Behavioural Development of Three Former Pet Chimpanzees a Decade after Arrival at the MONA Sanctuary.

Chimpanzees used as pets and in the entertainment industry endure detrimental living conditions from early infancy onwards. The preferred option for ending their existence as pet or circus chimpanzees is their rescue and transfer to a primate sanctuary that will provide them with optimal living and social conditions, so that they can thrive. In this case study, we had the rare opportunity to compare the activity budgets of three chimpanzees from their time as pets in 2004 to their time living at the MONA sanctuary in 2020, after almost a decade in the centre. We found their behaviour patterns changed in accordance with the sanctuaries' rehabilitation objectives. Resting periods increased considerably while vigilance simultaneously declined sharply. Moreover, the chimpanzees' social competence increased as allogrooming became the predominant social behaviour, and agonistic interactions diminished even though they were living within a larger social group at the sanctuary. All three chimpanzees expanded their allogrooming and proximity networks at the sanctuary, which included new group members, but they maintained the closest relationships to those conspecifics who they were rescued with. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the sanctuary environment and social group setting made it possible for these three chimpanzees to improve their social competence and increase their well-being over time.

"Live together, die alone": The effect of re-socialization on behavioural performance and social-affective brain-related proteins after a long-term chronic social isolation stress.

Loneliness affects group-living mammals triggering a cascade of stress-dependent physiological disorders. Indeed, social isolation stress is a major risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Furthermore, social isolation has a negative impact on health and fitness. However, the neurobiological consequences of long-term chronic social isolation stress (LTCSIS) manifested during the adulthood of affected individuals are not fully understood. Our study assessed the impact of LTCSIS and social buffering (re-socialization) on the behavioural performance and social-affective brain-related proteins in diurnal, social, and long-lived Octodon degus (degus). Thereby, anxiety-like and social behaviour, and social recognition memory were assessed in male and female animals subjected to a variety of stress-inducing treatments applied from post-natal and post-weaning until their adulthood. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship among LTCSIS, Oxytocin levels (OXT), and OXT-Ca2+-signalling proteins in the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex. Our findings suggest that LTCSIS induces anxiety like-behaviour and impairs social novelty preference whereas sociability is unaffected. On the other hand, re-socialization can revert both isolation-induced anxiety and social memory impairment. However, OXT and its signalling remained reduced in the abovementioned brain areas, suggesting that the observed changes in OXT-Ca2+ pathway proteins were permanent in male and female degus. Based on these findings, we conclude degus experience social stress differently, suggesting the existence of sex-related mechanisms to cope with specific adaptive challenges.

Rehabilitation and Re-socialization of Criminals in Iranian Criminal Law.

One of the concerns that always remain for the repentant criminal is the condition for his return to society. This concern may be so strong and effective that the criminal may seclude from the society due to the fear of its consequences and may return to crime. Therefore, paying attention to eliminating the social effect of the criminal conviction of criminals can return security to society and return the repentant criminals to normal life. So, all military and social institutions are effective in the re-socialization, in such a way that the re-socialization of criminals requires the provision of social platforms that starts with their own family and expands to society. The main concern of this research is how we can provide the favorable conditions for the re-socialization of repentant criminals that effectively realize the socialization goals. The Islamic Penal Code initiatives in 2013, despite the gaps in this regard, partly help to achieve such goals, but they are not enough. Therefore, the present article focused on the criminals' re-socialization and tried to raise the criminals' re-socialization both socially and criminally. The method was descriptive analytical. The result showed that the Islamic Penal Code, adopted in 2013 on the period of the subsequent effects, needs to be reformed, and the effective social institutions should be raised orderly in such a case.

