The multidimensional influence structure of college students' online gamified learning engagement: A hybrid design based on QCA-SEM.

In the post-epidemic era, gamification is widely recognized for its potential to enhance the asynchronous nature of college students' online learning interactions and mitigate efficiency deficits. However, the intrinsic structure and core conditions influencing online gamified learning engagement remain unclear. The challenge lies in understanding the mechanisms through which gamification alters learning behaviors. This study employs fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (FSQCA) for core condition identification and robustness testing, innovatively combining it with structural equation modelling (SEM). Drawing on the extended technology acceptance model (TAM) theory, this research delves deeply into the structural relationships that influence student engagement in online gamified learning. The evaluation reveals that immersive experience and habit are core conditions fostering high engagement among college students in online gamified learning. A lack of immersive experience leads to non-high engagement results. Structural equation modelling confirms the mediating role of immersive experience and habit in the effects of performance expectations and perceived fun in student engagement. Furthermore, the study substantiates the moderating influence of learning style on perceptual factors and normalizing elements and describes an interactive relationship between perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and online gamification behavior. This research extends our understanding of perceptions, norms, and structural factors within a gamified learning environment. It uncovers the mechanisms of engagement from perception to normalization factors, highlighting the positive bidirectional influence of subjective cognition and objective factors on gamified learning and emphasizing the moderating role of learning style between perceptual factors and normalization elements. These findings provide a solid foundation for future research and practice in online gamified learning.

Sociopolitical context and COVID-19 fatality rates in OECD countries: a configurational approach.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of crisis response can be influenced by various structural, cultural, and functional aspects within a social system. This study uses a configurational approach to identify combinations of sociopolitical conditions that lead to a high case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 in OECD countries. METHODS: A Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is conducted on a sample of 38 OECD countries. The outcome to be explained is high COVID-19 CFR. The five potentially causal conditions are level of democracy, state capacity, trust in government, health expenditure per capita, and the median age of population. A comprehensive QCA robustness test protocol is applied, which includes sensitivity ranges, fit-oriented robustness, and case-oriented robustness tests. RESULTS: None of the causal conditions in both the presence and negation form were found to be necessary for high or low levels of COVID-19 CFR. Two different combinations of sociopolitical conditions were usually sufficient for the occurrence of a high CFR of COVID-19 in OECD countries. Low state capacity and low trust in government are part of both recipes. The entire solution formula covers 84 percent of the outcome.  Some countries have been identified as contradictory cases. The explanations for their COVID-19 CFR require more in-depth case studies. CONCLUSIONS: From a governance perspective, the weakness of government in effectively implementing policies, and the citizens' lack of confidence in their government, combined with other structural conditions, serve as barriers to mounting an effective response to COVID-19. These findings can support the idea that the effects of social determinants of COVID-19 outcomes are interconnected and reinforcing.

Impact pathways of personality and psychosocial stress on depression among adult community residents in China: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis.

Objective: Depression is a common mental illness with a high prevalence rate and is a significant contributor to the global burden of diseases. Various factors are associated with depression, and its etiology is complex. Instead of focusing on single-factor effects, this study aimed to explore a combination of high-risk factor sets for depression among adult community residents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Shenzhen, China, from January 2021 to March 2021. A simple sampling method was used to enroll participants. A total of 1,965 adult residents completed the survey and were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC), and the Psychosocial Stress Survey for Groups (PSSG). The fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method was used to explore the high-risk factor sets for depression among adult community residents. Results: The prevalence of depression among the surveyed adult residents in Shenzhen was 6.36%. The mean scores of PHQ-9 were higher among women and unmarried residents. The combination of low extroversion (e) and high neuroticism (N) in personality traits, along with high scores for life events (V), negative emotional responses to events (G), positive emotional responses to events (O), and positive coping styles to events (I) (denoted as e*N*V*G*O*I) constituted a high-risk factor set for depression. The overall consistency was 0.843, and the overall coverage was 0.330. Conclusion: Our study suggested that stressful life events together with personality traits including neuroticism and introversion serve as crucial factors for depression among adult community residents, regardless of the coping strategies they adopt. This study provides data for developing comprehensive interventions such as regulating neuroticism and introversion levels and reducing stressors to prevent the occurrence of depression among adult community residents.

Coupled coordination and pathway analysis of food security and carbon emission efficiency under climate-smart agriculture orientation.

