Talla baja asociado a errores de refracción ocular en escolaresde Muquiyauyo, Perú / Short stature associated with ocular refractive errors in schoolchildren in Muquiyauyo, Peru

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre talla baja y erro-res de refracción ocular en escolares de Muquiyauyo. Metodología: El tamaño de la población estuvo constituidapor 250 escolares y el tamaño muestral (n) para el nivel deconfianza 99.99% fue de 215 escolares, el estudio fue analí-tico observacional transversal, y la técnica utilizada para la re-colección de datos fue de observación y encuesta medianteuna ficha con datos de medición antropométrica y refracciónocular (medida de vista con autokeratorefractometro). Resultados: De los 215 niños evaluados 158 presentanerrores de refracción ocular, a quienes se les realizó la medidade vista con autokeratorefractometro; presentando 17 niñosmiopía, 9 hipermetropía, 21 astigmatismo, 32 miopía y astig-matismo y 79 hipermetropía y astigmatismo. Con respecto al análisis bivariado de talla baja y miopía, astigmatismo, hiperme tropía se encontraron que los niños que tienen tallabaja se asociaron significativamente con el astigmatismo p = <0.0000965, la razón de prevalencia =2.33 IC (1.44,3.78); es decir, que los que presentan talla baja tienen dosveces más el riesgo de presentar astigmatismo. Los niños que presentaron talla baja se asocian significati-vamente con refracción ocular P=<0.01 razón de prevalencia6.81 IC (2.57,18.1). Conclusión: Los escolares de Muquiyauyo con talla bajatienen 6 veces más riesgo de presentar alteraciones en la re-fracción ocular.(AU)

Objective: To determine the association between shortstature and ocular refractive errors in schoolchildren inMuquiyauyo. Methodology: The population size consisted of 250 scho-olchildren and the sample size(n) for the 99.99% confidencelevel was 215 schoolchildren. The study was a cross-sectionalobservational analytical study, and the technique used fordata collection was observation and survey using an anthro-pometric measurement and ocular refraction data sheet (eyemeasurement with autokeratorefractometer). Results: Of the 215 children evaluated, 158 had ocular re-fractive errors, and their eyesight was measured with an au-tokeratorefractometer; 17 children had myopia, 9 had hypero-pia, 21 had astigmatism, 32 had myopia and astigmatism and79 had hyperopia and astigmatism. With respect to the biva-riate analysis of short stature and myopia, astigmatism andhyperopia, it was found that children with short stature weresignificantly associated with astigmatism p = <0.0000965,prevalence ratio =2.33 CI (1.44, 3.78); that is, those withshort stature have twice the risk of presenting astigmatism. Children with short stature are significantly associated withocular refraction P=<0.01 prevalence ratio 6.81 CI (2.57,18.1). Conclusion: Muquiyauyo school children with short statureare 6 times more likely to have ocular refractive disorders.(AU)

Aspectos a considerar para el diagnóstico del queratocono infantil

Introducción: Globalmente, existe un aumento de la prevalencia del queratocono y su diagnóstico en edades tempranas. Se notifican un gran número de casos subclínicos y otros con una rápida progresión, condicionada por el inicio precoz de la enfermedad y la asociación a factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y el resultado de los medios de diagnóstico implicados en la detección precoz del queratocono infantil. Desarrollo: En niños con ametropía hay elementos que alertan la presencia de un queratocono como causa del defecto refractivo. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico se encuentran: distribución geográfica, rol de la herencia y factores ambientales. Clínicamente se señalan los antecedentes de enfermedades, tales como las alergias, la presencia de miopía o astigmatismo miópico con inestabilidad refractiva y los signos clínicos relacionados con la progresión del cono. En los pacientes de riesgo es preciso realizar exámenes mediante diferentes medios de diagnóstico según su disponibilidad, siendo primordial el análisis refractivo, queratométrico y topográfico. Conclusiones: En la evaluación de los niños con ametropía se deben tener en cuenta elementos epidemiológicos y clínicos que permiten sospechar y diagnosticar precozmente el queratocono. En la interpretación de los resultados de los medios de diagnóstico involucrados en su detección, se deben considerar los hallazgos más frecuentes en la población infantil según el grado de progresión de la ectasia.

Introduction: Globally, there is an increase of the keratoconus prevalence and its diagnosis in early ages. A great number of subclinical cases and others with a quick progression are notified, conditioned by the early onset of the disease and the association with risk factors. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical aspects and the result of diagnostic means involved in the early detection of infant keratoconus. Development: There are elements that alert the presence of a keratoconus as a cause of the refractive defect in children with ametropia. From the epidemiologic point of view they are: geographical distribution, heredity role and environmental factors. History of previous diseases are clinically pointed out, such as allergies, myopia or myopic astigmatism with refractive instability and the clinical signs related to cone progression. In risk patients it is necessary to carry out exams by means of different diagnostic means according to their availability, being essential the refractive, keratometric and topographic analysis. Conclusions: In the evaluation of children with ametropia, epidemiological and clinical elements should be taken into account that allow to suspect and early diagnose the keratoconus. In the interpretation of results of the diagnostic means involved in their detection the most frequent findings in the infant population, should be considered according to the ectasia degree of progression.

