Self-Concordance Theory and the Goal-Striving Reasons Framework and Their Distinct Relationships With Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being.

Self-concordance theory and the goal-striving reasons framework both measure the quality of people's reasons for their goal pursuits. Both have provided substantial evidence for their predictive power for people's well-being. However, it remains unclear which of the two goal-reason models is the better predictor for different forms of well-being. The paper analyses the distinct relationships of the two models in relation to hedonic well-being (Subjective Well-Being, Life Satisfaction, Affect Balance) and indicators of eudaimonic well-being (Basic Need Satisfaction, Purpose and Self-Acceptance). The findings are based on a cross-sectional, correlative research design based (N = 124). Using multiple regression analyses the results show that the goal-striving reasons framework is overall more strongly associated with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. However, the differences for hedonic well-being as well as for self-acceptance and purpose are much larger than they are for the three basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Here, self-concordance achieves nearly similar correlations to the goal-striving reasons framework. The findings have implications for theory and practice as they highlight the theoretical differences between the two goal-reasons models but also help to decide which Positive Psychology Interventions are most suitable to increase which form of well-being.

Reasons for disposal and cull cow value of Holstein cows compared with Holstein, Jersey, Montbeliarde, Normande, and Viking Red crossbred cows.

Cull cows from dairy farms in the United States account for 10% of the beef market; however, few studies have evaluated the effects of crossbreeding on reasons for disposal and cull value of dairy cows. The objective of the study was to compare reasons for disposal and cull cow value of Holstein and crossbred cows (n = 1,292) in an experimental dairy herd at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, Minnesota. Cows were Holstein (n = 272), 1964 genetic control Holstein (n = 161), 3-breed crossbred cows (n = 538) composed of the Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein (MVH) breeds, and 3-breed crossbred cows (n = 321) composed of the Normande, Jersey, and Viking Red (NJV) breeds. The 1964 genetic control Holsteins cows originated from a design initiated at the University of Minnesota for comparison of the1964 Holstein and contemporary Holstein cows selected for production across time. Records spanned from January 2010 to December 2023. Reasons for disposal were recorded in PCDart Herd Management Software, and cull value and body weight were from receipts from livestock cull markets. For all cows, the primary reason for disposal was for reproduction (44.4%), mastitis (18%), other reasons (14.6%), died (10.3%), dairy purposes (8.4%), and low production (4.3%). Independent variables for statistical analysis of cull value were the fixed effects of body weight at time of culling, DIM at culling (0 to 49 DIM, 50 to 99 DIM, 100 to 149 DIM, 150 to 199 DIM, 200 to 249 DIM, 250 to 299 DIM, 300 to 350 DIM, and 350+ DIM), year (2010 to 2023), season (spring, summer, autumn, winter), parity (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+), primary reason for culling, breed group and sire breed group nested within breed group. Least squares means for bodyweight at culling was 558 kg for Holsteins, 543 kg for 1964 Holsteins, 551 kg for MVH crossbred cow, and 499 kg for NJV crossbred cows. For the analysis across time, 2014 had the highest cull value ($1,126.98) and 2020 had the lowest gross cull value ($515.21). Cows culled greater than 300 DIM had the highest cull value and cows culled less than 50 DIM had the lowest cull value. Cows culled during the spring and summer had higher cull value compared with cows culled during the autumn and winter. The Holstein cows ($730.04) had lower gross value compared with 1964 Holsteins ($804.38) cows and MVH ($767.39) cows. The NJV ($771.39) cows were not different from crossbreds sired by Montbeliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein bulls. Results for comparisons of breed group are from one experimental herd, so inferences to the wider dairy cow population should be undertaken with caution. In summary, dairy producers may receive greater cull value from crossbred cows compared with Holstein cows.

Health status and visit reasons for children attending the Pediatric Dentistry department in damascus university, damascus, Syria: A retrospective study.