Reconstrucción de experiencias y percepciones propias de jóvenes habitantes de calle / Reconstruction of experiences and self-perceptions of homeless young people / Reconstrução da experiência e percepções próprias dos jovens em situação de rua

Resumen (analítico): En este artículo describimos los resultados de la investigación realizada en la Casa de Acogida para jóvenes de Medellín, trabajo en el que buscamos dar cuenta de la autopercepción de los individuos jóvenes en situación de calle que están en una etapa de recuperación, en relación con la forma en que los perciben los otros. Para ello, implementamos una metodología de investigación de tipo cualitativa, orientada por un enfoque fenomenológico que permitiera la reconstrucción de sus experiencias. En el diseño metodológico mezclamos técnicas experienciales con la realización de grupos focales, lo que nos permitió el levantamiento de la información. Entre los hallazgos presentamos las reflexiones que las personas jóvenes realizan sobre su proceso de resocialización, la estigmatización y las iniciativas relacionadas con el cambio de vida.

Abstract (analytical): This article describes the results of research carried out in the Medellin Youth Reception House. The study explored the self-perception of homeless youth who are now in the recovery phase, in terms of how they are perceived by others. A methodology of qualitative investigation using a phenomenological approach was applied and facilitated the reconstruction of their experiences. The information was gathered using a mix of experiential techniques and focus groups. The results of the study include the subjects' reflections on their process of re-socialization, stigmatization and initiatives related to how they changed their lives form. change of life are among the findings in this study.

Resumo (analítico): Neste artigo se descrevem os resultados da pesquisa realizada no Abrigo para jovens de Medellín, que procurou explicar a auto-percepção dos jovens moradores de rua que estão em uma fase de recuperação, em relação à forma como eles são percebidos pelos outros, para o qual foi implementada uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa guiada por uma abordagem fenomenológica que permitiria a reconstrução das suas experiências. No desenho metodológico foram misturadas técnicas experienciais com a realização de grupos focais que permitiram o levantamento da informação. Entre os resultados são apresentadas as reflexões que os jovens fizeram sobre o seu processo de ressocialização, a estigmatização e as iniciativas relacionadas com a mudança de vida.

Significados da ressocialização para agentes penitenciárias em uma prisão feminina: entre o cuidado e o controle / Significados de la resocialización para las agentes penitenciarias en una cárcel femenina: entre el cuidado y el control / The meanings of re-socialization to correctional officers in a women's prison: between care and control

O presente estudo objetivou investigar a percepção de uma agente penitenciária acerca de suas atribuições, especialmente sobre o seu papel como co-participante em processos de ressocialização de mulheres privadas de liberdade. Através da Análise Crítica do Discurso de uma entrevista semiestruturada, identificou-se significados contraditórios atribuídos por esta agente ao processo de ressocialização. Ao explicitar as especificidades do seu dia-a-dia de trabalho, os sentidos da ressocialização e a responsabilidade frente ao processo ressocializador foram construídos discursivamente pela entrevistada. Tal responsabilidade foi por vezes entendida como inerente ao trabalho do agente penitenciário e em outras foi identificada como exclusivamente das mulheres encarceradas. Embora a partir de uma crítica incipiente, um terceiro aspecto foi apontado pela agente como determinante das possibilidades de ressocialização das presas: a questão social e o contexto socioeconômico de onde as mulheres são provenientes. Embora tal crítica não tenha sido aprofundada no discurso da participante, entendemos que o fracasso ou as dificuldades inerentes ao processo ressocializador deva também ser creditado a uma estrutura social que obstaculiza as possibilidades reais de reinserção social. Portanto, ressocializar seria simultaneamente o resultado de esforços pessoais (das presas e das agentes) e de uma configuração social mais justa e igualitária.