Ortoqueratología vs ortoqueratología combinada con atropina para el control de miopía en niños: revisión sistemática / Orthokeratology vs. orthokeratology combined with atropine for the control of myopia in children: Systematic review

El propósito de esta investigación es determinar la eficacia de la ortoqueratología (OK) en comparación con la ortoqueratología combinada con atropina (AOK) para el control de la miopía en niños. Se realizó una revisión sistemática que incluyó revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis, además de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y controlados, en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Taylor & Francis, Science Direct, y de una búsqueda manual de las revistas Q1-Q4 del Scimago Journal & Country Rank, publicadas en últimos 5 años en idioma inglés y español. Se tomaron en cuenta 18 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Los artículos seleccionados incluyeron 6.866 pacientes para el análisis, en donde se encontró mayor eficacia de la AOK al 0,01% debido a su capacidad de reducir la progresión de miopía y alargamiento axial. En nuestra investigación se determinó que podría existir un efecto aditivo en la combinación de atropina al 0,01% con OK en un periodo de 1 a 2 años de tratamiento en pacientes con miopía leve, sin embargo, se deben realizar más estudios multiétnicos, en donde se considere una correcta evaluación de la progresión de miopía, factores genéticos y ambientales que puedan influir en los resultados (AU)

The purpose of this investigation is to determine the efficacy of orthokeratology (OK) compared to orthokeratology combined with atropine (AOK) for the control of myopia in children. A systematic review that included systematic reviews with meta-analyses, as well as randomized and controlled clinical trials, was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Taylor & Francis, Science Direct databases, as well as a manual search of the Q1-Q4 journals of the Scimago Journal & Country Rank, published in the last 5 years in English and Spanish. Eighteen studies that met the eligibility criteria were considered. The articles selected included 6866 patients for analysis, where orthokeratology combined with 0.01% atropine was found to be more effective due to its ability to reduce the progression of myopia and axial elongation. In our investigation, it was determined that there could be an additive effect in the combination of 0.01% atropine with orthokeratology in a period of 1–2 years of treatment in patients with mild myopia; however, more multiethnic studies should be carried out, in where a correct evaluation of the progression of myopia, genetic and environmental factors that may influence the results is considered (AU)

Orthokeratology vs. orthokeratology combined with atropine for the control of myopia in children: systematic review.

The purpose of this investigation is to determine the efficacy of orthokeratology (OK) compared to orthokeratology combined with atropine (AOK) for the control of myopia in children. A systematic review that included systematic reviews with meta-analyses, as well as randomized and controlled clinical trials, was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Taylor & Francis, Science Direct databases, as well as a manual search. Of the Q1-Q4 journals of the Scimago Journal & Country Rank, published in the last 5 years in English and Spanish. Eighteen studies that met the eligibility criteria were considered. The articles selected included 6,866 patients for analysis, where orthokeratology combined with 0.01% atropine was found to be more effective due to its ability to reduce the progression of myopia and axial elongation. In our investigation, it was determined that there could be an additive effect in the combination of 0.01% atropine with orthokeratology in a period of 1-2 years of treatment in patients with mild myopia; however, more multiethnic studies should be carried out, in where a correct evaluation of the progression of myopia, genetic and environmental factors that may influence the results is considered.

Errores refractarios en estudiantes de medicina en un hospital docente / Refractory errors in medical students in a Teaching Hospital

Los errores de refracción contribuyen como un gran problema de salud pública. Las crecientes tasas de prevalencia de la miopía han alcanzado los niveles de epidemia en varias áreas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las tasas de prevalencia de errores de refracción en los estudiantes de medicina. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en el Departamento de Oftalmología, durante un período de un año desde enero de 2020 hasta diciembre de 2020. Los estudiantes de medicina fueron seleccionados al azar, como un total de 250 sujetos. Todos se sometieron a un examen oftálmico. De 250 estudiantes, se documentaron 148 (59.2%) casos de RE. La mayoría de los casos comunes eran mujeres (89, 60.1%), mientras que los hombres eran (59, 39.9%). De estos, 98 estudiantes tienen miopía (66.2%), 42 casos tienen astigmatismo (28.4%) y 8 casos tienen hipermetropía (5.4%). La etapa tardía de las clases (sexto) tiene los casos RE más frecuentes. La miopía fue la RE predominante entre los estudiantes de medicina. La clase anticipada y la mujer son factores predisponentes.

Refractive errors are contributing as a major public health problem. The increasing prevalence rates of myopia have reaching to epidemic levels in several areas. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence rates of refractive errors in medical students. A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, over a period of one year from Jan 2020 to Dec 2020. Medical students were randomly selected, as a total of 250 subjects. All were undergoing an ophthalmic examination. Of 250 students, 148(59.2%) cases of RE were documented. Most common cases were female (89, 60.1%), whereas male was (59, 39.9%). Of these, 98 students have myopia (66.2%), 42 cases have astigmatism (28.4%) and 8 cases have hypermetropia (5.4%). The late stage of classes (6th) has the most frequent RE cases. Myopia was the predominant RE among the medical students. Advance class and female are predisposing factors

Un estudio de prevalencia de error de refracción en niños entrecerrados (6-12 años) asistiendo al Hospital Dr. Aso-Eye Shahed / A study of Prevalence of Refractive Error in Squinted children (6-12 years) attending shahed Dr. Aso-Eye Hospital

