Analysis of Off-The-Wall Smash Shots in Men's and Women's Professional Padel.

PURPOSE: our aim was to analyze the characteristics of the off-the-wall smash in men´s and women´s padel, and to compare gender differences in the set-dependent frequency of these shots. STUDY SAMPLE: through systematic observation, we analyzed 441 off-the-wall smashes from the Final Master of the 2022 season of the World Padel Tour. RESULTS: showed that the women performed twice as many off-the-wall smashes as the men. This shot was executed most frequently (90%) from the center and right side of the court and from the dominant side, usually providing volley continuity (73%) and sometimes resulting in point winners (21.5%). Furthermore, there were gender differences, depending on the defense zone from which the wall smashes were defended (p = .014) and on the final match result (p = .018). In men's padel, the losing pair performed more off-the-wall smashes, while in women's padel, the winning pair performed more of these smashes. Finally, between both genders, most off-the-wall smashes occurred in the first set and decreased in number in the third set, with the second set containing the fewest off-the wall smashes.

Multidimensional and Longitudinal Approaches in Talent Identification and Development in Racket Sports: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Better methods to support talent identification and development processes may contribute to more effective and efficient athlete development programs in racket sports. Both researchers and practitioners recommend multidimensional and longitudinal approaches to better understand the nature of talent (development). However, the added value of these 'innovative' approaches has not yet been clarified for racket sports. This systematic review intends to gain further insight into the outcomes of multidimensional and longitudinal approaches for talent identification and development in racket sports and to provide directions for future talent research. METHODS: Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science (January 2000-August 2022). Search terms covered the areas of racket sports and talent in sports. Studies using multidimensional and/or longitudinal talent approaches were included and analyzed regarding the methodology, included performance characteristics (i.e., anthropometrical, physiological, technical, tactical, psychological), and study findings. RESULTS: A total of thirty-two studies were included using multidimensional (n = 15), unidimensional longitudinal (n = 3) or multidimensional longitudinal designs (n = 14). Most research covered physiological characteristics (n = 28), while fewer articles investigated anthropometrics (n = 21) and technical characteristics (n = 16). Only limited research investigated psychological (n = 4) and tactical characteristics (n = 1). Almost all studies measured physiological characteristics in combination with other characteristics. There was moderate to strong evidence that physiological and technical characteristics have value for athlete development programs in racket sports. Positive but limited evidence was found for psychological and tactical characteristics. Anthropometrical assessments were generally used as controlling variables for maturation. Study designs varied, and many studies used unidimensional statistical models and analyses within multidimensional study designs and datasets. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides an overview of talent research using multidimensional and/or longitudinal approaches within racket sports and gives guidance on what characteristics to include in decision-making and monitoring processes. However, it remains difficult to draw conclusions about the added values of these approaches due to their variety in methodology. Future talent research should include more consistent study designs and conduct multidimensional and longitudinal studies using multivariate statistical approaches that benefit from the data's multidimensionality.

Biophysical characterization of the tennis serve: A systematic scoping review with evidence gap map.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the available evidence on the biophysics of the tennis serve, mapping the populations, interventions, contexts and other relevant information to highlight what is already known and to identify gaps in the literature. DESIGN: Systematic scoping review with evidence gap map. METHODS: The protocol was designed according to PRISMA 2020, Prisma-ScR guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook. The searches were conducted on July 20, 2022 and updated on April 1, 2023, in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (core collection). The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochranes method for nonrandomized studies (RoBANS) and a narrative synthesis of the main findings was performed and supplemented with an evidence gap map. RESULTS: Most trials were found on serve kinematics and kinetics (95 %), analyzing only flat serves (84 and 72 %, respectively). Few trials focused on physiology (20 %; e.g. biomarkers), under-19, left or both-handed, female and intermediate beginner or starter players (29, 17, 8 and 7 %, respectively). We found a preponderance of low and unclear risk of bias (63 and 31 %, respectively) and only 7 % high, particularly, on the assessment of confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: The current scoping review reveals a few trials on physiological rather than biomechanical variables, as well as the absence of the kick and slice serve, foot-back and foot-up serve, and left-handed, female, and young player analyses. We did not find systematic mistakes or limitations in the design, conduct, or analysis that would distort the results, since only 7 % presented a high risk of bias.

Performance Analysis in Padel: A Systematic Review.

The aim of the study was to carry out a systematic review of the most recent research on performance analysis in padel. An electronic search was made in four sport science databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Systematic review principles were used to identify and select studies following inclusion and exclusion criteria. From a total of 261 articles identified in the initial search, 27 articles were included in analysis, all dating from after 2018. The articles were classified according to four study variables: temporal aspects, game actions, on-court movements and match score studies, ordered in turn according to the year of publication. The results show differences in the four study variables according to the gender or the level of players, the side or the zone of play and the duration of the match. In conclusion, the results define the relevant aspects of the game with the aim of being used at a technical, tactical and physical level, as well as contributing to the development of scientific knowledge in padel, allowing future research to address less studied topics and carry out more complete and specific studies and interventions for a greater understanding of the needs of padel.

The Characteristics of Badminton-Related Pain in Pre-Adolescent and Adolescent Badminton Players.