Owing to the contradiction between agricultural production and environmental development, the issues of food security and carbon mitigation cannot be isolated, and achieving coupled and coordinated development is the key to agricultural sustainability. This study adopted the coupled coordination model and dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (dynamic QCA) method to measure the coupled coordination degree (CCD) of the food security index (FSI) and agricultural carbon emission efficiency (ACEE) in 31 provinces of China from 2010 to 2021, seeking paths to achieve high coupled coordination from Climate-Smart Agriculture technology, external environment, and incentive dimensions, and simulating path selection differences under various CSA priority scenarios. The results indicated that the CCD of the FSI and ACEE in China significantly increased year-on-year increase, with significant regional differences primarily reflected in the Northeast > East > West > Central regions. Based on the CSA orientation, the "technology-environmental safeguard" linkage path and the "technology-environment-incentive" hybrid path are proposed. There are differences in CSA practices across regions, which require customization based on their unique socioeconomic, ecological, and political landscapes. When priorities favour food security, the "technology-environment-incentive" hybrid pathway supports high CCD, and as priorities increase, the contribution of CSA technologies, centred on water-saving irrigation, increases and the role of the external environment diminishes. When the priority tendency is to mitigate emissions, both paths can achieve high CCD. As the priority tendency for carbon emissions increases, urbanisation and CSA technologies such as water-saving irrigation and straw return become essential factors contributing to higher coupling coordination, and the role of agriculture-related financial expenditures diminishes. These findings provide policy support for safeguarding food security and low-carbon agriculture.

Urban resilience governance mechanism: Insights from COVID-19 prevention and control in 30 Chinese cities.

Due to the pervasive uncertainty in human society, super large and megacities are increasingly prone to becoming high-risk areas. However, the construction of urban resilience in this new era lacks sufficient research on the core conditions and complex interactive mechanisms governing it. Hence, this study proposes a specialized event-oriented framework for governing urban resilience in China based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) theory. We examined COVID-19 cases in 30 cities across China and analyzed the distribution of prevention and control achievements between high-level and non-high-level conditions. Our findings reveal the following key points: (1) High-level achievements in COVID-19 prevention and control rely on three condition configurations: non-pressure-responsive type, pressure-state type, and pressure-responsive type. (2) High economic resilience may indicate a robust state of urban systems amid demographic pressures. In cities experiencing fewer event pressure factors, the application of digital technology plays a crucial role in daily urban management. (3) The implementation of flexible policies proves beneficial in mitigating the impact of objective pressure conditions, such as environmental factors, on urban resilience.

Determinants and action paths of transboundary water pollution collaborative governance: A case study of the Yangtze River Basin, China.

With rapid economic growth, the issue of water pollution has become increasingly prominent, and there is a consensus that river basin management systems and cross-regional management coordination mechanisms need improving. In this study, 171 transboundary sections of the Yangtze River Basin were matched with the data of 57 cities to construct panel data from 2015 to 2021. Based on the four-dimensional framework of environment-determination-process-resources, the dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) method is used to identify the key influencing factors and action paths of water pollution collaborative governance effects. The results show that a single antecedent condition is not necessary to achieve efficient collaborative governance effects, and only the "number of collaborative governance" and "scale of collaboration" conditions played important roles. There are five paths that can achieve efficient collaborative governance effects: economy-oriented, ecology-oriented, technology-oriented, government-oriented, and all-oriented. Additionally, heterogeneous results show that the impact of the regional governance intention on efficient collaborative governance effect is limited in the middle and upstream sections of the Yangtze River Basin, while the downstream sections are more dependent on the basic condition of the basin. The results can help promote effective cross-regional collaboration in the Yangtze River Basin, provide scientific basis for regions to formulate targeted governance measures, and provide models for governance in other regions.

Novel design of cryptographic architecture of nanorouter using quantum-dot cellular automata nanotechnology.

The article introduces a revolutionary Nanorouter structure, which is a crucial component in the Nano communication regime. To complete the connection, many key properties of Nanorouters are investigated and merged. QCA circuits with better speed and reduced power dissipation aid in meeting internet standards. Cryptography based on QCA design methodologies is a novel concept in digital circuit design. Data security in nano-communication is crucial in data transmission and reception; hence, cryptographic approaches are necessary. The data entering the input line is encrypted by an encoder, and then sent to the designated output line, where it is decoded and transferred. The Nanorouter is offered as a data path selector, and the proposed study analyses the cell count of QCA and the circuit delay. In this manuscript, novel designs of (4:1)) Mux and (1:4) Demux designs are utilized to implement the proposed nanorouter design. The proposed (4:1) Mux design requires 3-5% fewer cell counts and 20-25% fewer area, and the propsoed (1:4) Demux designs require 75-80% fewer cell counts and 90-95% fewer area compared to their latest counterparts. The QCAPro utility is used to analyse the power consumption of several components that make up the router. QCADesigner 2.0.3 is used to validate the simulation results and output validity.