Determinar la prevalencia del error de refracción (RE) como causa en los ojos en los niños en niños de esta edad (6-12 años) en la ciudad de Sulaimania. El estudio de tasa de prevalencia entre los pacientes que asisten al Shahed Dr. Aso Eye Hospital para el período del 1 de octubre de 2008 al 1 de junio de 2009. Un total de 116 niños (6-12 años) asisten al departamento de entrecerrares durante aproximadamente 8 meses. El estudio incluyó ambos sexos, eran niños de 55 años y niñas 61. Se sometieron a un examen ocular completo. Encontramos que (72) pacientes (62.02 %) tenían un error de refracción, incluyen: 33 pacientes (45.9 %) = hipermetropia (H); 22 pacientes (29.16%) = miopía [m]; 18 pacientes (24.3%) astigmatismo (AST.); 4 mixtos; 6 h-as. y 8 m-as. En conclusiones, la causa más frecuente del entrecerrar de la infancia a este ancho [6-12 años) es el error refractivo, mientras que las otras causas en su conjunto constituyen solo 1/3 de las causas, y el error de refracción más común es la hipermetropía

To determine the prevalence of refractive error (RE) as a cause in squinted in children in this aged (6-12 years) in Sulaimania city. The prevalence rate study among patient attending Shahed Dr. Aso eye hospital for the period from 1st October 2008 - 1st June 2009. A total of 116 children ( 6-12 years) attending squint department for about 8 months. The study included both sexes, were boys 55 and girls 61. Underwent full ocular examination. We found that (72) patients (62.02%) had refractive error, include: 33 patients (45.9 %) = Hypermetropia (H); 22 patients (29.16%) = Myopia [M]; 18 patients (24.3%) Astigmatism (Ast.); 4 mixed; 6 H-Ast. and 8 M-Ast. In conclusions, the most prevalent cause of childhood squint at this aged [6-12 years) is refractive error while the other causes as a whole constitute only 1/3 of the causes, and most common refractive error is hypermetropia

Correlation and agreement between the Mohindra and cycloplegic retinoscopy techniques in children.

PURPOSE: As an objective technique to assess refractive status, retinoscopy is particularly useful in children. The Mohindra technique (RM) is an alternative for those patients not good candidates for cycloplegic retinoscopy (RC). The aim of the present research was to compare both techniques and to determine the correlation and agreement of their measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 47 boys and girls of ages ranging from 3 to 11 years old were included in the study. Cycloplegic (cyclopentolate 1%) and Mohindra retinoscopy were conducted in both eyes, and refraction was also assessed with an autorefractometre (AR). The results from the three techniques were compared and a correction factor between RM and RC was calculated. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between RM and RC (median of -0.42 D; p < 0.001) and between RM and AR (median of -0.42 D; p = 0.008), but not between RC and AR (median of 0.00 D; p = 0.758). A strong correlation was found between RM and RC (rho = 0.846; p < 0.001), although the Bland-Altman test revealed a larger difference between these techniques in patients with larger hyperopic refractive errors, with a correction factor of RC = 1.15 RM + 0.42. CONCLUSIONS: The Mohindra technique may be considered a valid alternative to cycloplegic retinoscopy in patients of young age, with a good correlation between both techniques, albeit less agreement in patients with high hyperopic refractions.

Correlación y concordancia entre la técnica de retinoscopia de Mohindra y la retinoscopia con ciclopléjico en la infancia / Correlation and agreement between the Mohindra and cycloplegic retinoscopy techniques in children

Objetivo: La retinoscopia, como técnica objetiva de evaluación del estado refractivo, es especialmente útil en la edad infantil. La técnica de Mohindra (RM) es una alternativa para aquellos pacientes en los que no es viable la retinoscopia mediante ciclopléjico (RC). En el presente estudio se pretende comparar ambas técnicas para determinar su correlación y concordancia.Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron a 47 niños y niñas con edades comprendidas entre los 3 y 11 años. Se determinó para ambos ojos la refracción con RM y RC (ciclopentolato 1%), así como con autorefractómetro (AR). Se compararon los resultados de las tres técnicas y se calculó el factor de corrección correspondiente para equiparar RM con RC.Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre RM y RC (mediana de -0,42 D; p<0,001) y entre RM y AR (mediana de -0,42 D; p=0,008), pero no entre RC y AR (mediana de 0,00 D; p=0,758). La correlación entre RM y RC fue excelente (rho=0,846; p<0,001) pero el test de Bland-Altman evidenció una mayor discrepancia entre técnicas a medida que aumentaba la refracción hipermetrópica, con un factor de corrección de RC=1,15 RM + 0,42. Conclusiones: La técnica de Mohindra se puede considerar como una alternativa válida a la retinoscopía mediante ciclopléjico en pacientes en edad escolar y preescolar, con una buena correlación entre ambas técnicas, pero con menor concordancia en hipermetropías elevadas.