Body pain, often considered as an early sign of injury in young players, warrants thorough study. This study aimed to examine the distribution of badminton-related pain and prevalence in pre-adolescent and adolescent badminton players. Profiles of badminton-related pain were surveyed using a questionnaire among 366 pre-adolescent and adolescent badminton players aged 7-12 years. The distribution of badminton-related pain was described, and the pain incidence was calculated. Proportions of pain per 1000-training-hour exposures were the main outcome measures. The analysis considered various age groups (7-8, 9-10, and 11-12 years) and years of badminton experience (≤2, 2-3, and > 3 years). In total, 554 cases of badminton-related pain were reported. The ankle was the most common site, followed by knee, plantar, shoulder, and lower back. The overall pain rate per 1000-training-hour exposure was 3.06. The 11-12-year-old group showed the highest pain rate, significantly greater than the 7-8-year-old group and the 9-10-year-old group. Additionally, the prevalence of pain exhibited an increasing trend with age. Finally, regardless of the age groups, participants with 2-3 years of badminton experience had the highest pain rate. These findings might help inform targeted interventions to reduce the high prevalence of pain in various body regions across pre-adolescent and adolescent badminton players.

Type of Diet and Sports Supplements in Padel Players According to Level of Competition and Sex.

Padel is the world's fastest growing racket sport. However, the analysis of the intake of sports supplements in padel players is scarce. The aim of this research was to analyse and compare the type of diet and the use of sports supplements in padel players according to their competition level and sex. A total of 123 players (94 men and 29 women) participated in the study. Subjects were divided according to their sex and competition level. All participants completed an anonymous questionnaire on diet type and nutritional supplement intake. There were differences found in diet type between competition levels. Regarding players' sex, differences in the number of supplements consumed were reported (p < 0.01). Relationships were found between the number of supplements ingested and the perceived effectiveness of supplements with frequency and time of training (p < 0.05). Creatine in men (≈15%) and vitamin complexes (≈10%) in women were the most used supplements. Lower level padel players do not adapt their diet to the physical demands of padel. Male padel players use a greater number of supplements than female padel players. It is important that nutrition specialists advise players to control diets and supplement.

A Comparison of Match Load Between Padel and Singles and Doubles Tennis.

PURPOSE: To quantify match load associated with padel and compare responses with both singles and doubles tennis. METHODS: On separate days, 12 participants (7 men and 5 women) played 60-minute padel (PADEL), singles tennis (SINGLES), and doubles tennis (DOUBLES) simulated games. Participants wore a 10-Hz GPS/100-Hz triaxial accelerometer unit and heart-rate monitor. Exercise-related sensations and blood lactate concentration were monitored every 20 minutes. Match-play characteristics (temporal structure) and shot selection were derived from video analysis. Vertical jump ability was assessed before and after each game. RESULTS: Heart rate, exercise-related sensations (overall perceived exertion and limb discomfort), and physical load (total distance covered, PlayerLoad, acceleration density and load) for SINGLES were higher compared with DOUBLES and PADEL (all P ≤ .05). Blood lactate concentrations remained low (1-2 mmol·L-1) and did not differ between conditions. Effective playing time (P < .001) was lower in SINGLES and DOUBLES compared with PADEL. The number of forehands (P = .002) and backhands (P < .001) was greater for SINGLES than for DOUBLES and PADEL. The number of volleys/smashes and lobs (P < .05) was greater for PADEL compared with SINGLES and DOUBLES. Performance for squat, countermovement, and multirebound jumps was similarly reduced below baseline after match play (P < .05), independent of condition. CONCLUSION: Padel imposes a unique match load on players that is different from singles tennis and more closely resembles that of doubles tennis. Cardiovascular stimulation and physical load are highest in singles tennis, while padel sees players hit a larger variety of shots with higher effective playing percentages.

Association between perceived exertion and executive functions with serve accuracy among male university tennis players: A pilot study.

Serve in tennis is a very important strokes and is positively correlated with the rankings of the Association of Tennis Professionals ranking. This study investigated the associations between time-course changes in the ratings for perceived exertion, executive function, and second serve accuracy during 30-min tennis exercise sessions. Eleven Japanese male tennis players participated in the study, and their executive function and second serve performance were evaluated using the paper version of the Stroop Color and Word Test, followed by a serve performance test. The participants took part in a 30-min tennis exercise program and performed the Stroop Color and Word Test, heart rate (HR) check, and second serve accuracy test before and after the tennis exercise. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationships between the ratings for perceived exertion, interference scores on Stroop Color and Word Test performance, and second serve performance. Post exercise, the rating of perceived exertion tended to correlate with serve accuracy (r = -0.57, p = 0.07) and interference score (r = 0.65, p = 0.03). The pre-to-post changes in second serve accuracy were negatively associated with the changes in interference score (r = -0.54, p = 0.08) and interference score in the posttest (r = -0.73, p = 0.01). The results suggest that time-course changes in executive function when playing tennis are positively associated with the accuracy of the second serve. These findings expand the previous knowledge regarding the positive association between time-course changes in executive functions and percentage of points won when playing tennis by including more specific skills (i.e., second serve accuracy).

Differentiating movement styles in professional tennis: A machine learning and hierarchical clustering approach.

PURPOSE: Recent explorations of tennis-specific movements have developed contemporary methods for identifying and classifying changes of direction (COD) during match-play. The aim of this research was to employ these new analysis techniques to objectively explore individual nuance and style factors in the execution of COD movements in professional tennis. METHODS: Player tracking data from 62 male and 77 female players at the Australian Open Grand Slam were analysed for COD movements using a model algorithm, with a sample of 150,000 direction changes identified. Hierarchical clustering methods were employed on the time-motion and degree characteristics of these direction changes to identify groups of different COD performers. RESULTS: Five unique clusters, labelled "Cutters", "Gear Changers", "Lateral Changers", "Balanced Changers" and "Passive Changers" were identified in accordance with their varying speed, acceleration, degree and directionality of change features. CONCLUSIONS: Player COD clustering challenge previously held assumptions regarding on-court movement style, highlighting the complexity and variation in the sport's locomotion demands. In practice, the speed, acceleration, directionality and degree of change characteristics of each COD style can facilitate athlete profiling and the specificity of training interventions.HighlightsWe used machine learning techniques and cluster analysis methodology to explore the time motion characteristics of direction change skill in professional tennis.We present five unique types of change of direction style in professional tennis players. These include "Cutters", "Gear Changers", "Lateral Changers", "Balanced Changers" & "Passive Changers". These style classifications were established in accordance with their varying speed, acceleration, degree and directionality of change features.We show that the application of machine learning techniques to player tracking data can facilitate a more intricate understanding the sport's physical demands, which can be used to inform training programme design.