El presente estudio objetivó investigar la percepción de una agente penitenciaria acerca de sus atribuciones, especialmente sobre su papel como coparticipé en procesos de resocialización de mujeres privadas de libertad. A través de la Análisis Critica del Discurso de una entrevista semiestructurada, se identifican significados contradictorios atribuidos por esta agente al proceso de resocialización. Al explicitar las particularidades de su día a día de trabajo, los sentidos de la resocialización y la responsabilidad fue por veces entendida como inherente al trabajo del agente penitenciario, en otras fue identificada como exclusivamente de las mujeres encarceladas. Mismo a partir de una critica incipiente, un tercer aspecto fue apuntado por la agente como determinante de las posibilidades de resocialización de las presas: la cuestión social y el contexto socioeconómico de donde las mujeres son provenientes. Mismo que tal critica no haya sido profundizado en el discurso de la participante, entendemos que el fracaso o las dificultades inherentes al proceso resocializador deba también ser acreditado a una estructura social que obstaculiza las posibilidades reales de reinserción social. Por lo tanto, resocializar seria simultáneamente el resultado de esfuerzos personales (de las presas y de las agentes) y de una configuración social mas justa e igualitaria.

The present study aimed at investigating a correctional officer's perception of her duties, specially with regard to her role as co-participant in the processes of re-socialisation of women inmates. Through the Critical Discourse Analysis of a semi-structured interview, one identified contradictory meanings attributed to this officer, regarding the process of re-socialisation. By clarifying the details of her daily routine, the meanings of re-socialisation and the responsibility towards the re-socialising process were being built by the interviewee during her discourse. Such responsibility was at times understood as inherent to the job of an officer, at other was identified as being exclusively the prisoners. Despite being made with a simplistic remark, a third aspect was considered by the officer as determinant of the possibilities of the female' re-socialisation: the social issue and the economic context from where these women come. Although this criticism had not been fully developed, one understands that the failure or the difficulties inherent to the re-socialising process should also be credited to a social structure which hinders the real possibilities of social re-integration. Therefore, re-socialising would be simultaneously the result of personal effort (both the inmates' and the officers') and of a fairer and more equal social arrangement.

Narrativas acerca de las relaciones familiares en mujeres en situación de reclusión carcelaria / Narratives about family relationships among women that are imprisoned / Narrativas sobre as relações familiares em mulheres em situação de confinamento carcerário

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la percepción que un grupo de mujeres internas en el Centro de Reclusión Femenino, próximas a ser liberadas, tenía acerca de la dinámica relacional de su familia de origen y la familia de elección. Entrevistamos a diez mujeres en forma individual. Encontramos que provienen de familias en las que existe una figura de autoridad dominante que suele ser la madre, y una figura paterna que es periférica o nula; es frecuente la violencia familiar y el abuso. La reclusión carcelaria acentúa la crisis familiar debido a que se trata de familias con escasos recursos económicos. La reclusión es un fenómeno que trasciende el ámbito familiar y carcelario, para plantearse como un asunto de interés para las políticas sociales de apoyo a la población carcelaria.

This research aims to characterize the perceptions among a group of female residents at a Female Detention Center that were close to being released regarding the dynamics of the relationships among their birth families and the families that later constructed. Ten women were individually interviewed. It was found that they come from families where the dominant authority figure is usually the mother while the father figure is peripheral or absent. There are often incidents of domestic violence and abuse within these families. The time in jail heightens the family crisis due to fact that these are families with low incomes. Imprisonment is a phenomenon that transcends the family and prison environments and should be considered an area of interest for social policies that support the imprisoned population.

Esta pesquisa objetivou caracterizar a percepção que um grupo de mulheres presas no Centro Feminino de Reclusão, e próximas de serem liberadas, tinha sobre a dinâmica de relação de sua família de origem e a família escolhida. Foram entrevistadas dez mulheres individualmente. Os resultados mostraram que elas vêm de famílias nas quais há uma figura de autoridade dominante, que normalmente é a mãe, e uma figura paterna, que é periférica ou nula; é frequente a violência familiar e o abuso. O encarceramento acentua a crise familiar já que se tratam de famílias com escassos recursos econômicos. A prisão é um fenômeno que transcende o âmbito familiar e carcerário e deve ser considerada como um assunto de interesse para as políticas sociais de apoio à população prisional.