Purpose: As an objective technique to assess refractive status, retinoscopy is particularly useful in children. The Mohindra technique (RM) is an alternative for those patients not good candidates for cycloplegic retinoscopy (RC). The aim of the present research was to compare both techniques and to determine the correlation and agreement of their measurements.Material and Methods: A total of 47 boys and girls of ages ranging from 3 to 11 years old were included in the study. Cycloplegic (cyclopentolate 1%) and Mohindra retinoscopy were conducted in both eyes, and refraction was also assessed with an autorefractometre (AR). The results from the three techniques were compared and a correction factor between RM and RC was calculated.Results: Statistically significant differences were found between RM and RC (median of -0.42 D; p<0.001) and between RM and AR (median of -0.42 D; p=0.008), but not between RC and AR (median of 0.00 D; p=0.758). A strong correlation was found between RM and RC (rho=0.846; p<0.001), although the Bland-Altman test revealed a larger difference between these techniques in patients with larger hyperopic refractive errors, with a correction factor of RC=1.15 RM + 0.42.Conclusions: The Mohindra technique may be considered a valid alternative to cycloplegic retinoscopy in patients of young age, with a good correlation between both techniques, albeit less agreement in patients with high hyperopic refractions.

Resultados refractivos y visuales en pacientes operados de miopía con técnicas de superficies / Refractive and visual results in patients operated on for myopia with surface techniques

Objetivo: Comparar los resultados visuales y refractivos pre- y posoperatorios en pacientes miopes operados con técnicas de superficie y perfil de ablación asférico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental controlado aleatorizado abierto, tipo de equivalencia y no inferioridad, en 160 pacientes (320 ojos). En el estudio se formaron dos grupos: el primero quedó constituido por 80 pacientes (160 ojos), a quienes se les realizó queratectomía fotorrefractiva más mitomicina C, y el segundo fue conformado por 80 pacientes (160 ojos), a quienes se les realizó LASEK más mitomicina C. Resultados: Predominaron en ambos grupos las mujeres con miopía leve y edades entre 21 y 29 años. A los tres meses el grupo queratectomía fotorrefractiva más mitomicina C tenía agudeza visual sin corrección de 0,97 ± 0,09; esfera 0,003 ± 0,21; cilindro -0,09 ± 0,30 y equivalente esférico -0,04 ± 0,23. En el grupo LASEK más mitomicina C, la agudeza visual sin corrección fue de 0,96 ± 0,11; la esfera -0,007 ± 0,24; el cilindro -0,08 ± 0,25 y el equivalente esférico -0,06 ± 0,26. Conclusión: Ambas técnicas quirúrgicas mejoraron significativamente los resultados refractivos y visuales, pero no hubo diferencia entre ellas(AU)

Objective: Compare the pre- and postoperative visual and refractive results in myopic patients operated with surface techniques and aspheric ablation profile. Methods: An open randomized controlled experimental study, equivalence and non-inferiority type was carried out in 160 patients (320 eyes). In the study, two groups were formed: the first group was made up of 80 patients (160 eyes), who underwent Photorefractive keratectomy - mitomycin C, and the second group made up of 80 patients (160 eyes), underwent LASEK - mitomycin C. Results: Women with mild myopia and ages between 21 and 29 years old predominated in both groups. At three months, the Photorefractive keratectomy - mitomycin C group had AVSC 0.97 ± 0.09; sphere 0.003 ± 0.21; cylinder -0.09 ± 0.30 and spherical equivalent -0.04 ± 0, 2. 3. In the Photorefractive keratectomy - mitomycin C group, AVSC 0.96 ± 0.11; sphere -0.007 ± 0.24; cylinder -0.08 ± 0.25 and spherical equivalent -0.06 ± 0.26. Conclusion: Both surgical techniques improved significantly refractive and visual results, but there was no difference between them(AU)

Cambios refractivos y de agudeza visual en pacientes pre y post quirúrgicos de Pterigión / Refractive and visual acuity changes in pre- and post-surgical patients with Pterygium / Mudanças refrativos e de acuidade visual em pacientes pré e pós cirúrgicos de Pterigión

El tratamiento quirúrgico del pterigión es uno de los procedimientos más realizados en la consulta oftalmológica, aunque con frecuencia conlleva molestias y cambios en la agudeza visual. OBJETIVO: evidenciar si existen cambios en cuanto a agudeza visual y su ametropía, en pacientes diagnosticados con pterigión intervenidos quirúrgicamente, en la ciudad de Quito. METODO: se trata de un estudio observacional longitudinal que incluyó 161 pacientes. Se comparó agudeza visual y ametropía antes y 15 días después de la intervención quirúrgica. RESULTADOS: la mayor parte de los pacientes fue de género femenino (n = 118, 73%) tuvo entre 30 y 59 años (n = 127, 79%), presentó pterigión grado III (n = 113, 70%) y fue intervenido del ojo derecho (n = 89, 55%). La agudeza visual de los pacientes mejoró ligeramente. El número de pacientes con agudeza visual 20/20 aumentó de 68 (42%) a 72 (45%). Se observó además una disminución en el número de pacientes con agudeza visual 20/350, 20/200, 20/100, 20/80, 20/60 y 20/50. No hubo cambios en el número de pacientes amétropes que se mantuvo en 69 (43%). Tanto el número de personas con astigmatismo miópico compuesto, como con astigmatismo mixto eje contra la regla disminuyeron de 11 (7%) a 8 (5%) y de 24 (15%) a 16 (10%), respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: tanto la agudeza visual como la ametropía de pacientes con pterigión mejoran ligeramente después de recibir tratamiento quirúrgico.