The Association Between Chronological Age and Maturity Status on Lower Body Clinical Measurements and Asymmetries in Elite Youth Tennis Players.

BACKGROUND: Tennis is one of the most popular sports among youths. At elite levels, a notable increase in injury incidence and a temporary decline in performance may occur when children progress through puberty. However, limited research has explored maturity-associated variations in clinical measurements suggested as predictors of injury and tennis performance in elite youth players. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the association between chronological age and maturity status on several measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance as well as bilateral (interlimb) asymmetries in elite youth tennis players. HYPOTHESIS: Youth tennis players around peak height velocity (PHV) will show higher growth-related impairments or deficits in measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance than their less (pre-PHV) and more (post-PHV) mature counterparts irrespective of sex. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4. METHODS: A total of 68 male (age, 13.7 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.4 ± 9.4 cm; body mass, 51.4 ± 10.3 kg [Mean values ± SD]) and 60 female (age, 13.6 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.8 ± 7.2 cm; body mass, 52.7 ± 7.5 kg [Mean values ± SD]) elite youth tennis players from 2 different age groups (under 13 [U13] and under 15 [U15]) and maturity status (pre-PHV, around PHV, and post-PHV), were tested during national training camps. Tests included the Y Balance Test, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, hip ranges of motion (ROMs), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Bayesian analysis was used to establish any significant between-group differences. RESULTS: Only dynamic balance (in boys; Bayesian factor [BF10] = 88.2) and jump height (in both boys and girls; BF10 >100) were significatively associated with chronological age, whereby the U15 group showed lower Y Balance Test reach distances (-6%; standardized effect size δ = 0.62) but higher CMJ height scores (+18%; δ = 0.73) than the U13 group. Although boys jump higher (+11%; δ = 0.62) and were stronger in isometric hip adduction strength (+14%; δ = 0.92) than girls, the latter had greater hip internal ROM values (+15%; δ = 0.75). Furthermore, relevant maturity-associated effects (BF10 = 34.6) were solely observed for the CMJ test in boys, with the most mature players demonstrating higher jump height scores (+12%; δ = 0.93). Finally, a significant percentage (>25%) of tennis players, independent of sex, demonstrated bilateral asymmetries in hip ROM, hip strength, and jump height values. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show that in U13 and U15 male and female tennis players, there were neither positive nor negative maturity-associated variations in the clinical measurements analyzed (with the exception of jump height in male players). The high proportion of tennis players showing bilateral asymmetries in dynamic balance, hip ROM, and strength and jump performance highlight the need of future studies to analyze these factors in relation to unilateral tennis-specific adaptations in the musculoskeletal and sensorimotor systems. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results may help to better understand how different clinical measurements are associated with the process of growth and maturation in elite youth tennis players and may aid in the design of specific training interventions during these stages of development.

Precompetitive anxiety and self-confidence during the 2023 Finnish Padel championship in high level men's players.

The aim of the current study was to assess precompetitive anxiety and self-confidence in high level men's padel players from Finland. Twenty eight men's padel players from the highest category participated in the research (87.5% of the target population). The CSAI-2R (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised) and STAI-S (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State) questionnaires were used and descriptive and inferential analyzes were performed, including the Kruskal Wallis's H and Mann-Whitney's U tests. The results show that seeded players presented lower levels of cognitive anxiety (η2 = 0.111). Moreover, losers of first round presented more state anxiety than winners (η2 = 0.302). Before the first match, state anxiety was higher than prior to the second match (η2 = 0.148). Furthermore, lower ranked players of first round, compared to second, presented more state anxiety and somatic anxiety (η2 = 0.487 and η2 = 0.277, respectively). However, according to the results obtained, self-confidence was not affected by any of the variables analyzed (ranking, seed, result or round). These findings may be of great interest to players, coaches and sports psychologists, as they allow an enhanced comprehension of the player's level of anxiety and self-confidence.

