeration of the paranasal sinuses. A septum with limited space for growing pushes the osteocartilaginous framework cranially, originating from the nasal hump with septal deviations and gibbus. Consequently, this hampers nasal breathing. Method: Pyriform plasty by incision in the gingivolabial sulcus allows broad access to the maxillary crest and ogival palate. The maxillary crest is worn out with a drill, and the palate is modeled or may have its dome subperiosteally removed. Results: Open rhinoplasty facilitates the approach and fixation of graft reamers to treat changes in the internal valve and prevents scar reactions at the level of the cage cartilage grafts and structure of the columella to project and prevent a cartilaginous scar retraction at this level. The open approach also enables the symmetrization of nasal structures, which allows the treatment of bent nose at a single time, and correction of nasal valve by using external grafts. Moreover, pyriform plasty is a more comprehensive approach to nasal aesthetic and functional nasal alterations. Conclusion: Our preferred techniques are open rhinoplasty, given the ease of graft fixation, and use of reamer grafts to treat changes in the internal valve to prevent future respiratory problems.

Open and Endoscopic Management of Fourth Branchial Pouch Sinus - Our Experience

Introduction Acute suppurative neck infections associated with third or fourth branchial arch fistulas are frequently recurrent. Third and fourth branchial arch anomalies are much less common and usually present with recurrent left thyroid lobe abscesses. Objectives The authors present their experience in treating such cases that were observed exclusively in children. Methods The study involved performing a retrospective review of five cases in PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research. All cases were evaluated radiologically and with Direct Rigid hypopharyngoscopy. Definitive surgery was performed, including hemithyroidectomy. Results The patients consisted of five children, two boys and three girls. All of them presented with recurrent episodes of neck infection. Investigations performed included computed tomography (CT) fistulography, rigid hypopharyngoscopy and ultrasound, which were useful in preoperatively delineating pyriform sinus fistulous tract. All patients underwent neck exploration with excision of the fistulous tract and hemithyroidectomy. Upon follow-up, all patients are asymptomatic. Conclusions Recurrent neck abscesses in a child should alert the clinician to the possibility of a fourth branchial arch anomaly; therefore, children with this condition require a complete evaluation so the anomaly can be ruled out.(AU)

Open and Endoscopic Management of Fourth Branchial Pouch Sinus - Our Experience.

Introduction Acute suppurative neck infections associated with third or fourth branchial arch fistulas are frequently recurrent. Third and fourth branchial arch anomalies are much less common and usually present with recurrent left thyroid lobe abscesses. Objectives The authors present their experience in treating such cases that were observed exclusively in children. Methods The study involved performing a retrospective review of five cases in PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research. All cases were evaluated radiologically and with Direct Rigid hypopharyngoscopy. Definitive surgery was performed, including hemithyroidectomy. Results The patients consisted of five children, two boys and three girls. All of them presented with recurrent episodes of neck infection. Investigations performed included computed tomography (CT) fistulography, rigid hypopharyngoscopy and ultrasound, which were useful in preoperatively delineating pyriform sinus fistulous tract. All patients underwent neck exploration with excision of the fistulous tract and hemithyroidectomy. Upon follow-up, all patients are asymptomatic. Conclusions Recurrent neck abscesses in a child should alert the clinician to the possibility of a fourth branchial arch anomaly; therefore, children with this condition require a complete evaluation so the anomaly can be ruled out.

Study on the development of frontal sinuses by morphometric analysis of the skull / Estudo referente ao desenvolvimento dos seios frontais pela análise morfométrica do crânio

The frontal sinuses are cranial areas of clinical, forensic and pathology importance whose development mechanisms are still poorly defined. Nasal airflow and brain development are two of the main theories. Current analysis debates whether they are the real determinants of frontal sinuses growth, which may be proved by the skulls morphometric analysis. Four groups of measures related to the external cranial architecture, the pyriform aperture, orbital cavities and frontal sinuses were defined. Thirty-three skulls of individuals, mean age 68 years, from the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Academic Centre of Victoria UFPE Brazil, were used. Statistical analysis showed total agenesis of the frontal sinus in 18.2% of the skulls. There was significant correlation between the development of the right frontal sinus and the pyriform aperture, and between the left frontal sinus and two cranial measurements (p 0.05). Significant differences between mean of pyriform aperture areas of the skulls with or without sinuses were also reported (p 0.01). Results supported the fact that there was a modulation activity by nasal aeration and brain formation in the development of frontal sinuses.(AU)

Os seios frontais são espaços cranianos de importância clínica, forense e patológica, cujos mecanismos responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento são ainda pouco definidos, sendo duas das teorias propostas, o fluxo aéreo nasal e o desenvolvimento encefálico. Objetivou-se evidenciar por meio de análise morfométrica do crânio se estes são os reais fatores determinantes do crescimento dos seios frontais. Neste estudo, foram definidos quatro grupos de medidas referentes à arquitetura craniana externa, à abertura piriforme, às cavidades orbitárias e aos seios frontais. Para este propósito, nós utilizamos 33 crânios de indivíduos com média de idade de 68 anos, provenientes do Laboratório de Anatomia Humana Centro Acadêmico de Vitória- UFPE/Brasil. Após os exames estatísticos, foi verificado agenesia total dos seios frontais em 18,2 % dos crânios estudados. Houve correlação significativa entre o desenvolvimento do seio frontal direito e a abertura piriforme, e entre o do seio frontal esquerdo e duas aferições encefálicas, com p 0,05. Observamos uma diferença significativa entre as médias de áreas de abertura piriforme dos crânios que possuíam ou não os seios, com p 0,01. Os achados deste estudo comprovam o fato de que existe uma atividade moduladora exercida pela aeração nasal e formação encefálica no desenvolvimento dos seios frontais.(AU)

