Longitudinal genetic dynamics of weaning index and implications for cow-calf production efficiency.

In beef cattle, the selection for higher weights at young ages has been questioned with the argument that this criterion may increase the adult weight of cows, resulting in higher costs. Therefore, selection criteria should be employed to increase weights at young ages with minimal impact on the adult weight of cows. Additionally, the relationship between measures of cow production efficiency and other well-established selection criteria in breeding programs remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to longitudinally evaluate the relationship between the weaning index (WIndex) as a measure of efficiency and growth traits of the cows. Possible changes over time in WIndex due to selection applied for yearling weight (YW) were also investigated. The WIndex was proposed to maximize genetic response in the weaning weight of the calf while maintaining genetic gain in BW of the cow at zero. A random regression model was adopted to estimate correlations between WIndex, BW, hip height (HH), and body condition score (BCS) using records of Nelore cows from three lines. Genetic trends were calculated for the control line (NeC) and lines selected for greater YW (NeS and NeT). The age of 3 years was the most critical for the weaning efficiency of the cows. At this stage, young cows are still growing and wean lighter calves than their adult counterparts. The genetic correlation estimates between WIndex and BW (-0.58 to 0.04), HH (-0.05 to -0.34), and BCS (-0.51 to -0.17) were close to zero or negative. BW and HH were strongly correlated genetically across all ages (0.73-0.76). In general, HH exhibited a weak and negative genetic relationship with BCS. The genetic correlation between BW and BCS was stronger for advanced ages (0.45-0.68). In lines selected for YW, important increases in WIndex were observed. However, NeS has been selected since the 1980s until the present for YW, and thus, it showed a more pronounced trend of increasing BW and, consequently, a more modest trend of increasing WIndex compared to NeT. In contrast, WIndex exhibited a trend close to zero for NeC. In this context, monitoring HH and BCS can be useful to avoid losses in the weaning efficiency of cows. Furthermore, we suggest that one way to mitigate efficiency losses in calf production could involve stabilizing the BW of cows and increasing the weaning weight of calves using the WIndex.

Candidate genes for longitudinal traits under sequential sampling in beef cattle.

Both the measurement age of a longitudinal trait and the common pre-sampling procedures used in beef cattle herds may affect the identification of a functional candidate gene (FCG) that is potentially associated with a trait. To identify the FCG that takes part in the genetic control of body weight at five different ages in a beef cattle population with and without sequential sampling, the animals were weighed at different measurement events, around 330, 385, 440, 495 and 550 days old. Genetic parameters were estimated for body weight at each age using a single trait (STM) and a random regression model (RRM). In addition, two different databases were used to estimate the genetic parameters: the first (DB100) was formed by all animals that were weighed in the five measurement events, and the second (DB70) has records of the same population, considering that 70% of the heaviest animals were selected after each measurement event. For DB100, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed with 21,667 SNP markers to identify genomic windows that explained at least 1% of the genetic variance. Additionally, prioritization analyses were performed and FCGs were selected. We associated seven different FCGs with body weight at different ages. Among them, the gene DUSP10 was suggested as FCG in all five ages evaluated. Genetic parameters estimated for body weight using DB100 were similar when STM and RRM were applied. However, when DB70 was used as phenotypic data, there were differences between the two models. When the STM was applied, there were differences between the genetic parameters estimated for body weight when DB100 or DB70 were used as sources of phenotypes, but not for the estimates obtained with RRM. The importance of each gene for animal growth can change at different ages, and different genes may be more relevant to body weight at each different growth stage for beef cattle. Besides, sequential sampling can affect the GWAS results of a longitudinal trait. The age of the animal when a longitudinal trait is measured and pre-sampling can also contribute to inconsistencies in GWAS results for body weight in beef cattle, depending on the time when that data were collected, and consequently on the identification of FCG between studies, even when models that consider a covariance structure are used.

Genetics of tolerance to heat stress in milk yield of dairy buffaloes assessed by a reaction norm model.

The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of heat stress on the milk yield and investigate the presence of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) in Brazilian Murrah buffaloes reared under tropical conditions. With this, 58,070 test-day (TD) records for milk yield from 3,459 first lactations of buffaloes collected between 1987 and 2018 were evaluated. A mixed model considering days in milk (DIM) and temperature-humidity index (THI) was applied to quantify milk yield losses due to heat stress. The most detrimental effect of THI on TD milk yield was observed in the mid-stages of lactation, after lactation peak, in DIM 105-154 and 155-204 days (-0.020 and -0.015 kg/day per THI, respectively). The least-squares means of TD milk yield were used to identify a heat stress threshold using a piecewise linear regression model. A substantial reduction in TD milk yield due to heat stress was observed for THI values above 77.8 (-0.251 kg/day per increase of 1 THI unit). An analysis using a single-trait random regression animal model was carried out to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for TD milk yield over THI and DIM values. Increased additive genetic variance and heritability estimates were observed for extreme THI values (THI = 60 and 80) combined with mid-lactation stages. The lowest genetic correlation (0.50) was observed between TD records at opposite extremes of the THI scale (THI = 60 vs. THI = 80). The genetic trends observed for the regression coefficients related to the general level of production (0.02) and specific ability to respond to heat stress (-0.002) indicated that selection to increase milk yield did not affect the specific ability to respond to heat stress until the present moment. These trends reflect the low genetic correlation between these components (0.05 ± 0.14). In this sense, monitoring trends of genetic components related to response to heat stress is recommended.