Effects of upper limb strength training on physical fitness in table tennis / Efeitos do treinamento de força em membros superiores sobre a aptidão física no tênis de mesa / Efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza en miembros superiores sobre la aptitud física en tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: Strength training is the basis for all sports and physical training. Evidence suggests that its benefit may extend to the athlete's general physical fitness, although few studies refer to the table tennis player. Objective: Study the effect of upper limb strength training on the physical fitness of table tennis players. Methods: Twenty sportsmen from a college were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group had the addition of an upper limb strength training protocol in their training, while the control group continued with conventional training. The experiment lasted eight weeks, with interventions three times a week, at intervals with a minimum of one day. Results: Specific fitness varied widely between groups: spinning technique in the experimental group increased from 36.66±6.85 per minute before the experiment to 41.03±7.06, P<0.05. In the control group, the turning technique was 61.41±4.73/min to 66.49±4.74/min after the experiment, P>0.05. Conclusion: Complementing the tennis training program with specific upper limb muscle strength training can effectively improve explosive muscle strength in its athletes, substantially increasing physical fitness for table tennis players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento de força é a base para todo o treinamento físico esportivo. Evidências sugerem que seu benefício possa estender-se para a aptidão física geral do atleta, embora haja poucos estudos referentes ao jogador de tênis de mesa. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito do treinamento de força dos membros superiores sobre a aptidão física dos jogadores de tênis de mesa. Métodos: Foram selecionados 20 esportistas de uma faculdade, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. O grupo experimental teve em seu treinamento a adição de um protocolo de treinamento de força dos membros superiores, enquanto o grupo controle continuou com o treinamento convencional. O experimento teve duração de 8 semanas, com intervenções três vezes por semana, intervaladas com um mínimo de um dia. Resultados: A aptidão física específica variou bastante entre os grupos: a técnica de giro no grupo experimental elevou-se de 36,66±6,85 por minuto antes do experimento, para 41,03±7,06, P<0.05. No grupo controle, a técnica de giro foi 61,41±4,73/min para 66,49±4,74/min, após o experimento, P>0.05. Conclusão: Complementar o programa de treinamento de tênis com o treino específico de força muscular nos membros superiores pode efetivamente melhorar a força muscular explosiva em seus atletas, incrementando substancialmente a aptidão física para os tenistas de mesa. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento de fuerza es la base de todo entrenamiento físico deportivo. Las evidencias sugieren que su beneficio puede extenderse a la condición física general del deportista, aunque existen pocos estudios referidos al jugador de tenis de mesa. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto del entrenamiento de la fuerza de los miembros superiores sobre la forma física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 20 deportistas de una universidad, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos. El grupo experimental tuvo en su entrenamiento la adición de un protocolo de entrenamiento de la fuerza de los miembros superiores, mientras que el grupo de control continuó con el entrenamiento convencional. El experimento duró 8 semanas, con intervenciones tres veces por semana, con un intervalo mínimo de un día. Resultados: La aptitud específica varió ampliamente entre los grupos: la técnica de giro en el grupo experimental aumentó de 36,66±6,85 por minuto antes del experimento a 41,03±7,06, P<0,05. En el grupo de control, la técnica de giro pasó de 61,41±4,73/min a 66,49±4,74/min después del experimento, P>0,05. Conclusión: Complementar el programa de entrenamiento de tenis con un entrenamiento específico de la fuerza muscular de las extremidades superiores puede mejorar eficazmente la fuerza muscular explosiva en sus atletas, aumentando sustancialmente la aptitud física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of weight training on physical fitness in table tennis / Impactos do treinamento com pesos sobre a aptidão física no tênis de mesa / Impactos del entrenamiento con pesas en la aptitud física en el tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sportive physical fitness is the capacity to accomplish of physical or muscular activity in a satisfactory way and its variables for excellence include corporal composition, flexibility, force, and muscular resistance. Weight training generates benefits in the musculoskeletal system and is believed that with its practice there is some impact on the athletes' physical fitness. Objective: Study the impacts of weight training on the physical fitness of table tennis athletes. Methods: Sixteen professional table tennis players were selected for this study and randomly divided into a control and an experimental group. The control group maintained the existing table tennis training program, and the experimental group received additional weightlifting training using 30% maximal strength based on the existing training. Relevant fitness data were collected before and after the intervention, analyzed, and discussed statistically. Results: The time of the Illinois sensitivity test in the experimental group was reduced to 17.20±0.23 s, a reduction of approximately 0.43 s, while in the control group, it was approximately 0.08 s. As for the hexagonal ball sensitivity test, in the experimental group it was reduced to 0.52 s, while in the control group, the reduction was 0.175 s. Conclusion: In table tennis training, weight gain can improve training efficiency and optimize the competitive level of table tennis players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A aptidão física esportiva é a capacidade de realização de atividade física ou muscular de maneira satisfatória e suas variáveis para a excelência incluem composição corporal, flexibilidade, força e resistência muscular. O treino com pesos gera benefícios no sistema musculoesquelético e acredita-se que com a sua prática haja algum impacto sobre a aptidão física dos atletas. Objetivo: Estudar os impactos do treinamento com pesos sobre a aptidão física dos atletas de tênis de mesa. Métodos: Foram selecionados 16 jogadores profissionais de tênis de mesa para este estudo, divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle e experimental. O grupo de controle manteve o programa de treinamento de tênis de mesa existente, e o grupo experimental recebeu um treinamento adicional de levantamento de pesos utilizando a força máxima em 30%, com base no treinamento existente. Dados relevantes de aptidão física foram coletados antes e após a intervenção, analisados e discutidos estatisticamente. Resultados: O tempo do teste de sensibilidade de Illinois no grupo experimental foi reduzido para 17,20±0,23 s, uma redução de aproximadamente 0,43 s, enquanto que no grupo controle foi de aproximadamente 0,08 s. Quanto ao teste de sensibilidade com bola hexagonal, no grupo experimental reduziu-se 0,52 s, enquanto no grupo controle a redução foi de 0,175 s. Conclusão: No treinamento de tênis de mesa, o aumento do peso pode melhorar a eficiência do treinamento e otimizar o nível competitivo dos jogadores de tênis de mesa. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La aptitud física deportiva es la capacidad de realización de actividad física o muscular de forma satisfactoria y sus variables para la excelencia incluyen composición corporal, flexibilidad, fuerza y resistencia muscular. El entrenamiento con pesas genera beneficios en el sistema músculo-esquelético y se cree que con su práctica hay algún impacto en la aptitud física de los atletas. Objetivo: Estudiar los impactos del entrenamiento con pesas en la aptitud física de atletas de tenis de mesa. Métodos: Dieciséis jugadores profesionales de tenis de mesa fueron seleccionados para este estudio, divididos aleatoriamente en grupos control y experimental. El grupo de control mantuvo el programa de entrenamiento de tenis de mesa existente, y el grupo experimental recibió un entrenamiento adicional con pesas utilizando la fuerza máxima en un 30% basado en el entrenamiento existente. Se recogieron datos relevantes sobre la forma física antes y después de la intervención, y se analizaron y discutieron estadísticamente. Resultados: El tiempo de la prueba de sensibilidad de Illinois en el grupo experimental se redujo a 17,20±0,23 s, una reducción de aproximadamente 0,43 s, mientras que en el grupo de control fue de aproximadamente 0,08 s. En cuanto a la prueba de sensibilidad con pelota hexagonal, en el grupo experimental se redujo a 0,52 s, mientras que en el grupo de control la reducción fue de 0,175 s. Conclusión: En el entrenamiento de tenis de mesa, el aumento de peso puede mejorar la eficacia del entrenamiento y optimizar el nivel competitivo de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of lower limb flexibility exercise on table tennis players physical fitness / Efeitos do exercício de flexibilidade dos membros inferiores sobre a aptidão física dos jogadores de tênis de mesa / Efectos del ejercicio de flexibilidad de las extremidades inferiores en la aptitud física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: the main fitness requirements of table tennis players are highly automated motor skills and a strong body control ability; this combination is believed to benefit from flexibility exercises. Objective: Study the effects of lower limb flexibility training on physical fitness in table tennis players. Methods: The controlled experiment randomly divided 20 volunteers into two groups with no statistical differences between them. The control group continued using the existing table tennis teaching program, while the experimental group adopted the optimized lower limb flexibility training program. The course design was organized according to the physical education teacher's table tennis player talent training plan. Results: In the experimental group, the number of right body turns for throwing and blocking increased to 60.41 ± 4.67 times after the experiment; the number of right body turns increased to 64.045 ± 5.22; in the control group, the number of right push and blocks increased to 56.78 ± 3.67 times after the experiment. After the experiment, the number of fixed point swing speed of the whole station increased to 64.66 ± 3.95 (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adding lower limb flexibility exercises to table tennis flexibility training has been shown to improve athletes' static and dynamic flexibility, positively optimizing players' fitness. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: os principais requisitos de aptidão física dos jogadores de tênis de mesa são habilidades motoras altamente automatizadas e uma forte capacidade de controle corporal, acredita-se que essa combinação possa ser beneficiada com exercícios de flexibilidade. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do treinamento de flexibilidade dos membros inferiores sobre a aptidão física em jogadores de tênis de mesa. Métodos: O experimento controlado dividiu 20 voluntários, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos sem diferenças estatísticas entre si. O grupo de controle continuou a utilizar o programa de ensino do tênis de mesa existente, enquanto o grupo experimental adotou o programa de ensino de treinamento de flexibilidade dos membros inferiores otimizado. O projeto do curso foi organizado de acordo com o plano de treinamento de talentos de jogadores de tênis de mesa do professor de educação física. Resultados: No grupo experimental, o número de voltas à direita do corpo para arremesso e bloqueio aumentou para 60,41 ± 4,67 vezes após o experimento; o número de voltas à direita do corpo aumentou para 64,045 ± 5,22; no grupo de controle, o número de arremessos e bloqueios à direita aumentou para 56.78 ± 3.67 vezes após o experimento. Após o experimento, o número de velocidade de oscilação de ponto fixo de toda a estação aumentou para 64.66 ± 3.95 (P<0,05). Conclusão: Adicionar exercícios de flexibilidade dos membros inferiores ao treinamento de flexibilidade do tênis de mesa demonstrou melhorar a flexibilidade estática e dinâmica dos atletas, contribuindo positivamente para a otimização da aptidão física nos jogadores. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: los principales requisitos de aptitud física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa son unas habilidades motoras muy automatizadas y una gran capacidad de control corporal; se cree que esta combinación puede beneficiarse de los ejercicios de flexibilidad. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del entrenamiento de la flexibilidad de las extremidades inferiores en la aptitud física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Métodos: El experimento controlado dividió a 20 voluntarios, al azar, en dos grupos sin diferencias estadísticas entre ellos. El grupo de control siguió utilizando el programa de enseñanza de tenis de mesa existente, mientras que el grupo experimental adoptó el programa de enseñanza optimizado de entrenamiento de la flexibilidad de las extremidades inferiores. El diseño del curso se organizó de acuerdo con el plan de entrenamiento de talentos de jugadores de tenis de mesa del profesor de educación física. Resultados: En el grupo experimental, el número de giros del cuerpo derecho para lanzar y bloquear aumentó a 60,41 ± 4,67 veces después del experimento; el número de giros del cuerpo derecho aumentó a 64,045 ± 5,22; en el grupo de control, el número de empujes y bloqueos derechos aumentó a 56,78 ± 3,67 veces después del experimento. Después del experimento, el número de velocidad de swing de punto fijo de toda la estación aumentó a 64,66 ± 3,95 (P<0,05). Conclusión: Se ha demostrado que añadir ejercicios de flexibilidad de las extremidades inferiores al entrenamiento de flexibilidad del tenis de mesa mejora la flexibilidad estática y dinámica de los atletas, contribuyendo positivamente a la optimización de la aptitud física de los jugadores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Analysis of the warm-up to improve physical conditioning of table tennis players / Análise do aquecimento para melhorar o condicionamento físico dos tenistas de mesa / Análisis del calentamiento para mejorar la condición física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: The development of table tennis and its rule changes increased the importance of physical training with the decline of ball speed and rotation, highlighting the importance of strong quality in the game. Objective: To study the effect of the muscular warm-up phase on improving physical conditioning in table tennis players. Methods: We randomly selected 20 high school table tennis players aged between 14 and 16 years as experimental objects through the analysis of pre-test data, combined with the characteristics of the group, where a physical training plan was generated. Results: After 12 weeks of training, the measured values were analyzed and compared, and it was found that this program can effectively improve the functional movement level of male table tennis players in high school students; the total test score was significantly improved (P<0.01), and the rate of increase was 22%. Conclusion: Muscle warm-up prior to physical training is important in improving athletic ability, enhancing athletic performance, and preventing sports injuries. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O desenvolvimento do tênis de mesa e suas mudanças de regras aumentaram a importância do treinamento físico com o declínio da velocidade e rotação da bola, destacando-se a importância da qualidade da força no jogo. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito da fase de aquecimento muscular na melhoria do condicionamento físico nos tenistas de mesa. Métodos: Selecionou-se aleatoriamente como voluntários 20 mesatenistas do ensino médio com idades entre 14 e 16 anos como objetos experimentais, através da análise dos dados pré-teste, combinados com as características do grupo, onde foi gerado um plano de treinamento físico. Resultados: Após 12 semanas de treinamento, os valores medidos foram analisados e comparados, e verificou-se que este programa pode melhorar efetivamente o nível de movimento funcional dos tenistas de mesa masculinos em estudantes do ensino médio, a pontuação total do teste foi significativamente melhorada (P<0,01), e a taxa de aumento foi de 22%. Conclusão: O aquecimento muscular prévio ao treinamento físico é um fator importante para melhorar a capacidade atlética, melhorar o desempenho atlético e evitar lesões esportivas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El desarrollo del tenis de mesa y sus cambios de reglas aumentaron la importancia del entrenamiento físico con la disminución de la velocidad y la rotación de la pelota, destacando la importancia de la calidad de la fuerza en el juego. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto de la fase de calentamiento muscular en la mejora de la condición física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Métodos: Seleccionamos aleatoriamente como voluntarios a 20 jugadores de tenis de mesa de secundaria con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 16 años como objetos experimentales, a través del análisis de los datos del pre-test, combinados con las características del grupo, donde se generó un plan de entrenamiento físico. Resultados: Después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento, se analizaron y compararon los valores medidos, y se descubrió que este programa puede mejorar eficazmente el nivel de movimiento funcional de los jugadores de tenis de mesa masculinos en estudiantes de secundaria, la puntuación total de la prueba mejoró significativamente (P<0,01), y la tasa de aumento fue del 22%. Conclusión: El calentamiento muscular previo al entrenamiento físico es un factor importante para mejorar la capacidad atlética, aumentar el rendimiento deportivo y prevenir las lesiones deportivas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Training to improve the physical fitness of table tennis players / Treinamento para melhorar a aptidão física de jogadores de tênis de mesa / Entrenamiento para mejorar la condición física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: Table tennis is a technical game with nets. The direction changes, ball accelerations, and considerable extensions of table tennis make it more expressive. Physical training is an essential step of physical preparation by contemporary Chinese players. Objective: Discuss the effects of physical training on table tennis players. Methods: A randomized collection was used to select 16 table tennis players. A training follow-up was conducted for one year, with exercises three times a week. Training intensity data and success rate of hitting evolution were statistically analyzed. Results: The ability of table tennis players was improved after one year of physical training under the presented protocol(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in lactate, heart rate, and success rate before and after the intervention(P<0.05). Conclusion: Physical training is essential to improve the energy delivery systems of phosphagen, phosphagen glycolysis, and glycolysis. Physical training is the key to improving table tennis players' performance and physical quality. Coaches can use the results of this article to monitor the special physical training of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O tênis de mesa é um jogo de técnica com redes. As mudanças de direção, acelerações da bola e extensões consideráveis do tênis de mesa o tornam mais expressivo. O treinamento físico é uma