Objectives: This study aimed to discuss the health status and treatment requirements of children visiting the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the Faculty of Dentistry. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study included the records of patients attending the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, from November 29, 2021, to December 14, 2023. Results: The study reviewed 2417 patient records, excluding 312. The majority of patients were primary school children aged 6 - <12, primarily from Rif-Dimashq governorate. About 18 % displayed negative behavior during examinations, and 8 % had special health care needs. The most frequent type of disability was medical disabilities, followed by neurological disorders, with percentages of 40.2 % and 28.9 %, respectively. Dental caries were the primary reason for visits, with a mean of 3.94 ± 3.13. A negative association was found between the number of decayed teeth and the following: age classification, visit year, and Salviov-Tinawi scale. The percentage of males who came for cosmetic problems was higher than females at 57.2 % and 42.8 %, respectively. Conclusions: The Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, is a public dental clinic that is visited by patients from all governorates, providing free specialized treatments. Clinical relevance: Unmet dental needs are a significant issue for both healthy children and those with special health care needs. The Department of Pediatric Dentistry serves as a research and educational center, offering comprehensive dental treatments to children from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, understanding the dental needs of children is crucial for providing effective support.

Characterizing zero-dose and under-vaccinated children among refugees and internally displaced persons in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

BACKGROUND: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has one of the highest numbers of un and under-vaccinated children as well as number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world. This study aims to determine and compare the proportion and characteristics of zero-dose (ZD) and under-vaccinated (UV) children among refugees and IDPs in the DRC, as well as the reasons for incomplete vaccination schedules. METHODS: Data from a rolling vaccination coverage survey conducted from September 10, 2022, to July 03, 2023, among refugees and IDPs in 12 provinces of the DRC. ZD was defined as a child aged 12-23 months who had not received any dose of pentavalent vaccine DTP-Hib-Hep B (by card or recall) and UV as a child who had not received the third dose of pentavalent vaccine. The proportions of non and under-vaccination and the associated factors using a logistic regression model are presented for ZD and UV children. The reasons for non-vaccination of these children are described using the WHO-Immunization behavioral and social-drivers-conceptual framework and compared using Pearson's Chi2 test. RESULTS: Of 692 children aged 12 to 23 months included in the analysis, 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2-11.7%) were ZD and 40.9% (95% CI: 95%: 37.2-44.6%) UV. The Penta1/Penta3 drop-out rate was 34.9%. After adjustment, ZD children had a significant history of home or road birth. And UV children were significantly associated with mothers/caregivers being under 40, uneducated, farmers, ranchers, employed, rural residents, as well as with home or road births. Reasons linked to people's perceptions and feelings were cited much more often for ZD (50.0%) than for UV (38.3%). Those related to social reasons were cited much more often by ZD (40.6%) than by UV (35.7%). Reasons related to "programmatic and practical issues" were cited less for ZD (90.5%) than for UV (97.1%). CONCLUSIONS: ZD and UV children represent significant proportions in refugee and IDPs sites in the DRC. However, the proportion of ZD is less than for the entire country, while the proportion of UV is comparable, reflected in a very high drop-out rate. Similarly to studies in the general population in DRC, the reasons for ZD children were mainly linked to challenges in caregiver motivation to vaccinate, while for UV children, they were more often linked to pro-grammatic and practical problems of the health system.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has one of the highest numbers of un and under-vaccinated children as well as number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world. This study aims to determine and compare the proportion and characteristics of zero-dose (ZD) and under-vaccinated (UV) children among refugees and IDPs in the DRC, as well as the reasons for incomplete vaccination schedules. Data from a rolling vaccination coverage survey conducted from September 10, 2022, to July 03, 2023, among refugees and IDPs in 12 provinces of the DRC. ZD was defined as a child aged 12­23 months who had not received any dose of pentavalent vaccine DTP-Hib-Hep B (by card or recall) and UV as a child who had not received the third dose of pentavalent vaccine. The proportions of non and under-vaccination, the associated factors and reasons for non-vaccination are presented for ZD and UV children. Of 692 children aged 12 to 23 months included in the analysis, 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2­11.7%) were ZD and 40.9% (95% CI: 95%: 37.2­44.6%) UV. The Penta1/Penta3 drop-out rate was 34.9%. After adjustment, ZD children had a significant history of home or road birth. And UV children were significantly associated with mothers/caregivers being under 40, uneducated, farmers, ranchers, employed, rural residents, as well as with home or road births. Reasons linked to people's perceptions and feelings were cited much more often for ZD (50.0%) than for UV (38.3%). Those related to social reasons were cited much more often by ZD (40.6%) than by UV (35.7%). Reasons related to "programmatic and practical issues" were cited less for ZD (90.5%) than for UV (97.1%). ZD and UV children represent significant proportions in refugee and IDPs sites in the DRC. However, the proportion of ZD is less than for the entire country, while the proportion of UV is comparable, reflected in a very high drop-out rate. Similarly to studies in the general population in DRC, the reasons for ZD children were mainly linked to challenges in caregiver motivation to vaccinate, while for UV children, they were more often linked to pro-grammatic and practical problems of the health system.