The effect of push factors in the leisure sports participation of the retired elderly on re-socialization recovery resilience.

This study aimed to provide useful materials for the realization of healthy and happy welfare society through the re-socialization of the retired elderly by identifying the effect of the push factors in the leisure sports participation of the retired elderly on re-socialization and recovery resilience. To achieve the study purpose, 304 subjects over the age of 55 residing in Seoul and Gyeonggin among the retired elderly were selected by using the method of systematic stratified cluster random sampling. As research methods, questionnaire papers were used. The data were collected and data which were judged to be incomplete or unreliable in responses were excluded from the analysis. After inputting data which are available to analysis and SPSS 18.0 program was used for statistical techniques. In this, data were processed by factor analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The study results that were obtained from this analysis are as follows: First, the psychological stability among the push factors in the leisure sports participation of the elderly had a significant effect on re-socialization, while health pursuit had a significant effect on personal exchange and economic activity among the sub-factors of re-socialization. Second, psychological stability among the push factors in the leisure sports participation of the retired elderly had a significant effect on recovery resilience; personal relationships had an effect on empathy skills, impulse control, and self-efficacy; and health pursuit had a significant effect on impulse control, optimism, and self-efficacy.

Long-Term Evaluation of Abnormal Behavior in Adult Ex-laboratory Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Following Re-socialization.

Adverse rearing conditions are considered a major factor in the development of abnormal behavior. We investigated the overall levels, the prevalence and the diversity of abnormal behavior of 18 adult former laboratory chimpanzees, who spent about 20 years single caged, over a two-year period following re-socialization. According to the onset of deprivation, the individuals were classified as early deprived (EDs, mean: 1.2 years) or late deprived (LDs, mean: 3.6 years). The results are based on 187.5 hours of scan sampling distributed over three sample periods: subsequent to re-socialization and during the first and second year of group-living. While the overall levels and the diversity of abnormal behavior remained stable over time in this study population, the amplifying effects of age at onset of deprivation became apparent as the overall levels of abnormal behavior of EDs were far above those of LDs in the first and second year of group-living, but not immediately after re-socialization. The most prevalent abnormal behaviors, including eating disorders and self-directed behaviors, however, varied in their occurrence within subjects across the periods. Most important, the significance of social companionship became obvious as the most severe forms of abnormal behavior, such as dissociative and self-injurious behaviors declined.

O conceito de esquema conceptual referencial operativo ecro e o processo de ressocialização de apenados: um estudo etnográfico-hermenêutico / The conceptual referential operative schema - CROS-concept and the process of rehabilitation of prisoners: an ethnographic-hermeneutical study

O aumento da violência vem contribuindo para a superlotação dos estabelecimentos prisionais. O fenômeno tem se caracterizado, sobretudo, pelo aumento da periculosidade dos encarcerados e a consequente complexificação das ações preventivas e de reabilitação do comportamento criminoso. O presente artigo é resultado de um esforço para elaborar um esquema conceptual referencial operativo – ECRO, de um grupo constituído por 25 apenados de um Centro de Ressocialização. Realizado através de uma abordagem qualitativa e sob a forma de pesquisa-ação, o trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir da ideia de grupo operativo de Pichón-Riviere (1977), da noção de aprendizagem significativa de Ausubel (1980) e da concepção de comportamento desviante de Winnicott (1999), entre outros.

The increasing violence has contributed to the overcrowding of prisons. This phenomenon has been characterized mainly by the increase in the dangerousness of prisoners and the consequent complexity of preventive and rehabilitation actions related to criminal behavior. This article is the result of an effort to developing a conceptual referential operating schema – CROS – to a group consisting of 25 prisoners at the Center for Re-socialization. Accomplished through a qualitative approach in the form of research - action, this work was developed through an approach based on the idea of operative group of Pichon-Riviere (1977), the concept of meaningful learning of Ausubel (1980) and conception of deviant behavior of Winnicott (1999), among others.