Changes in trauma appraisal during brief internet-based exposure and cognitive restructuring treatment for Arabic-speaking people with PTSD.

Background: Maladaptive trauma appraisal plays an important role in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of exposure and cognitive treatments for PTSD symptomatology, the effect of such treatments on specific trauma appraisals is still not well understood.Objective: The study investigated the effect of an exposure and a cognitive restructuring internet-based treatment on specific trauma appraisals in Arabic-speaking participants with PTSD.Method: 334 participants received either an exposure (n = 167) or a cognitive restructuring (n = 167) internet-based treatment. PTSD symptom severity (PCL-5) and specific trauma appraisals (TAQ) were assessed at pre- and post-treatment. Changes in specific trauma appraisals within and between the two treatments were analyzed using multi-group change modelling. Associations between changes in PTSD symptom severity and changes in trauma appraisals were evaluated using Pearson product-moment correlation. For both treatments, participants with versus without reliable improvement were compared regarding changes in specific trauma appraisals using Welch tests. Analyses were performed on 100 multiple imputed datasets.Results: Both treatments yielded significant changes in shame, self-blame, fear, anger, and alienation (all ps < .001). Changes in betrayal were only significant in the cognitive restructuring treatment (p < .001). There was no evidence of differences between treatments for any specific trauma appraisal. Changes in PTSD symptom severity were significantly associated with changes in trauma appraisals (all ps < .001). In both treatments, participants who experienced reliable improvement in PTSD symptom severity showed significantly larger pre- to post-treatment changes in specific trauma appraisals compared to those without reliable improvement. Again, differences in betrayal were only significant in the cognitive restructuring treatment.Conclusions: The findings indicate that both treatments are effective in reducing trauma appraisals in Arabic-speaking people with PTSD. Changes in trauma appraisal seem to be associated with changes in PTSD symptomatology.Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register identifier: DRKS00010245.

Exposure and cognitive restructuring treatment in Arabic-speaking individuals with PTSD yield significant changes in shame, self-blame, fear, anger, and alienation.Changes in PTSD symptoms are positively associated with changes in specific trauma appraisals.There is no evidence of differences between both treatments for any specific trauma appraisal.

Efecto de la reestructuración cognitiva sobre las distorsiones cognitivas de los adolescentes frente al duelo por fallecimiento de sus padres / Cognitive restructuring effects on cognitive distortions in adolescents in grief over parent's death

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la técnica reestructuración cognitiva sobre las distorsiones cognitivas en los adolescentes frente al duelo por el fallecimiento de sus padres. Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, con diseño cuasi­experimental, de corte transversal, dirigida a una muestra intencional conformada por 10 estudiantes de bachillerato de instituciones públicas y privadas quienes perdieron a alguno de sus padres. Se diseñó un instrumento de preguntas cerradas con una confiabilidad de 0,94. El instrumento se aplicó a los adolescentes antes y después del abordaje con la técnica de reestructuración cognitiva para así explorar la valoración cognitiva elaborada en su respectivo proceso de duelo. Entre los resultados obtenidos se aprecia que 35% evidencian distorsiones cognitivas antes del estudio (razonamiento emocional, sobregeneralización, pensamiento dicotómico y personalización) mientras que después del abordaje sólo en 25% persistieron estas distorsiones. En cuanto a la dimensión estímulos, el 63% se afectaban por las conversaciones sobre sus padres fallecidos y sólo 25% lo hacían después del abordaje. Tristeza e ira fue detectada en 63% de los adolescentes previo abordaje y luego sólo en 48% de ellos. El análisis de los datos reveló la efectividad de la técnica en estudio para modificar las distorsiones cognitivas en este grupo de adolescentes(AU)

The goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of cognitive restructuring on cognitive distortions in adolescents in grief over their parent's death. A descriptive, cross-sectional, with quasi-experimental design was performed on 10 high school students of public and private institutions who lost one or both parents. An instrument of closed questions was designed with a reliability of 0.94. The results show that 35% of adolescents had cognitive distortions before the study (emotional reasoning, overgeneralization, dichotomous thinking and personalization); after therapy 25% persisted with these distortions. Regarding the dimension stimuli, 63% were affected by conversations about their deceased parents; after therapy, only 25% were still affected. Sadness and anger was detected in 63% of adolescents; after the application of the technique, these emotional expressions presented only in 48% of participants. The analysis of the data revealed the effectiveness of this technique to modify cognitive distortions in this group of adolescents(AU)

Mecanismos Neurocognitivos de la motivación en el entrenamiento físico / Neurocognitive mechanisms of motivation in physical training

La inactividad física y el sedentarismo son en la actualidad un problema de salud global que preocupa por su crecimiento sistemático. Provoca consecuencias sanita-rias en los adultos y, con un incremento alarmante, en la población más joven. Por el contrario, la realización periódica de actividad física ha demostrado beneficios a la salud física, neurológica y mental. A pesar de los incontrovertibles datos sobre sus efectos positivos, menos de la mitad de la población mundial se ejercita regularmen-te. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una breve descripción sobre los mecanismos neurocognitivos que se encuentran implicados en los procesos de motivación, en es-pecial los que se vinculan a la actividad física, con la finalidad de presentar una serie de recomendaciones pragmáticas para aumentar la adherencia a programas de en-trenamiento físico, basados en técnicas de la psicología cognitiva y analizados desde la perspectiva neurocognitiva.

Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are currently a global health problem that concerns because of its systematic growth, the health consequences it causes for adults and, in alarming escalation, also for the younger population. On the contrary, regu-lar physical activity has shown benefits to physical, neurological and mental health. Despite the incontrovertible information about its positive effects, less than half of the world's population excercises regularly. This work's objective is to make a brief description of the neurocognitive mechanisms that are involved in the motivational processes, especially those linked to physical activity, in order to present pragmatic recommendations that increase adherence to physical training programs, based on techniques of cognitive psychology and analyzed from a neurocognitive perspective.

Evaluación de cambios en Esquemas Tempranos Desadaptativos y en la antropometría de mujeres obesas con un tratamiento cognitivo conductual grupal / Evaluation of changes in Early Maladaptative Schemas and anthropometric measures in obese women with a cognitive behavioral grupal treatment

Según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Nutricional, publicada en el 2006, y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en México el 70% de la población padece sobrepeso u obesidad. Según Barquera, al ser un problema de salud pública, la intervención desde diversos ámbitos es indispensable. En este trabajo se utilizó el modelo teórico denominado Esquemas Tempranos Desadaptativos (ETD) de Young, el cual explica que dichos esquemas distorsionan el procesamiento de la información del sujeto y, por lo tanto, son disfuncionales. El objetivo fue identificar y evaluar si hay cambios en los ETD de mujeres obesas después de un tratamiento cognitivo conductual grupal de 14 sesiones, con una n = 22. Se encontró una diferencia significativa en la evaluación pre-post en los esquemas privación emocional, inestabilidad emocional, autosacrificio, abandono y fracaso, así como en el Índice de Masa Corporal (imc) y el peso corporal.

According to the National Health and Nutrition Poll and the WHO (World Health Organization) in Mexico the 70% of the population suffers overweight or obesity. According to Barquera, as a public health problem, the intervention from diverse fields becomes essential. In this work, the theoretical model called Early Maladaptative Schemas by Young is used to explain that such schemas distort the information process of a subject and therefore are dysfunctional. The study purpose was to identify and evaluate possible changes on the Early Maladaptative Schemas of obese women, after a 14-sessions cognitive-behavioral group treatment, with n= 22. The findings showed a significant diminution in the schemas of emotional deprivation, emotional unstability, self sacrifice, abandonment and failure, as well as in the Body Mass Index and weight.