Missing nurses cause missed care: is that it? Non-trivial configurations of reasons associated with missed care in Austrian hospitals - a qualitative comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Errors of omissions affect the quality of nursing care in hospitals. The Missed Nursing Care Model explains that the reasons for missed care are linked with 1) demand for patient care, 2) labor resource allocation, 3) material resource allocation, and 4) relationship and communication factors. Scientific evidence points to a lack of adequate nursing staffing as the most important factor triggering missed care. However, it remains unclear how the different theoretical reasons for missed care are interlinked with reports on missed care from the perspective of nurses in acute care settings. The aim of this study was to explore non-trivial configurations of reasons for missed care that are associated with missed care interventions from the perspective of nurses working in general units in Austrian hospitals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data collection was performed using the revised MISSCARE-Austria questionnaire. Our sample consisted of 401 nurses who provided complete data. Data were analyzed using qualitative comparative analysis. Configurational models of contextual factors, reasons for missed care, and missed nursing interventions were analyzed. RESULTS: In our study contextual factors were not consistent precursors of the reasons for missed care. Missed care was consistently present when the demand for patient care was high. A lack of labor resources, in combination with the other known reasons for missed care, was consistently observed when missed care occurred. Different configurations of reasons were found to be non-trivially associated with different types and frequencies of missed care. CONCLUSIONS: To understand the complexity of the causal mechanisms of missed care, complexity theory may be necessary. Accordingly, a theoretical framework that acknowledges that complex systems, such as missed care, are composed of multiple interacting causal components must be further developed to guide new methodical approaches to enlighten its causal mechanisms.

Novel level and edge-triggered universal shift registers with low latency in QCA technology.

Shift registers are one of the main blocks in processors. In this paper, two new universal shift registers are designed based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) nanotechnology. Both of the proposed level triggered and edge triggered universal shift register in QCA technology shows good performance in regards of the number of cells, occupied area, delay, and power. These designs also have reset abilities. Simulations show that the proposed 4-bit level triggered universal shift register with reset ability has 1057 QCA cells, 1.27 µm2 occupied area, and delay of about three cycles of QCA clock. In addition, the proposed rising edge triggered 4-bit universal shift register with reset ability has 1085 QCA cells, 1.27 µm2 occupied area, and delay of about three cycles of QCA clocks.

The impact of carbon trading on the "quantity" and "quality" of green technology innovation: A dynamic QCA analysis based on carbon trading pilot areas.

To study the multi-factor linkage effect of carbon trading on green technology innovation, this paper employs the dynamic QCA analysis method and uses panel data from China's carbon trading pilot areas. The aim is to explore the causal path considering the time effect. Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test is applied to investigate the provincial coverage difference of the configuration and reveal the variation in configuration preferences between regions from a spatial dimension. The results indicate that a single factor alone does not constitute the necessary conditions for the "quantity" and "quality" of high-green technology innovation. However, the necessity of carbon trading price exhibits a declining trend over the years, demonstrating the presence of a time effect. Regarding the sufficiency analysis of conditional configuration, it mainly includes a "price-market scale" dual effect model and a single market scale effect model, with three configuration paths for each model. Among them, the "price-market scale" dual effect model can drive the increase in the quantity of green technology innovation through carbon trading price, market scale, government intervention degree, and other factors. The single market scale effect model can promote the high-quality development of green technology innovation, but the impact of carbon trading price on the quality of green technology innovation is relatively insignificant. In terms of the time dimension, the three configurations still maintain good applicability to green technology innovation under normal conditions. However, when considering the spatial dimension, the coverage distribution of the three configurations exhibits evident regional differences. This study introduces the dynamic panel QCA method into the research field for the first time. It addresses the limitations of the traditional QCA method, which is constrained by cross-section data and lacks the ability to explore the linkage effect between factors over time. Additionally, the study analyzes the effects of carbon trading price and market size on the "quantity" and "quality" of green technology innovation, considering both time and space dimensions, from a configuration perspective.