An Analysis of Referrals Done by Primary Care Centers to Tertiary Care Institutions.

Background and aim Primary care is an important element for every healthcare system around the world. Providing and optimizing the connection between the primary care centers and advanced clinical centers is a key concept for a well-functioning healthcare system. Our aim in this study was to analyze and review the referral data of primary care centers located in Ankara, Türkiye. Materials and methods We collected the entire referral data from the primary care centers, totaling 8,746 patients between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2023 by using emergency medical services (EMS) transfer in Ankara. Demographic data, call reasons, transfer centers and transfer-related characteristics of the patients were recorded retrospectively, grouped by year, using EMS data. Results Our findings have shown that most of the referrals were made for Turkish citizens with 8,360 (95.6%) (p<0.001). Healthcare centers located in inner city had the most referrals made with 7,087 (81.0%) (p<0.001). Majority of the referrals were made by physicians in family healthcare centers with 6,583 (75.3%) (p<0.001) with chest pain being the most common diagnosis for referral initiation with 1,429 (16.3%) (p<0.001). This was followed by trauma, with 1,172 (13.4%) (p<0.001). Most common cause for trauma was falls with 613 (52.3%) (p<0.001). Conclusion Our data revealed important elements of local referral patterns. According to our data, majority of the referrals were made by inner city healthcare facilities. Family healthcare centers formed most of the referral requests. For this reason, strengthening these centers is important to prevent unnecessary resource use and delays.

Understanding the Reasons for Receiving HPV Vaccination among Eligible Adults in Italy.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional survey aimed to explore the reasons for receiving the HPV vaccination among eligible adults in Italy. METHODS: The survey was conducted from July 2023 to April 2024 in Naples, Southern Italy. RESULTS: A total of 282 questionnaires were collected. The majority of the respondents (73.2%) was aware that HPV vaccination was recommended and this was more likely among women, healthcare workers (HCWs) or students in health sciences, and those who had acquired information from physicians. The most frequently cited reasons for vaccinating were self-protection from the infection (77.6%) and from cervical/oral/penile/anal cancer (68.9%), knowing that the vaccination was free of charge (46.2%), awareness of the severity of the HPV disease (43%), to protect their partner (42.6%), and perception of being at risk (24.2%). Being HCWs or students in health sciences, believing that HPV infection could cause a serious disease, and having a higher number of oral intercourse experiences in the last year were significant predictors of the perception of being at risk. Female and Italian respondents were more likely to receive the HPV vaccination because it was effective in preventing cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted educational programs and health interventions should be developed to ensure enhancing knowledge and fostering positive attitudes toward the HPV vaccination.

Unraveling retraction dynamics in COVID-19 research: Patterns, reasons, and implications.

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, while the world sought solutions, few scholars exploited the situation for personal gains through deceptive studies and manipulated data. This paper presents the extent of 400 retracted COVID-19 papers listed by the RetractionWatch database until the month of February 2024. The primary purpose of the research was to analyze journal quality and retractions trends. Evaluating the journal's quality is vital for stakeholders, as it enables them to effectively address and prevent such incidents and their future repercussions. The present study found that one-fourth of publications were retracted within the first month of their publication, followed by an additional 6% within six months of publication. One third of the retractions originated from Q1 journals, with another significant portion coming from Q2 (29.8%). An analysis of the reasons for retractions indicates that a quarter of retractions were attributed to multiple causes, predominantly associated with publications in Q2 journals, while another quarter were linked to data issues, primarily observed in Q1 publications. Elsevier retracted 31% of papers, with the majority published as Q1, followed by Springer (11.5%), predominantly as Q2. The study also examined author contributions, revealing that 69.3% were male, with females (30.7%) mainly holding middle author positions.