etapa essencial da preparação física por parte dos jogadores chineses contemporâneos. Objetivo: Discutir os efeitos do treinamento físico sobre os jogadores de tênis de mesa. Métodos: Utilizou-se uma coleta aleatória para selecionar 16 jogadores de tênis de mesa. Foi realizado um acompanhamento de treinamento por um ano, com exercícios três vezes por semana. Os dados de intensidade do treinamento e a taxa de sucesso da evolução dos acertos foram analisados estatisticamente. Resultados: A habilidade dos jogadores de tênis de mesa foi aprimorada após um ano de treinamento físico sob o protocolo apresentado(P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa no lactato, frequência cardíaca e taxa de sucesso antes e depois da intervenção(P<0,05). Conclusão: O treinamento físico é essencial para melhorar os sistemas de fornecimento de energia de fosfágeno, glicólise de fosfágeno e glicólise. O treinamento físico evidenciou ser a chave para melhorar o desempenho e a qualidade física dos jogadores de tênis de mesa. Os treinadores podem utilizar os resultados deste artigo para monitorar o treinamento físico especial dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El tenis de mesa es un juego técnico con redes. Los cambios de dirección, las aceleraciones de la pelota y las considerables extensiones del tenis de mesa lo hacen más expresivo. El entrenamiento físico es un paso esencial de la preparación física de los jugadores chinos contemporáneos. Objetivo: Discutir los efectos del entrenamiento físico en los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Métodos: Se utilizó una colección aleatoria para seleccionar 16 jugadores de tenis de mesa. Se realizó un seguimiento del entrenamiento durante un año, con ejercicios tres veces por semana. Se analizaron estadísticamente los datos de la intensidad del entrenamiento y la tasa de éxito de la evolución de los golpes. Resultados: La capacidad de los jugadores de tenis de mesa mejoró tras un año de entrenamiento físico con el protocolo presentado (P<0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas en el lactato, la frecuencia cardíaca y la tasa de éxito antes y después de la intervención (P<0,05). Conclusión: El entrenamiento físico es esencial para mejorar los sistemas de suministro de energía del fosfágeno, la glucólisis del fosfágeno y la glucólisis. El entrenamiento físico ha demostrado ser la clave para mejorar el rendimiento y la calidad física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Los entrenadores pueden utilizar los resultados de este artículo para controlar la preparación física especial de los deportistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos -investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Analysis of hitting method and wrist strength of student tennis players / Análise sobre o método de tacada e a força do pulso de tenistas estudantes / Análisis del método de golpeo y de la fuerza de la muñeca de estudiantes de tenis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Wrist joint strength is important in tennis for angle control and racquet direction. Objective: Study the changes in muscle strength in the wrist region and the characteristics of joint movement under different tennis stroke styles. Methods: 50 students from a professional tennis club team at a university were selected as study subjects, and systematic professional wrist strength training was performed in the experimental group. In contrast, routine training was performed in the control class. The experimental training lasted for six weeks. During this period, the learning time of all groups remained the same, and no additional training or learning was added. Results: The experimental group's stability increased significantly, from 1.78 ± 0.67 to 2.25 ± 1.34 before training, and backstroke strength increased significantly, from 6.21 to 10.21; total stroke score also increased from 8.02 to 12.69. Conclusion: Improving wrist strength in tennis students may improve overall sports performance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A força da articulação do pulso é de grande importância no esporte do tênis para controle de ângulo e a direção da raquete. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações da força muscular na região do pulso e as características de movimentação articular sob diferentes estilos de tacadas no tênis. Métodos: 50 alunos de uma equipe profissional de um clube de tênis de uma universidade foram selecionados como sujeitos de estudo e o treinamento profissional sistemático da força do pulso foi realizado no grupo experimental, enquanto o treinamento de rotina foi realizado na classe de controle. O treinamento experimental durou 6 semanas. Durante este período, o tempo de aprendizado de todos os grupos permaneceu o mesmo, e nenhum treinamento ou aprendizado adicional foi acrescentado. Resultados: A estabilidade do grupo experimental aumentou significativamente, de 1,78 ± 0,67 para 2,25 ± 1,34 antes do treinamento, e a força de tacada de costas aumentou significativamente, de 6,21 para 10,21; a pontuação total da tacada também aumentou de 8,02 para 12,69. Conclusão: A melhoria da força no pulso dos estudantes de tênis pode aprimorar o desempenho esportivo global. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La fuerza de la articulación de la muñeca es de gran importancia en el deporte del tenis para el control del ángulo y la dirección de la raqueta. Objetivo: Estudiar los cambios de la fuerza muscular en la región de la muñeca y las características del movimiento articular bajo diferentes estilos de golpe de tenis. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 50 estudiantes de un equipo profesional de un club de tenis universitario como sujetos de estudio y se realizó un entrenamiento profesional sistemático de la fuerza de la muñeca en el grupo experimental, mientras que en la clase de control se realizó un entrenamiento rutinario. El entrenamiento experimental duró 6 semanas. Durante este periodo, el tiempo de aprendizaje de todos los grupos siguió siendo el mismo y no se añadió ninguna formación o aprendizaje adicional. Resultados: La estabilidad del grupo experimental aumentó significativamente, de 1,78 ± 0,67 a 2,25 ± 1,34 antes del entrenamiento, y la fuerza en la brazada de espalda aumentó significativamente, de 6,21 a 10,21; la puntuación total de brazada también aumentó de 8,02 a 12,69. Conclusión: Mejorar la fuerza de la muñeca en los estudiantes de tenis puede mejorar el rendimiento deportivo en general. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of lower limb training in badminton / Impactos do treinamento de membros inferiores no badminton / Impactos del entrenamiento de miembros inferiores en el bádminton