Genetic parameters for milk yield and quality traits of Brazilian Holstein cows as a function of temperature and humidity index.

Measurements of milk yield (MY), somatic cell score (SCS), percentage of fat (FP), protein (PP), lactose (LP), casein (CP) and percentage of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), total saturated (SFA), unsaturated (UFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids in milk from 5,224 Holstein cows were evaluated as a function of a temperature and humidity index (THI). Legendre orthogonal polynomials from second to seventh order were tested. The best fit order for MY, PP and C18:0 was the third, whereas the second for all other traits. The heritability estimates decreased for MY (0.31 to 0.14), FP (0.28 to 0.16), LP (0.43 to 0.30), SCS (0.14 to 0.09), SFA (0.33 to 0.22) and C16:0 (0.31 to 0.26), whereas increased for CP (0.32 to 0.42), MUFA (0.08 to 0.13), UFA (0.07 to 0.11) and C18:1 (0.07 to 0.11) as the THI level increased. For PP, heritabilities (0.26 to 0.39) presented larger values in intermediate THI. For PUFA and C18:0, heritabilities were approximately constant (0.13 to 0.14 and 0.15, respectively). However, the greatest variations may have been the result of the limitations of Legendre polynomials at the extreme points of the curve, and the pattern of heritabilities curves was approximately constant for the evaluated traits. Spearman's rank correlations between breeding values in extreme THI levels were greater than 0.80 for all traits considering all animals, only cows and only bulls. When considering the top 1% and the top 50% animals (only cows, only bulls and all), Spearman correlations smaller than 0.70 were found, suggesting reranking of the animals. Although there was little variation in the variance components over THI, it is possible that there is no heat stress in the animals studied, because, on average, there was no great impact of the thermal load on the traits. One possible explanation is the use of herds with little climatic difference among herds, as well as the use of fans and sprinklers into the barns. However, the THI levels may be important factors in the selection process, as reranking of animals was verified.

Utilização dos polinômios de Legendre e da função de Wilmink em avaliações genéticas para persistência na lactação de animais da raça Holandesa / Use of Legendre polynomials and Wilmink function in genetic evaluations for persistency of lactation in Holstein cows

Os registros de produção de leite de 11.023 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Holandesa pertencentes a 251 rebanhos distribuídos no estado de Minas Gerais foram usados para comparar os polinômios de Legendre e a função Wilmink em modelos de regressão aleatória (MRA) quanto aos seus efeitos na estimação de parâmetros genéticos e predição de valores genéticos para nove medidas de persistência na lactação e produção de leite até 305 dias. Os modelos de regressão aleatória ajustados aos controles leiteiros entre o sexto e o 3050 dia de lactação incluíram o efeito de rebanho-ano-mês do controle, os parâmetros dos polinômios de Legendre de ordens 3 a 5 ou da função de Wilmink, para modelar as curvas fixas da regressão dentro das subclasses de idade-estação de parto da vaca e os parâmetros dos polinômios de Legendre de ordens 3 a 5, para modelar os efeitos aleatórios genético-aditivo e permanente de ambiente. Os testes do critério de informação de Akaike e Bayesiano indicaram o modelo com maior número de parâmetros como o que melhor se ajustou aos dados de produção de leite. Observaram-se grandes variações nas estimativas de herdabilidade para a maioria das medidas de persistência na lactação, com uso dos modelos que envolveram ajustes dos polinômios de Legendre. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,11 a 0,33 para produção de leite ao longo da lactação, de 0,33 a 0,36 para a produção de leite até 305 dias e de 0,00 a 0,32 para persistência na lactação. As correlações genéticas entre persistência e produção de leite até 305 dias diferiram com o modelo e a medida de persistência. A utilização da função de Wilmink, comparada aos polinômios de Legendre, proporcionou mudanças expressivas na ordem dos animais quando classificados para persistência na lactação.(AU)

Records of 11,023 first-parity Holstein cows belonging to 251 herds in the State of Minas Gerais were used to compare the Legendre polynomials and Wilmink function in random regression models (RRM) as for their effects in the estimate of genetic parameters and prediction of breeding values for nine types of persistency measurements and 305-day milk yield. The random regression test day models included the effect of herd-year-month test day, parameters of the function of Wilmink or 3th to 5th order Legendre polynomials to model fixed curves of the subclasses and 3th to 5th order Legendre polynomials to model genetic and permanent environmental effects. The Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) indicated the model with larger number of parameters as the one that best fitted the data of milk yield. Using the Legrendre polynomial model large variation was observed in the estimates heritabilities for most of the persistency measures. The estimates herdabilities varied from 0.11 to 0.33 to milk yield throughout the lactation, from 0.33 to 0.36 for the 305-day milk yield and, from 0.00 to 0.32 for persistency. Genetic correlations between persistency and 305-day milk yield differed according to the model and persistency measure. Compared the Legendre polynomials to the Wilmink function provided expressive changes in rank of animals for persistency of lactation.(AU)