Assessing the Vaccination Status and Barriers to Influenza, Pneumococcal, and COVID-19 Vaccination Among Moroccan Patients With Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vaccination coverage of patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease (CIRD) against influenza, pneumococcus, and COVID-19 and to determine, per the patients' point of view, the possible factors related to vaccination hesitation and/or refusal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out by the vaccination working group of the Moroccan Society of Rheumatology, including patients with CIRD in Morocco. Information about vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination against influenza, pneumococcal infection, and COVID-19 was collected. RESULTS: This survey included 230 patients (mean age of 46.9 +/-13.89 years; 68.7% females) affected by CIRD (rheumatoid arthritis 53%, spondyloarthritis 39.6%, psoriatic arthritis 7%). The study shows a significant lack of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in CIRD patients, with vaccination coverage against influenza, pneumococcal infection, and COVID-19 at 2.2%, 0.4%, and 80.9%, respectively. The main reason for non-vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus was related to the absence of recommendations by their doctors (77%, 87%, p = 0.04). Additionally, the primary reason for non-vaccination against COVID-19 was the fear of the vaccine's side effects (51%, p = 0.0001), mainly a flare-up of CIRD (44%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: This survey shows a lack of influenza, pneumococcal, and COVID-19 vaccination in CIRD patients. The principal actions to improve vaccination should aim to educate patients and encourage rheumatologists to vaccinate their patients.

Morbidity profile and pharmaceutical management of adult outpatients between primary and tertiary care levels in Sri Lanka: a dual-centre, comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Outpatient care is central to both primary and tertiary levels in a health system. However, evidence is limited on outpatient differences between these levels, especially in South Asia. This study aimed to describe and compare the morbidity profile (presenting morbidities, comorbidities, multimorbidity) and pharmaceutical management (patterns, indicators) of adult outpatients between a primary and tertiary care outpatient department (OPD) in Sri Lanka. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted by recruiting 737 adult outpatients visiting a primary care and a tertiary care facility in the Kandy district. A self-administered questionnaire and a data sheet were used to collect outpatient and prescription data. Following standard categorisations, Chi-square tests and Mann‒Whitney U tests were employed for comparisons. RESULTS: Outpatient cohorts were predominated by females and middle-aged individuals. The median duration of presenting symptoms was higher in tertiary care OPD (10 days, interquartile range: 57) than in primary care (3 days, interquartile range: 12). The most common systemic complaint in primary care OPD was respiratory symptoms (32.4%), whereas it was dermatological symptoms (30.2%) in tertiary care. The self-reported prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was 37.9% (95% CI: 33.2-42.8) in tertiary care OPD and 33.2% (95% CI: 28.5-38.3) in primary care; individual disease differences were significant only for diabetes (19.7% vs. 12.8%). The multimorbidity in tertiary care OPD was 19.0% (95% CI: 15.3-23.1), while it was 15.9% (95% CI: 12.4-20.0) in primary care. Medicines per encounter at primary care OPD (3.86, 95% CI: 3.73-3.99) was higher than that at tertiary care (3.47, 95% CI: 3.31-3.63). Medicines per encounter were highest for constitutional and respiratory symptoms in both settings. Overall prescribing of corticosteroids (62.7%), vitamin supplements (45.8%), anti-allergic (55.3%) and anti-asthmatic (31.3%) drugs was higher in the primary care OPD, and the two former drugs did not match the morbidity profile. The proportion of antibiotics prescribed did not differ significantly between OPDs. Subgroup analyses of drug categories by morbidity largely followed these overall differences. CONCLUSIONS: The morbidities between primary and tertiary care OPDs differed in duration and type but not in terms of multimorbidity or most comorbidities. Pharmaceutical management also varied in terms of medicines per encounter and prescribed categories. This evidence supports planning in healthcare and provides directions for future research in primary care.

Suicide Ideation and Self-Harm Behaviors in First-Year Dormitory Students at a Public Midwestern University: A Pilot Study.