Study on the development of frontal sinuses by morphometric analysis of the skull / Estudo referente ao desenvolvimento dos seios frontais pela análise morfométrica do crânio

The frontal sinuses are cranial areas of clinical, forensic and pathology importance whose development mechanisms are still poorly defined. Nasal airflow and brain development are two of the main theories. Current analysis debates whether they are the real determinants of frontal sinuses growth, which may be proved by the skull's morphometric analysis. Four groups of measures related to the external cranial architecture, the pyriform aperture, orbital cavities and frontal sinuses were defined. Thirty-three skulls of individuals, mean age 68 years, from the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Academic Centre of Victoria ­ UFPE ­ Brazil, were used. Statistical analysis showed total agenesis of the frontal sinus in 18.2% of the skulls. There was significant correlation between the development of the right frontal sinus and the pyriform aperture, and between the left frontal sinus and two cranial measurements (p ≤ 0.05). Significant differences between mean of pyriform aperture areas of the skulls with or without sinuses were also reported (p ≤ 0.01). Results supported the fact that there was a modulation activity by nasal aeration and brain formation in the development of frontal sinuses.

Os seios frontais são espaços cranianos de importância clínica, forense e patológica, cujos mecanismos responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento são ainda pouco definidos, sendo duas das teorias propostas, o fluxo aéreo nasal e o desenvolvimento encefálico. Objetivou-se evidenciar por meio de análise morfométrica do crânio se estes são os reais fatores determinantes do crescimento dos seios frontais. Neste estudo, foram definidos quatro grupos de medidas referentes à arquitetura craniana externa, à abertura piriforme, às cavidades orbitárias e aos seios frontais. Para este propósito, nós utilizamos 33 crânios de indivíduos com média de idade de 68 anos, provenientes do Laboratório de Anatomia Humana ­ Centro Acadêmico de Vitória- UFPE/Brasil. Após os exames estatísticos, foi verificado agenesia total dos seios frontais em 18,2 % dos crânios estudados. Houve correlação significativa entre o desenvolvimento do seio frontal direito e a abertura piriforme, e entre o do seio frontal esquerdo e duas aferições encefálicas, com p ≤ 0,05. Observamos uma diferença significativa entre as médias de áreas de abertura piriforme dos crânios que possuíam ou não os seios, com p ≤ 0,01. Os achados deste estudo comprovam o fato de que existe uma atividade moduladora exercida pela aeração nasal e formação encefálica no desenvolvimento dos seios frontais.

Absceso tiroideo con fístula del seno piriforme: tres casos clínicos / Thyroid abscess with pyriform sinus fistulae: 3 clinical cases

Thyroid abscess is an infrequent, potentially life-threatening condition. It accounts for 0,1 to 0,7 percent of thyroid pathology, usually occurring in patients with preexisting disease of the gland or more commonly, associated to local anatomical defects, such pyriform sinus fistulae. Three cases of thyroid abscess in children are presented, in which no bacterial etiology was confirmed. Intravenous antibiotics were used, cefotaxime, cloxacillin or clindamicin. Recurrence was confirmed in 2 of them, and a pyriform sinus fistulae was demostrated by esophagogram.

El absceso tiroideo es un cuadro infrecuente y una emergencia endocrina potencialmente fatal. Representa el 0,1 a 0,7 por ciento de las patologías tiroideas. Habitualmente se produce en pacientes con patología preexistente de la glándula o más frecuentemente, asociado a defectos anatómicos locales, como una fístula del seno piriforme. Presentamos 3 casos de abscesos tiroideos en escolares. Recibieron tratamiento antibiótico endovenoso de amplio espectro, a pesar de lo cual dos de ellos recidivaron precozmente. En dos de ellos se demostró una fístula del seno piriforme con esofagograma que se manejó quirúrgicamente.

Cornaje del recién nacido por estenosis congénita de la apertura piriforme: serie de casos / Stertor in the newborn due to congenital nasal pyriform aperture estenosis: case series

El cornaje es un ruido generado por la alteración del flujo de aire al pasar por las fosas nasales. La principal causa en recién nacidos y lactantes es la rinitis inflamatoria o infecciosa. Con menor frecuencia, puede ser de origen congénito, neoplásico, traumático o iatrogénico.La estenosis congénita de la apertura piriforme es una etiología infrecuente de obstrucción nasal en el neonato. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento apropiado son esenciales debido a surespiración nasal obligada. La dificultad o la imposibilidad de hacer progresar una sonda de 2,8 mm (sonda K30) a través de la región anterior de las fosas nasales, permiten sospecharla.El diagnóstico debe ser confirmado por una tomografía computada del macizo craneofacial. La conducta terapéutica dependerá de la gravedad de los síntomas.Describimos nuestra experiencia con 9 pacientes que presentaban esta patología cuya corrección quirúrgica fue exitosa.

Stertor is a noise generated by the disturbance of the air flow passing through the nose. Its main cause –in newborns and infants– is inflammatory or infectious rhinitis. Congenital,neoplastic, traumatic or iatrogenic causes are less frequent. Congenital stenosis of the pyriform aperture is a rare etiology of nasal obstruction in the neonates. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential because of their exclusive nasal breathing. Suspicion might arise when a difficulty or even an impossibility to pass a probe of 2.8 mm (K30 tube) through anterior nares, exists. Diagnosis should be confirmed by a computed tomography of the craniofacial massif. The therapeutic behavior will depend on the severity of symptoms. We describe our experience with nine patients with this conditionwhose surgical correction was successful.