Mixed methods research on satisfaction with athletes' compensation.

This study explores the factors influencing athletes' compensation satisfaction and their configuration effects. A mixed research approach that combines regression analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was applied to process the survey data of 352 athletes from six provinces. The regression analysis results demonstrate that economic compensation, the compensation system, the external environment, and compensation fairness all have a significant positive effect on athletes' compensation satisfaction. Accordingly, the fsQCA approach was applied to explore the combined effects of the factors influencing athletes' compensation satisfaction, which verifies the conclusions drawn from regression analysis and provides improvement paths for increasing athletes' compensation satisfaction.

Morphological Correlation between the Diameters of the Left Main Coronary Artery and its Branches Measured by QCA and Derived by Finet's Law.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Stenting or angioplasty of coronary arteries as interventional management requires knowledge about the morphology of the coronary tree, including luminal diameters. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to study the diameters of the left main coronary artery and its branches measured by QCA in relation to the diameters derived by Finet's law. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, hospital-based study. The number of angiograms used was 357. The diameters of the left main coronary artery (LM1), left anterior interventricular artery (LAD1), and left circumflex artery (LCx1) were measured by QCA. The diameter of LM1 was measured by 5 mm before its termination, and the diameters of LAD1 and LCx1 were obtained by 5 mm from their origins. Finet's law was used to calculate the diameters of LM2, LAD2 and LCx2 using the QCA measurements. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 53.3±8.8 years. Female patients represented 58.9%. The mean diameter of the left main coronary using QCA was 3.75±0.85 mm, and the diameter calculated using Finet's law was 3.89±0.80 mm. The diameters of LAD1 and LCx1 were larger than those calculated with Finet's law. The Z-test showed a significant difference between the diameter of the LM1 calculated by Finet's law; both diameters were positively associated. The diameters of LAD1 and LAD2 showed a non-significant correlation (r = 0.0653, P = 0.259526) and a negative correlation between LCx1 and LCX2 (r = -0.2659, P = 0.00001). The Z-test showed a significant difference in the diameter of LAD and LCx measured by QCA and Finet's law. CONCLUSION: An association was found between the diameter of LM measured by QCA and calculated with Finet's law; the diameter calculated by Finet's law was larger. The diameters of LAD and LCx measured by QCA were larger than those calculated by Finet's law. A positive correlation existed between the diameters measured by QCA and Finet's law, and they had significant differences. Finet's law can assist in the selection of stent size. Despite the literature about Finet's law, generalising its use requires more studies on different ethnicities.

Data on quantum dot cellular automata based flip flops for designing serial-in-serial-out shift register.

There has been remarkable research carried out on Nano-electronics where Quantum dot Cellular automata emerge as the forthcoming paradigm in computing. The QCA-based circuits are used in the computational Nano hardware to present computations at ultra-high speed. A systematic approach has been utilized to design the Serial in Serial out Shift (SISO) Register using JK flip flop (JK-FF) and D flip flop (D-FF). These flip flops were initially designed with lower complexity which is the dominant factor for designing any complex sequential circuit. The QCA based designs have been validated and subjected to simulation using the QCA Designer tool ver. 2.0.3.

Ab initio studies of counterion effects in molecular quantum-dot cellular automata.

Molecular quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a low-power computing paradigm that may offer ultra-high device densities and THz-speed switching at room temperature. A single mixed-valence (MV) molecule acts as an elementary QCA device known as a cell. Cells coupled locally via the electrostatic field form logic circuits. However, previously-synthesized ionic MV molecular cells are affected by randomly-located, nearby neutralizing counterions that can bias device states or change device characteristics, causing incorrect computational results. This ab initio study explores how non-biasing counterions affect individual molecular cells. Additionally, we model two novel neutral, zwitterionic MV QCA molecules designed to avoid biasing and other undesirable counterionic effects. The location of the neutralizing counterion is controlled by integrating one counterion into each cell at a well-defined, non-biasing location. Each zwitterionic QCA candidate molecule presented here has a fixed, integrated counterion, which neutralizes the mobile charges used to encode the device state.