Purpose: Currently, 1 in 5 college students struggle with suicidal ideation while 7% to 44% engage in nonsuicidal self-injury. Illinois has one of the highest teenage and college student suicide rates in the United States. This pilot study assessed suicide ideation and self-harm behaviors at a public Illinois university. This is the first study to use 5 standardized psychological instruments to investigate these 2 crises in freshmen college students who are all required to reside in dormitories. The main hypothesis was to determine if the independent effects of freshmen students' depression, Five-Factor Model, and Reasons for Living affected the dependent variables, self-harm behaviors and suicide ideation. Methods: Forty first-year college dormitory students completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Scale of Suicidal Ideation, Five-Factor Model, Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, and Reasons for Living Scale in person. Results: Participants were 18 to 19 years old, predominantly female (65%), and non-White (62%). Forty percent reported self-harm behaviors and 19% reported suicidal ideation. The top reasons for contemplated suicide attempts included the inability to solve problems (33%) and attention/revenge (28%). Students experienced high levels of anxiety (55%), self-consciousness (43%), and depression (18%). Depression was associated with suicide ideation (ß = 0.05, P = .006), while neuroticism and openness were associated with self-harm behaviors (aOR = 3.36, P = .02, aOR = 0.48, P = .047, respectively). Ninety-five percent reported "responsibility to family" as a Reason for Living. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence necessitates an examination of self-harm and suicide ideation among all freshmen, investigating both risk and protective factors. In the future, a prevention intervention should be implemented campus-wide (and eventually nationwide) for all first-year dormitory students to enhance their mental well-being.

Factors leading to lapses in professional behaviour of Gynae residents in Pakistan: a study reflecting through the lenses of patients and family, consultants and residents.

INTRODUCTION: Professional behaviour is the first manifestation of professionalism. In teaching hospitals, the residents can be considered vulnerable to lapses in professional behaviour when they fail to meet the set standards of professionalism. Residents of some specialties are more at risk of lapses in professional behaviour due to the demanding nature of work. Research focusing on the behaviour of residents in the field of Gynae and the underlying factors contributing to such behaviour is notably lacking in the literature. Additionally, there is a gap in understanding the perspectives of patients from Pakistan on this matter, as it remains unexplored thus far, which constitutes the central focus of this study. An increase in complaints lodged against Gynae resident's professional behaviour in Pakistan Citizen Portal (PCP) was observed. Therefore, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted to investigate the factors and rationales contributing to the lapses in resident's professional behaviour. The study collected the viewpoints of three stakeholder groups: patients and their families, consultants and residents. The study was conducted in three phases. First, the document analysis of written complaints was conducted, followed by face-to-face interviews (11 per group) conducted by trained researchers from an independent 3rd party. Finally, the interview data was transcribed, coded and analysed. In total 15 themes were identified from the interviews with 3 stakeholders, which were then categorized and resulted in 6 overlapping themes. The most prevalent lapse reported by all 3 stakeholders was poor verbal behaviour of residents. CONCLUSION: The highly ranked factors contributing to triggering the situation were associated with workplace challenges, well-being of residents, limited resources, patients and family characteristics, patients' expectations, lack of administrative and paramedic support, cultural factors and challenges specific to Gynae specialty. Another intriguing and emerging theme was related to the characteristics of patients and attendants which helped in understanding the causes and implications of conflicting environments. The value of competency also emphasized that can be accomplished by training and mentoring systems. The thorough examination of these factors by key stakeholders aided in accurately analysing the issue, its causes, and possible solutions. The study's findings will assist higher authorities in implementing corrective actions and offering evidence-based guidance to policymakers to improve healthcare system.

Cannabis use motives and associations with personal and work characteristics among Canadian workers: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Research on cannabis use motives has focused on youth. Little is known about motives among working adults, including how work may play a role. This study aimed to describe cannabis use motives and their connection to work, and identify the personal and work correlates of work-related motives among a sample of workers. METHODS: A national, cross-sectional sample of Canadian workers were queried about their cannabis use. Workers reporting past-year cannabis use (n = 589) were asked their motives for using cannabis and whether each motive was related to work or helped them manage at work (i.e., work-related). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the associations of personal and work characteristics with work-related cannabis use motives (no work-related motives, < 50% of motives work-related, ≥ 50% of motives work-related). RESULTS: Use for relaxation (59.3%), enjoyment (47.2%), social reasons (35.3%), coping (35.1%), medical reasons (30.9%), and sleep (29.9%) were the most common motives. Almost 40% of respondents reported one or more of their cannabis use motives were work-related, with coping (19.9%) and relaxation (16.3%) most commonly reported as work-related. Younger age, poorer general health, greater job stress, having a supervisory role, and hazardous work were associated with increased odds of reporting at least some cannabis use motives to be work-related, while work schedule and greater frequency of alcohol use were associated with reduced odds of motives being primarily work-related. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis use motives among workers are diverse and frequently associated with work. Greater attention to the role of work in motivating cannabis use is warranted.