The surgical treatment of the pterygium is one of the most performed procedures in the ophthalmologic consultation, although it often involves discomfort and changes in visual acuity. OBJECTIVE: to show if there are changes in visual acuity and its ametropia, in patients diagnosed with surgically intervened pterygium, in the city of Quito. METHOD: This is a longitudinal observational study that included 161 patients. Visual acuity and ametropia were compared before and 15 days after surgery. RESULTS: most of the patients were female (n = 118, 73%), were between 30 and 59 years old (n = 127, 79%), presented grade III pterygium (n = 113, 70%) and was operated on the right eye (n = 89, 55%). The visual acuity of the patients improved slightly. The number of patients with visual acuity 20/20 increased from 68 (42%) to 72 (45%). There was also a decrease in the number of patients with visual acuity 20/350, 20/200, 20/100, 20/80, 20/60 and 20/50. There were no changes in the number of ametropic patients that remained in 69 (43%). Both the number of people with compound myopic astigmatism, and with mixed astigmatism axis against the rule decreased from 11 (7%) to 8 (5%) and from 24 (15%) to 16 (10%), respectively. CONCLUSION: both visual acuity and ametropia of patients with pterygium improve slightly after receiving surgical treatment.

O tratamento cirúrgico do pterigion é um dos procedimentos mais realizados na consulta oftalmológica, embora frequentemente implique transtornos e mudanças na acuidade visual. OBJETIVO: evidenciar se existem mudanças quanto à acuidade visual e sua ametropia, em pacientes diagnosticados com pterigion, operados cirurgicamente, na cidade de Quito. MÉTODO: é um estudo longitudinal observacional que incluiu 161 pacientes. Foi comparada acuidade visual e ametropia antes e 15 dias depois da intervenção cirúrgica. RESULTADOS: a maior parte dos pacientes foi de gênero feminino (n = 118, 73%) teve entre 30 e 59 anos (n = 127, 79%), apresentou pterigião grau III (n = 113, 70%) e foi operado do olho direito (n = 89, 55%). A acuidade visual dos pacientes melhorou ligeiramente. O número de pacientes com acuidade visual 20/20 aumentou de 68 (42%) para 72 (45%). Observou-se também uma diminuição no número de pacientes com acuidade visual 20/350, 20/200, 20/100, 20/80, 20/60 e 20/50. Não houve mudanças no número de pacientes amétropes que se manteve em 69 (43%). Tanto o número de pessoas com astigmatismo miópico composto, como com astigmatismo misto eixo contra a regra diminuíram de 11 (7%) para 8 (5%) e de 24 (15%) para 16 (10%), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: tanto a acuidade visual quanto a ametropia de pacientes com pterigião melhoram ligeiramente depois de receber tratamento cirúrgico.

Comportamiento de defectos refractivos en estudiantes y trabajadores hipertensos y/o diabéticos. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos / Behavior of refractive errors in hypertensive and / or diabetic students and workers. University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos

RESUMEN Fundamentación: padecer de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles como hipertensión y diabetes aumenta el riesgo de contraer enfermedades oculares. Objetivo: determinar defectos refractivos en estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores hipertensos y/o diabéticos de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado entre enero de 2017 e igual mes del 2018, que incluyó a los 64 pacientes que presentaron antecedentes patológicos personales de hipertensión arterial y/o diabetes mellitus, en los cuales se determinó la presencia o no de defectos refractivos. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante examen oftalmológico. Resultados: el grupo etario más afectado fue de 50 años y más; predominó el sexo femenino, los defectos refractivos de mayor prevalencia fueron el astigmatismo hipermetrópico compuesto y presbicia; prevalecieron los pacientes hipertensos. La corrección óptica más indicada fue los lentes progresivos, los pacientes que más asistieron a consulta fueron profesores. Conclusiones: la detección y caracterización de los pacientes diagnosticados con diabetes e hipertensión en consulta es necesaria para un mayor control del estado de salud ocular.

ABSTRACT Background: suffering from non-communicable chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes increases the risk of contracting eye diseases. Objective: to determine refractive errors in hypertensive and / or diabetic students, teachers and workers at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. Methods: descriptive study carried out between January 2017 and the same month of 2018, which included 64 patients who presented a personal pathological history of arterial hypertension and / or diabetes mellitus, in which the presence or absence of refractive errors was determined. The data were obtained by ophthalmological examination. Results: the most affected age group was 50 years and over; the female sex predominated, the most prevalent refractive errors were compound hyperopic astigmatism and presbyopia; hypertensive patients prevailed. The most indicated optical correction was progressive lenses; the patients who attended the consultation the most were teachers. Conclusions: the detection and characterization of patients diagnosed with diabetes and hypertension in consultation is necessary for a better control of the ocular health status.

Peripheral refraction and spherical aberration profiles with single vision, bifocal and multifocal soft contact lenses.