Fatores explicativos da morosidade das demarcações de terras indígenas no Brasil / Factores explicativos del retraso en la demarcación de tierras indígenas en Brasil / Explanatory factors for the delay in the demarcation of indigenous lands in Brazil

Resumo Os processos administrativos de reconhecimento de terras indígenas (TIs) no Brasil podem levar décadas para chegar a termo. Povos indígenas que habitam em TIs não reconhecidas em caráter final são mais vulneráveis a uma série de violações de direitos, o que torna premente sua conclusão. O presente artigo pretende oferecer uma resposta à seguinte pergunta: por que alguns processos demarcatórios demoram mais que outros? Primeiramente, arrolamos cinco condições constantes da literatura sobre demarcação de terras indígenas que podem postergá-las. Na sequência, aplicamos o método qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), em sua modalidade crisp set, a um conjunto de quarenta casos de demarcações de TIs. Apresentamos duas conclusões: que a presença de interesses econômicos é uma condição importante para explicar o longo tempo de alguns processos demarcatórios, mas não é necessária nem suficiente, e que a conjunção desse fator com a judicialização do processo demarcatório explica a maioria dos casos de demarcações de longa duração.

Resumen Los procesos administrativos de reconocimiento de tierras indígenas (TI) en Brasil pueden tardar décadas en llegar a su fin. Los pueblos indígenas que viven en TI cuyo proceso de reconocimiento aún no se finalizó son más vulnerables a una serie de violaciones de derechos, lo que hace urgente su conclusión. Este artículo pretende dar respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿por qué algunos procesos de demarcación demoran más que otros? En primer lugar, enumeramos cinco condiciones encontradas en la literatura sobre la demarcación de tierras indígenas que pueden atrasar dichos procesos. A continuación, aplicamos el método de análisis cualitativo comparativo (QCA), en su modo crisp set, a un conjunto de cuarenta casos de demarcaciones de TI. Presentamos dos conclusiones: que la presencia de intereses económicos es una condición importante para explicar el largo tiempo de algunos procesos de demarcación, pero no es necesaria ni suficiente, y que la conjunción de este factor con la judicialización del proceso de demarcación explica la mayoría de los casos de demarcaciones de larga duración.

Abstract The administrative processes of recognizing Indigenous Lands (ILs) in Brazil can take decades to complete. Indigenous peoples who live in unrecognized ILs are more vulnerable to a series of rights violations, which makes the completion of demarcation processes urgent. This article aims to answer the following question: why do some demarcation processes take longer than others? We listed five conditions found in the literature on the demarcation of indigenous lands that can delay them. Next, we applied the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) method in its crisp set mode to 40 cases of IL demarcation. We present two conclusions: the presence of economic interests is an important condition to explain the long duration of some demarcation processes, but it is neither necessary nor sufficient, and the conjunction of this factor with the judicialization of the demarcation process explains most cases of long-term demarcations.

Study on the path toward solutions for NIMBYism in China: A case study based on the qualitative comparative analysis method.

With the recent economic and social development of China, there has been a growing awareness among citizens. The concept of Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) has emerged as a highly public issue, capable of sparking conflicts of interest between the public and the government. To assist the government in making well-informed decisions and respecting the interests of local residents, this study comprehensively explores the diverse factors that contribute to the varying outcomes of the NIMBY phenomenon. To achieve this, a qualitative comparative analysis with a fuzzy set (fsQCA) was conducted on 31 cases that occurred in China between 2009 and 2021. The findings reveal seven paths that would lead to the cancellation of NIMBY facilities. Among those paths, government credibility and social media involvement are the two crucial factors in NIMBY problem-solving. To some extent, violence can drive the cancellation of NIMBY projects. Local governments are more likely to compromise on NIMBY in the case of harmful facilities. However, this study emphasizes that constant compromise may not always be the most effective solution for the government. Instead, it proposes three potential approaches that can simultaneously address neighborhood satisfaction and foster local economic development in the context of NIMBYism. These approaches include the following. The construction of a multiple participant system: By involving multiple stakeholders in the decision-making process, such as local residents, government officials, experts, and industry representatives, a more inclusive and transparent approach can be adopted to address NIMBY concerns. The judicious use of online platforms: Leveraging social media and online platforms can facilitate effective communication and engagement between the government, local residents, and other relevant stakeholders. This can help in building trust, disseminating information, and encouraging dialogue to address NIMBY concerns. The popularization of science: Promoting scientific literacy among the public can help address misconceptions and fears associated with NIMBY facilities. By providing accessible and accurate information, this study suggests that the popularization of science can contribute to a better understanding of the benefits and risks associated with such facilities. By implementing these approaches, this study suggests that the government can make well-informed decisions, respect the interests of local residents, and mitigate conflicts arising from the NIMBY phenomenon while fostering local economic development.