Reasons for continued usage of ENDS: Differences by device and liquid characteristics among US adults.

INTRODUCTION: Motivations for using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) include quitting or reducing cigarette smoking, flavor, and addiction. This study examines whether the primary reason for continued ENDS usage changes over time, and its association with device and liquid characteristics. METHODS: Data are from a longitudinal cohort study and include 526 US adults (≥21 years) using ENDS frequently (≥5 days/week) as self-reported, and uploaded photos of their most used ENDS devices and liquids and self-reported primary reason for continued ENDS usage in wave 2 (December 2020-April 2021) and wave 5 (February-April 2023). Device-liquid grouping was defined by device (disposable/disposable pod/refillable pod/tank, adjustable/no adjustable settings) and liquid (salt/freebase) characteristics. A device was classified as having adjustable settings if it allowed users to modify the power, coil, or airflow. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regressions and McNemar tests. RESULTS: From wave 2 to 5, the primary reason for continued ENDS usage significantly changed, with more participants reporting addiction (29.2% vs 34.6%, p<0.001); and significantly more participants used disposable devices (salt, no adjustable settings) (7.9% vs 25.2%, p<0.001). Compared to those using tanks (freebase, adjustable settings), participants using devices with nicotine salt liquids were more likely to report addiction (AOR>2; 95% CI: 1.12-8.19); and participants using disposable devices (salt, no adjustable settings) were less likely to report quitting/reducing smoking as the primary ENDS use reason after controlling for smoking status and sociodemographic characteristics (AOR<0.6; 95% CI: 0.14-0.995). CONCLUSIONS: Over a 2.5-year period, the proportion of participants continuing to use ENDS at least 5 days/week because of addiction grew, and participants' motivations varied by device-liquid grouping. Restrictions on nicotine salts may disproportionately impact those using ENDS because of addiction; and regulations targeting tanks with freebase liquids may disproportionately impact those using ENDS for smoking cessation/reduction.

Prevalence and correlates of daily-level reasons not to drink among young adults who use alcohol.

BACKGROUND: This study examined reasons not to drink in young adults in relation to demographics, alcohol use patterns, timing (weekend vs. weekday), and typical drinking motives. METHODS: Young adults who reported past 30-day alcohol use and at least one nondrinking day (n = 614; mean age = 21.5 years ±0.53) completed a survey of alcohol-related measures (e.g., typical drinking motives) and up to 14 daily surveys that included 12 reasons not to drink assessed on nondrinking days. Multilevel logistic regressions were estimated for each reason not to drink and related covariates. RESULTS: The most common reasons not to drink on a given day were "wasn't interested in drinking" (83.4% of nondrinking days) and "didn't want to get drunk" (81.8% of nondrinking days), with over 96% of participants endorsing each of these at least once. On days (11.6%; by 29.5% of participants) when another drug was used instead of alcohol, 81.8% used cannabis. Sex, race/ethnicity, weekend (vs. weekday), and drinking motives were differentially linked to reasons not to drink. Reporting high-intensity drinking (i.e., ≥10 drinking on a day) versus binge (5-9 drinks on a day) in the past 2 weeks was linked to "had a hangover recently" (odds ratio = 2.85) as a reason not to drink. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that reasons not to drink reflect personal decisions and highlight ways to acknowledge situational barriers (e.g., saving money for food and essentials) that can be emphasized in brief interventions. Furthermore, reasons not to drink and alcohol motives may work in tandem within the motivational model to impact alcohol use behaviors.

Vaping cessation support recommendations from adolescents who vape: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Youth vaping is a serious public health concern, being more prevalent than any other tobacco use. To inform cessation interventions, we explored what adolescents perceive as their reasons for quitting and strategies to help them quit. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 11 adolescents reporting vaping in the past 90 days and recruited from a high school in Massachusetts. Interviews were transcribed and dual-coded. Inductive thematic analysis was employed, and thematic summaries were prepared. RESULTS: Reasons adolescents reported for quitting included cost, experiencing "nic-sick" from nicotine withdrawal or excess intake, negative impacts on mood, concentration, or health, and experiencing symptoms of nicotine dependence. Nearly all tried to quit multiple times. Barriers to quitting included exposure to vaping, access to vape products, stress, and "cool" new products or flavors. Quit strategies included avoiding others vaping, seeking social support to quit, addressing peer pressure to continue vaping, learning successful quit strategies from peers, and using distraction strategies or alternatives to vaping. CONCLUSION: Many adolescents who vape want to quit, and most have tried multiple times. Interventions need to engage adolescents with varying reasons to quit, barriers, and quit strategy preferences. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered through ClinicalTrials.gov. The trial registration number is NCT05140915. The trial registration date is 11/18/2021.