PURPOSE: To compare the peripheral refraction and spherical aberration profiles along three visual field meridians of 16 commercial single vision (SV), bifocal (BF) and multifocal (MF) test contact lenses with a single vision control. METHOD: Forty-four participants [24.2±2.4 years, SE: -0.50 to -4.50D] were randomly fitted, contra-laterally, with 6 SV's [Air Optix Aqua (control), Acuvue Oasys, Biofinity, Clariti, Night & Day and Proclear], 3 BF's [Acuvue Bifocal low and high add, MiSight] and 8 MF's [Proclear D & N in 1.5 and 2.5D adds; AirOptix, PureVision low & high adds]. Peripheral refraction was performed across horizontal, oblique and vertical meridians, with lenses on eye using the BHVI-EyeMapper. The power vectors M, J0, J45 and the spherical aberration coefficient were analysed. The peripheral refraction and aberration profiles of the test lenses were compared with the profiles of the control lens using curvature and slope coefficients. RESULTS: Compared to the control, a relative peripheral hyperopic shift (M), a less negative J0 curvature coefficient along the horizontal meridian, a less positive J0 curvature coefficient along the vertical meridian, a less negative J45 curvature coefficient along the oblique meridian and a more positive spherical aberration curvature coefficient along most meridians was seen with the Acuvue Bifocal and all center-near multifocal lenses. For the center-distance multifocal lenses the direction of the curvature coefficients of the same refraction and aberration components was opposite to that of the center-near lenses. The greatest differences in the slope coefficients when compared to the control were found for the Acuvue Bifocal lenses and all multifocal contact lenses for the refractive component M and the spherical aberration coefficient along the horizontal visual field meridian, with the Acuvue Bifocal and the center-near multifocal lenses having more positive coefficients and the center-distance lenses having more negative coefficients. CONCLUSION: When worn on eye, different commercially available lens types produce differences in the direction and magnitude of the peripheral refraction and spherical aberration profiles along different visual field meridians. This information may be relevant to refractive development and myopia control.

La queratometría como variable predictora de la ametropía: un estudio diagnóstico en la población escolarizada de 5 a 19 años de la ciudad de pereira

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la curvatura corneal y los defectos de refracción en la población estudiantil de 5 a 19 años de la ciudad de Pereira en el año 2014. Materiales y métodos: el tipo de estudio es observacional correlacional descriptivo. Se indica el modelo de regresión lineal simple entre la queratometría y la retinoscopía. Se evaluó el error refractivo en 915 estudiantes de Pereira mediante retinoscopía estática y queratometría. Resultados: el valor cilíndrico obtenido para el ojo derecho (OD) oscila entre -0,12 y -5,50 dpt, mientras que para el ojo izquierdo (OI), el valor oscila entre -0,12 y -6,12 dpt. El 86,6% del meridiano eje (ME) del OD está entre 38,00 y 43,88 dpt, en tanto que el 87,2% del ME del OI se encuentra entre 32,00 y 43,88 dpt. La ametropía positiva para el OD está entre 0,25 y 8,00 dpt; para el OI en 0,25 y 7,50dpt. La ametropía negativa está en 6,00 para el OD y 6,50 dpt para el OI como valores máximos. En relación a la curvatura corneal y a las ametropías, el OD muestra una correlación de Pearson negativa, de -0,21 (p=0.0001). En el OI la correlación de Pearson también es negativa, de -0,20 (p=0.0001). Por lo tanto, la relación encontrada entre estas dos variables es tan solo del 5,1% y un 4,7% para OD y OI, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la relación entre la curvatura corneal y los errores de refracción según este modelo solo explica un porcentaje insignificante que no tiene importancia clínica, es del 4,9% en promedio del valor obtenido en el error refractivo en ambos ojos. Por ello, no es posible hacer una predicción de los errores refractivos con base en el radio de la curvatura corneal.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between corneal curvature and refractive errors in schooled population between the ages of 5 to 19 in the city of Pereira in 2014. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive correlational observational study, in which the simple linear regression model between keratometry and retinoscopy is indicated. Through static retinoscopy and keratometry, refractive error was evaluated in 915 students of Pereira. Results: The cylindrical value obtained for the RE (right eye) oscillates between -0.12 and -5.50 dpt and for the LI (left eye) -0.12 and -6.12 dpt, where 86.6% of the Axis (ME in Spanish) RE is between 38.00 and 43.88dpt, while 87.2% of Axis LE is between 32.00 and 43.88dpt. The positive ametropia for the RE is between 0.25 and 8.00dpt, for the LE 0.25 and 7.50dpt, the negative in RE 6.00 and OI 6.50dpt as maximum values. In relation to corneal curvature and ametropias, the RE shows a negative Pearson correlation of -0.21 (p = 0.0001). In the LE the Pearson correlation is also negative, of -0.20 (p = 0.0001). Therefore, the relationship found between these two variables is only 5.1% and 4.7% for RE and LE respectively. Conclusions: The relationship between corneal curvature and refractive errors according to this model only explains an insignificant percentage that does not have clinical importance, it is a 4.9% on average of the value obtained in the refractive error in both eyes, therefore, it does not allow a prediction of refractive errors based on the radius of corneal curvature.

Objetivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a relação entre a curvatura da córnea e erros de refração na população estudantil de 5 a 19 anos de idade na cidade de Pereira em 2014. Materiais e Métodos. 0 tipo de estudo é descritivo correlacional observacional, no qual o modelo de regressão linear simples entre ceratometria e retinoscopia é indicado. Por meio de retinoscopia estática e ceratometria, o erro refrativo foi avaliado em 915 estudantes de Pereira. Resultados. O valor cilíndrico obtido para o OD (olho direito) é entre -0,12 e -5,50dpt e para o OI (olho esquerdo) e -0,12dpt e -6,12, onde 86,6% do Meridiano Eje (ME) OD está entre 38,00 e 43,88dpt, enquanto que 87,2% do ME 01 está entre 32,00 e 43,88dpt. A ametropia positiva para o OD está entre 0,25 e 8,00dpt, para o OI 0,25 e 7,50dpt, a ametropia negativa em OD 6,00 e OI 6,50dpt como valores máximos. Em relação à curvatura corneana e ametropias, o OD mostra uma correlação negativa de Pearson de -0,21 (p = 0,0001). No OI, a correlação de Pearson também é negativa, de -0,20 (p = 0,0001). Portanto, a relação encontrada entre essas duas variáveis é de apenas 5,1% e 4,7% para OD e OI, respectivamente. Conclusões. A relação entre a curvatura corneana e os erros refra-tivos de acordo com este modelo explica apenas uma percentagem insignificante de nenhuma importância clínica, é de 4,9%, em média, do valor obtido no erro refrativo em ambos os olhos, de modo que, não permite fazer uma previsão de erros refrativos com base no raio da curvatura corneana.

Caracterización de pacientes con ametropías. Isla de Fogo, Cabo Verde. 2015-2017 / Characterization of patients with with ametropies. Fogo Island, Green Cape. 2015-2017

RESUMEN Fundamento: la incidencia de las ametropías, sobretodo de la miopía, está aumentando a nivel mundial. Son los defectos refractivos no compensados la primera causa de deficiencia visual y la segunda causa de ceguera evitable en el mundo. Objetivo: caracterizar pacientes con ametropías. Métodos: estudio descriptivo que incluyó 2891 casos tratados en la consulta de Oftalmología de la Isla de Fogo, Cabo Verde, entre los meses de noviembre del 2015 y noviembre del 2017, a los que se les aplicó una encuesta que incluyó variables como edad, sexo. A todos se les realizó examen oftalmológico para determinar si el paciente era portador de ambliopía. Se determinó agudeza visual sin corrección y con corrección, así como tipo de ametropía. Resultados: se detectaron ametropías en 59,6 %; el sexo femenino y el grupo etario entre 21 a 41 años fue el más representativo, de ellos el 4,9 % era ambliope; el mayor porciento de los pacientes presentó el rango de buena visión( de 0,7-1,0) con predominio de las ametropías con componente cilíndrico y de ellas con mayor frecuencia el astigmatismo hipermetrópico compuesto y el miópico simple y compuesto. Conclusiones: la incidencia de ametropías fue elevada, con mayor representatividad de los defectos con componente cilíndrico. Se produjo mejoría de la visión una vez corregida.

ABSTRACT Foundation: the incidence of ametropies, mainly miopía, is increasing worldwide. Non-compensated refractive defects are the first cause of visual deficiency and the second of blindness in the world. Objective: to characterize patients with ametropies. Methods: descriptive study which included 2891 cases in the Ophthalmology consultation in Fogo Island, Green Cape, between November 2015 and 2017, who were surveyed including age and sex. All of them had an ophthalmological exam to determine if amblyopia was present. Visual acuteness with or without correction was determined, so as ametropy. Results: ametropy was detected in 59.6%, the femile sex and the age group between 21 and 41 years old were the most representative. Out of them, 4.9% had amblyopia, the highest percent of the patients presented a rank of good vision, (from 0,7-1,0) predominating ametropies with cylindrical component and from them with highest frequency compound hypermetropic astigmatism and myopic simple and compound. Conclusion: the incidence of ametropies was elevated, with higher representation of defects of cylindrical component. An improvement was achieved once corrected.

Refractive error magnitude and variability: Relation to age.

PURPOSE: To investigate mean ocular refraction (MOR) and astigmatism, over the human age range and compare severity of refractive error to earlier studies from clinical populations having large age ranges. METHODS: For this descriptive study patient age, refractive error and history of surgery affecting refraction were abstracted from the Waterloo Eye Study database (WatES). Average MOR, standard deviation of MOR and astigmatism were assessed in relation to age. Refractive distributions for developmental age groups were determined. MOR standard deviation relative to average MOR was evaluated. Data from earlier clinically based studies with similar age ranges were compared to WatES. RESULTS: Right eye refractive errors were available for 5933 patients with no history of surgery affecting refraction. Average MOR varied with age. Children <1 yr of age were the most hyperopic (+1.79D) and the highest magnitude of myopia was found at 27yrs (-2.86D). MOR distributions were leptokurtic, and negatively skewed. The mode varied with age group. MOR variability increased with increasing myopia. Average astigmatism increased gradually to age 60 after which it increased at a faster rate. By 85+ years it was 1.25D. J0 power vector became increasingly negative with age. J45 power vector values remained close to zero but variability increased at approximately 70 years. In relation to comparable earlier studies, WatES data were most myopic. CONCLUSIONS: Mean ocular refraction and refractive error distribution vary with age. The highest magnitude of myopia is found in young adults. Similar to prevalence, the severity of myopia also appears to have increased since 1931.

Clinical evaluation of an automated subjective refraction method implemented in a computer-controlled motorized phoropter.