Reversible Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata-Based Arithmetic Logic Unit.

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are a promising nanoscale computing technology that exploits the quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons between quantum dots in a cell and electrostatic interaction between dots in neighboring cells. QCA can achieve higher speed, lower power, and smaller areas than conventional, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Developing QCA circuits in a logically and physically reversible manner can provide exceptional reductions in energy dissipation. The main challenge is to maintain reversibility down to the physical level. A crucial component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which executes multiple logical and arithmetic functions on the data processed by the CPU. Current QCA ALU designs are either irreversible or logically reversible; however, they lack physical reversibility, a crucial requirement to increase energy efficiency. This paper shows a new multilayer design for a QCA ALU that can carry out 16 different operations and is both logically and physically reversible. The design is based on reversible majority gates, which are the key building blocks. We use QCADesigner-E software to simulate and evaluate energy dissipation. The proposed logically and physically reversible QCA ALU offers an improvement of 88.8% in energy efficiency. Compared to the next most efficient 16-operation QCA ALU, this ALU uses 51% fewer QCA cells and 47% less area.

Exploring the multi-causes path and mechanism of "model students" in Chinese official media: A qualitative comparative analysis based on crisp set.

The official media are the mouthpiece of the Chinese Communist Party, the government and the people, having an authoritative status and special influence that is beyond compare by unofficial media. Whereas many official media are now in a difficult situation, with their influence and people's trust in them being lower than that of unofficial media, some have figured out a path to success and have emerged as "model students" over time. This qualitative comparative analysis of 60 cases of official media aims at exploring the multi-causes path and realization mechanism of these "model students". The results show that there are five parallel multi-causes paths for official media to become "model students". From the perspective of these paths, the realization mechanism for official media to become "model students" is as follows: the governments adhere to the principle of "serving the people", bring people a sense of political efficacy, effectively expands their information channels, ensure the substantiality, objectivity and authenticity of their information, and adopt the communication strategy of empathy, so as to gain credibility and social influence. Meanwhile, a higher administrative level of government departments/state-owned enterprises to which official media belong has no significant correlation with official media' becoming "model students".

Enabling System Functionalities of Primary Care Practices for Team Dynamics in Transformation to Team-Based Care: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA).

Team-based primary care has been shown to be an important initiative for transforming primary care to achieve whole-person care, enhance health equity, and reduce provider burnout. Organizational approaches have been explored to better implement team-based care but a thorough understanding of the role of system functions is lacking. We aimed to identify the combinations of system functionalities in primary care practices that most enable effective teamwork. We used a novel method, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), to identify cross-case patterns in 19 primary care practices in the Harvard Academic Innovations Collaborative (AIC), an initiative for transforming primary care practices by establishing teams and implementing team-based care. QCA findings identified that primary care practices with strong team dynamics exhibited strengths in three operational care process functionalities, including management of abnormal test results, cancer screening and medication management for high-priority patients, care transitions, and in health information technology (HIT) functionality. HIT functionality alone was not sufficient to achieve the desired outcomes. System functionalities in a primary care practice that support physicians and their teams in identifying patients with urgent and complex acute illnesses requiring immediate response and care and overcoming barriers to collaboration within and across institutional settings, may be essential for sustaining strong team-based primary care.

Configurational analysis of conditions influencing customers' channel switching intention in omnichannel retailing: a fuzzy-set analysis.

This research examined the interplay among personal factors, namely channel lock-in, cross-channel synergy, attribute-based decision making (ADM); environmental factors, namely others' past switching behaviour (OPB), pressure to switch from others (PSO); and behavioural factors, namely perceived self-efficacy and perception on facilitating conditions as antecedents to customers' channel switching intention in an omnichannel context. Drawing on the complexity theory and set theory, we applied configurational analysis using the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The result of the analysis indicated two (2) sufficient configurations that led to an intention to switch channels. Both configurations contained ADM, OPB, and PSO conditions that highlight the importance of personal factors and environmental factors needed for the presence of an intention to switch channels. However, no sufficient configurations were obtained that indicate an absence of intention to switch channels. This study challenges theoretical underpinnings by demonstrating that omnichannel channel-switching behaviours can be explained from a configurational perspective. The configurations produced by this study can serve as a basis for researchers who plan to conduct asymmetric modelling of customers' channel-switching behaviour in an omnichannel context. Finally, this paper suggests omnichannel retail strategies and management as informed by these configurations.