Oxidation and Damage Mechanisms of Second-Generation Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tibial Inserts.

BACKGROUND: After clinical introduction in 2005, sequentially annealed, highly cross-linked polyethylene (SA HXLPE) was studied for retrievals with short implantation times; however, long-term follow-ups are lacking. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the revision reasons, damage mechanisms, and oxidation indices of SA HXLPE and conventional gamma inert-sterilized (Gamma Inert) ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene tibial inserts implanted for >5 years. METHODS: There were 74 total knee arthroplasty tibial inserts (46 SA HXLPEs, 28 Gamma Inerts) implanted for >5 years (mean 7 ± 2 years) retrieved as part of a multicenter retrieval program. Cruciate-retaining implants comprised 44% of the SA HXLPEs and 14% of the Gamma Inerts. Patient factors and revision reasons were collected from revision operating notes. A semiquantitative scoring method was used to assess surface damage mechanisms. Oxidation was measured using Fourier transform infrared microscopy according to American Society for Testing and Materials 2102. Differences between cohorts were assessed with Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS: Loosening (Gamma Inert: 17 of 28, SA HXLPE: 15 of 46) and instability (Gamma Inert: 6 of 28, SA HXLPE: 15 of 46) were the most common revision reasons for both cohorts. The most prevalent surface damage mechanisms were burnishing, pitting, and scratching, with burnishing of the condyles being higher in Gamma Inert components (P = .022). Mean oxidation was higher in the SA HXLPE inserts at the articulating surface (P = .002) and anterior-posterior faces (P = .023). No difference was observed at the backside surface (P = .060). CONCLUSIONS: Revision reasons and surface damage mechanisms were comparable in the Gamma Inert and SA cohorts. Further studies are needed to continue to assess the in vivo damage and clinical relevance, if any, of oxidation in SA HXLPE over longer implantation times, particularly for implants implanted for more than 10 years.

Reasons for multiple tobacco product and cannabis co-use among Texas young adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines differences in reasons for e-cigarette, cigarette, and cannabis use across exclusive, dual, co-, and poly co-users. METHODS: Participants were 645 young adults who reported past 30-day (P30D) use of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, or cannabis at wave 14 (Fall, 2021) of the Texas Adolescent Tobacco Marketing and Surveillance System (TATAMS). Exclusive users reported P30D use of one product, dual users reported P30D use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes, co-users reported use of cannabis and one tobacco product, and poly co-users reported P30D use of all three products. Participants were asked if they agreed with a series of reasons for using their respective products. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between reasons for use and pattern of use, controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and lifetime product use. RESULTS: 26.36 % of P30D users reported cannabis and tobacco use. Poly co-users were more likely to report using e-cigarettes because their friends do than e-cigarette co-users (aRRR = 2.64; 95 %CI = 1.19-5.83) and dual tobacco users (aRRR = 5.11; 95 %CI = 1.73-15.12). Poly co-users were more likely to smoke cigarettes while drinking alcohol (aRRR = 4.68; 95 %CI = 1.06-20.72) or to experience a pleasurable buzz (aRRR = 5.48; 95 %CI = 1.62-18.57) than exclusive cigarette users. Poly co-users more often reported using cannabis for taste (aRRR = 3.13; 95 %CI = 1.51-6.51), because their friends use it (aRRR = 2.19; 95 %CI = 1.08-4.42), and while drinking alcohol (aRRR = 2.13; 95 %CI = 1.03-4.41) than exclusive cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS: Given that reasons for use differ significantly among types of multiple product users and exclusive users, interventions should be tailored to address the specific tobacco and cannabis use practices of young adults.

Quantity, Duration, Adherence, and Reasons for Dietary Supplement Use among Adults: Results from NHANES 2011-2018.