ABSTRACT Introduction: Badminton is extremely popular among Chinese people, and the development of its training methods is constant. The study of improvement in the training of the lower limbs is the main focus to increase the physical fitness of its practitioners. Objective: Study the effects of a specific lower-limb training protocol on the physical fitness of badminton players. Methods: Twenty-four volunteers were selected from freshmen and sophomore badminton majors in a physical education college. The sample was randomly divided into control and experimental groups with no statistical differences. The control group continued to use the traditional fitness training method, while the experimental group reinforced their training with a lower limb strength protocol. The experiment lasted 6 weeks, consisting of one hour of training thrice a week. Indicators were collected before and after the experiment for statistical analysis. Results: The Illinois sensitivity index was optimized from 17.049 ± 0.9618 to 15.287 ± 0.8146 in the experimental group, with optimization of the blind step index from 4.607 ± 1.2072 to 10.631 ± 5. 3292.4. The 10m return index was optimized from 10.582 ± 0.6085 to 9.853 ± 0.4809, and the reaction action test index was optimized from 1.965 ± 0.1378 to 1.756 ± 0.1378 after the experiment. Conclusion: Increasing the proportion of lower limb training to traditional fitness training can improve athletes' fitness level and competitive level. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O badminton é bastante popular entre os chineses, e o desenvolvimento dos seus métodos de treinamento é constante. O estudo de aprimoramento no treinamento dos membros inferiores é o principal foco para incrementar a aptidão física de seus praticantes. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos de um protocolo de treinamento específico dos membros inferiores sobre a aptidão física em jogadores de badminton. Métodos: Foram selecionados 24 voluntários entre calouros e alunos do segundo ano de especialidade de badminton numa faculdade de educação física. A amostra foi aleatoriamente dividida em grupos controle e experimental, sem diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos. O grupo de controle continuou a utilizar o método tradicional de treinamento de aptidão física, enquanto o grupo experimental reforçou o treinamento com um protocolo de força para os membros inferiores. O experimento durou 6 semanas, consistindo em uma hora de treinamento, três vezes na semana. Os indicadores foram coletados antes e depois do experimento para análise estatística. Resultados: O índice de sensibilidade de Illinois foi otimizado de 17,049 ± 0,9618 para 15,287 ± 0,8146 no grupo experimental, com otimização do índice de passo cego de 4,607 ± 1,2072 para 10,631 ± 5. 3292,4. O índice de retorno de 10m foi otimizado de 10,582 ± 0,6085 para 9,853 ± 0,4809, o índice do teste de ação de reação foi otimizado de 1,965 ± 0,1378 para 1,756 ± 0,1378 após o experimento. Conclusão: Incrementar a proporção de treinamento dos membros inferiores ao treinamento de aptidão física tradicional pode melhorar o nível de aptidão física e o nível competitivo dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El bádminton es muy popular entre los chinos, y el desarrollo de sus métodos de entrenamiento es constante. El estudio de la mejora en el entrenamiento de los miembros inferiores es el principal objetivo para aumentar la forma física de sus practicantes. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento específico de los miembros inferiores sobre la forma física en jugadores de bádminton. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 24 voluntarios entre estudiantes de primer y segundo año de la especialidad de bádminton de una facultad de educación física. La muestra se dividió aleatoriamente en grupos de control y experimental, sin diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos. El grupo de control siguió utilizando el método tradicional de entrenamiento físico, mientras que el grupo experimental reforzó el entrenamiento con un protocolo de fuerza de las extremidades inferiores. El experimento duró 6 semanas y consistió en una hora de entrenamiento, tres veces por semana. Se recogieron indicadores antes y después del experimento para su análisis estadístico. Resultados: El índice de sensibilidad de Illinois se optimizó de 17,049 ± 0,9618 a 15,287 ± 0,8146 en el grupo experimental, con una optimización del índice de paso ciego de 4,607 ± 1,2072 a 10,631 ± 5. 3292,4. El índice de retorno de 10 m se optimizó de 10,582 ± 0,6085 a 9,853 ± 0,4809, el índice de prueba de acción de reacción se optimizó de 1,965 ± 0,1378 a 1,756 ± 0,1378 tras el experimento. Conclusión: Aumentar la proporción de entrenamiento de las extremidades inferiores con respecto al entrenamiento físico tradicional puede mejorar la forma física y el nivel competitivo de los deportistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Abdominal core training in table tennis players / Treinamento do centro abdominal em jogadores de tênis de mesa / Entrenamiento del núcleo abdominal en jugadores de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction The current teaching mode of table tennis in China is satisfactory, but there are still some problems that are the focus of physical education teachers, such as the low efficiency of sports training. Objective Study the effect of abdominal core training on table tennis teaching. Methods Volunteers trained in table tennis at a physical education college were divided into the experimental and control group. Before and after the beginning of the experiment, table tennis students' physical indices and overall physical scores were obtained under a parameterized protocol. Results The overall score of the experimental group resulted from 7.355 (± 1.827) to 9.072 (± 1.992) before training, and the mean difference was 1.2581 points (P < 0.05), indicating a significant difference. The control group score increased from 7.606 (± 1.937) to 7.989 (± 1.440) before training, and the mean difference was 0.1976, P > 0.05, indicating no significant difference. Conclusion Compared with the current way of teaching table tennis, the scheme proposed in this paper showed better sports efficiency and could help students to improve their physical quality and sports ability. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O atual modo de ensino do tênis de mesa na China é satisfatório, mas ainda existem alguns problemas que são o foco dos professores de educação física, como a baixa eficiência do treinamento esportivo. Objetivo Estudar o efeito do treinamento do centro abdominal no ensino do tênis de mesa. Métodos Voluntários formados em tênis de mesa em uma faculdade de educação física foram divididos em grupo experimental e de controle. Antes e depois do início da experiência, foram obtidos os índices físicos dos alunos de tênis de mesa e a pontuação física geral sob um protocolo parametrizado. Resultados A pontuação geral do grupo experimental resultou em 7,355 (± 1,827) para 9,072 (± 1,992) antes do treinamento, e a diferença média foi de 1,2581 pontos (P < 0,05), indicando uma diferença significativa. A pontuação do grupo de controle aumentou de 7,606 (± 1,937) para 7,989 (± 1,440) antes do treinamento, sendo a diferença média de 0,1976, P > 0,05, indicando que não houve diferença significativa. Conclusão Em comparação com o atual modo de ensino do tênis de mesa, o esquema proposto neste trabalho apresentou melhor eficiência esportiva podendo ajudar os estudantes a melhorar a sua qualidade física e habilidade esportiva. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El modo de enseñanza actual del tenis de mesa en China es satisfactorio, pero todavía hay algunos problemas que son el centro de atención de los profesores de educación física, como la baja eficiencia del entrenamiento deportivo. Objetivo Estudiar el efecto del entrenamiento del núcleo abdominal en la enseñanza del tenis de mesa. Métodos Los voluntarios entrenados en tenis de mesa en una escuela de educación física se dividieron en grupo experimental y grupo de control. Antes y después del inicio del experimento, se obtuvieron los índices físicos de los alumnos de tenis de mesa y la puntuación física global bajo un protocolo parametrizado. Resultados La puntuación global del grupo experimental pasó de 7,355 (± 1,827) a 9,072 (± 1,992) antes del entrenamiento, y la diferencia media fue de 1,2581 puntos (P < 0,05), lo que indica una diferencia significativa. La puntuación del grupo de control aumentó de 7,606 (± 1,937) a 7,989 (± 1,440) antes del entrenamiento, y la diferencia media fue de 0,1976, P > 0,05, lo que indica que no hubo diferencias significativas. Conclusión En comparación con la forma actual de enseñar el tenis de mesa, el esquema propuesto en este trabajo presentaba una mayor eficacia deportiva y podía ayudar a los alumnos a mejorar su calidad física y su capacidad deportiva. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.