Dietary supplement use is common among US adults. We aimed to investigate the quantity, duration, adherence, and reasons for supplement use in individuals who take supplements. Data from 2011 to 2018 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset were analyzed. Four cycles of data were combined to estimate these outcomes. Results are presented as overall group and by subgroups. All analyses were weighted to be nationally representative. The Taylor Series Linearization approach was used to generate variance estimates. A total of 12,529 participants were included. Over 70% of these individuals reported taking more than one unit of dietary supplements daily. Notably, approximately 40% had been taking supplements for more than five years and about 67% were highly adherent to at least one supplement. However, only 26.9% of these supplements were taken following a doctor's recommendation. The primary reasons for dietary supplements intake included improving overall health (37.2%), maintaining health (34.7%), bone health (21.4%), and diet supplementation (20.3%). Our findings indicate that most participants proactively used multiple dietary supplements focused on self-managed health and prevention, with substantial dedication to long-term use and high adherence. Healthcare professionals should play a more active role in guiding such behaviors to optimize the health outcomes of dietary supplement users across the United States.

Reasons for alcohol use from 1976 to 2020 in the United States among individuals aged 18 to 30: Historical changes and mediation of cohort effects in binge drinking.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use is declining among US adolescents/early young adults and increasing among other adults, with increases in adult binge drinking more concentrated in females than males. Reasons for drinking are historically patterned by age and sex, and if historically variant, could suggest that changes over time could in part explain age- and sex-differential cohort effects. METHODS: We analyzed longitudinal Monitoring the Future data for individuals born from 1958 to 1990. These individuals were aged 29/30 from 1987 to 2020, and first surveyed at age 18 from 1976 to 2008 (N = 14,190). Five reasons for drinking were analyzed (social, enhancement, avoid problems, relax, boredom). Drinking for social reasons and to relax were most prevalent. Total effects of birth cohort predicting past-2-week binge drinking were estimated with polynomial regression models by age; indirect effects through mediators were estimated. RESULTS: Drinking reasons exhibited dynamic time trends across birth cohort and sex. Notable increases were observed in social reasons: among women aged 29/30, social reasons increased from 53% to 87% from 1987 to 2020. Social reasons to drink had prominent positive indirect effects at adult ages (age 23/24 and above among men; age 19 and above among women), indicating that binge drinking would have increased less were it not for the increase in social reasons for drinking. Social reasons also mediated adult male/female differences, indicating that part of the reason sex differences are diminishing is the more rapid increases in social reasons for drinking among women. Indirect effects were also observed for drinking to relax and for boredom, and limited indirect effects were observed for enhancement and to avoid problems. CONCLUSION: Changing endorsement of drinking reasons, especially social reasons, among US adult drinkers mediate cohort effects in binge drinking in the US adult population and explain in part why binge drinking is converging by sex.

Femoral Head Penetration Rates and Oxidation of Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Hip Liners Implanted More Than 10 Years.

BACKGROUND: Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) was introduced to improve wear in total hip arthroplasty, with manufacturers implementing different thermal treatments to reduce oxidation. It is important to understand how long-term time in vivo affects the wear of these materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wear and oxidative performance of first-generation HXLPE hip inserts implanted for greater than 10 years and compare annealed and remelted HXLPE formulations. METHODS: There were 49 total hip arthroplasty liners retrieved during routine revision surgery as part of an institutional review board-approved implant retrieval program. Penetration rates for the liners were calculated as the difference between the thickness of the unloaded and loaded regions divided by implantation time. Oxidation indices for the rim, locking mechanism, articulating surface, and backside regions were measured using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy according to American Society for Testing and Materials 2102. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine the statistical difference between annealed and remelted components. RESULTS: The cohort had an average implantation time of 13.1 ± 2.6 years for annealed and 12.1 ± 1.7 years for remelted components. The components were revised most often for polyethylene wear, instability, and loosening. The penetration rate averaged 0.0177 ± 0.014 mm/year for annealed components and 0.015 ± 0.022 mm/year for remelted components. Penetration rates did not differ between the remelted and annealed cohorts (P = .28). Oxidation indices were found to be significantly higher in the annealed cohort for all regions of interest (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Oxidation was found to be higher in the annealed HXLPE; however, this does not seem to be associated with greater wear as we found the average penetration rates for the cohorts were low, and the penetration rates were similar between the annealed and remelted cohorts.