PURPOSE: To investigate a new algorithm to perform an automated non-cycloplegic refraction in adults. METHODS: Fifty healthy subjects were measured twice (test-retest) with the new automated subjective refraction method and with the conventional clinician subjective refraction procedure. Objective refraction was also measured with the Grand Seiko WAM-5500 autorefractor. The new automated method was inspired on the root finding bisection algorithm and on the Euclidean distances in the power vector domain. The algorithm was implemented in a computer that was synchronized with a customized motorized phoropter. Repeatability was mainly assessed with the within-subject standard deviation (Sw) and accuracy was mainly assessed with the limits of agreement. RESULTS: The within-subject standard deviations of the power vector components (M, J0, J45) obtained for the right eye are (±0.13, ±0.04, ±0.05)D and (±0.17, ±0.03, ±0.07)D, respectively, for the clinical and the automated subjective refraction methods. The limits of agreement (with the clinical method) for the automated and the objective methods are, respectively (±0.56, ±0.18, ±0.31)D and (±0.77, ±0.15, ±0.18)D. Similar results are obtained for the left eye. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed automated method is repeatable and more accurate than objective techniques in healthy adults. However, it is not accurate enough to replace the clinical subjective refraction yet and it should be tested in a wider population in terms of age, refraction and different ocular conditions. Despite these important limitations, this method has been shown to be a potentially valuable method to improve the access to primary eye care services in developing countries.

Alteración de la visión y su relación con la utilización de aparatos electrónicos en adolescentes de escuelas públicas de San Lorenzo

Introducción: Los defectos de refracción no corregidos son la principal causa de discapacidad visual. En sitios en donde la atención oftalmológica es escasa, se han realizado programas de tamizaje por los maestros, que fueron eficientes para detección precoz de defectos refractivos. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de alteración de la visión y su relación con la utilización de aparatos electrónicos en adolescentes de dos escuelas de San Lorenzo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, con componente analítico. Fueron incluidos adolescentes de 12 a 18 años de edad de dos escuelas de San Lorenzo. Las variables estudiadas fueron: Edad, Sexo, visión menor a 20/40, antecedente de consulta previa, antecedente familiar de uso de anteojos, horas de uso de aparatos electrónicos, uso de redes sociales, horas al aire libre, tiempo dedicado a lectura no académica, presencia de síntomas oculares. Análisis estadístico: SPSSv21 utilizando estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Protocolo aprobado por el comité de ética institucional con consentimiento informado. Resultados: fueron evaluados 300 adolescentes, se detectó que la mediana de edad fue 14 años, predominó el sexo femenino (58,7%); el 7,3% presentó una alteración de la visión, el 64,3% no consultó previamente. El antecedente familiar de uso de anteojos, no tuvo significancia. Se vio que las horas diarias de uso de aparatos electrónicos fue mayor en los que tenían visión disminuida con un menor tiempo al aire libre en aquellos con visión alterada. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue astigmatismo. Conclusión: La frecuencia de alteración de la visión en adolescentes fue 7,3%. Los adolescentes con visión alterada tuvieron más horas diarias al uso de aparatos electrónicos, observándose que las horas que pasaban al aire libre fue menor en los mismos.

Introduction: Uncorrected refractive errors are the main cause of visual impairment. In places where ophthalmological care is poor, screening programs have been carried out by teachers, which were efficient for early detection of refractive errors. Objective: To determine the frequency of vision impairment and its relationship with the use of electronic devices in adolescents of two schools in San Lorenzo. Materials and Methods: This was an observational and descriptive study, with an analytical component. Teenagers from 12 to 18 years old from two schools in San Lorenzo were included. The variables studied were: Age, Sex, vision less than 20/40, prior consultation history, family history of wearing glasses, electronic device usage hours, use of social networks, hours spent outdoors, time spent on leisure reading, presence of eye symptoms. Statistical analysis: SPSSv21 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Protocol approved by the institutional ethics committee with informed consent. Results: 300 adolescents were evaluated, the median age was 14 years, female sex was more prevalent (58.7%); 7.3% presented with vision impairment, 64.3% had not consulted previously. A family history of wearing glasses was not significant. It was noted that the daily hours of use of electronic devices were greater in those with reduced vision with less time spent outdoors in those with impaired vision. The most frequent diagnosis was astigmatism. Conclusion: The frequency of vision impairment in adolescents was 7.3%. Adolescents with impaired vision had more daily hours of using electronic devices, and less hours spent outdoors.

Alteración de la visión y su relación con la utilización de aparatos electrónicos en adolescentes de escuelas públicas de San Lorenzo / Alteration of vision and its relationship with the use of electronic devices in adolescents attending public schools in San Lorenzo

Introducción: Los defectos de refracción no corregidos son la principal causa de discapacidad visual. En sitios en donde la atención oftalmológica es escasa, se han realizado programas de tamizaje por los maestros, que fueron eficientes para detección precoz de defectos refractivos. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de alteración de la visión y su relación con la utilización de aparatos electrónicos en adolescentes de dos escuelas de San Lorenzo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, con componente analítico. Fueron incluidos adolescentes de 12 a 18 años de edad de dos escuelas de San Lorenzo. Las variables estudiadas fueron: Edad, Sexo, visión menor a 20/40, antecedente de consulta previa, antecedente familiar de uso de anteojos, horas de uso de aparatos electrónicos, uso de redes sociales, horas al aire libre, tiempo dedicado a lectura no académica, presencia de síntomas oculares. Análisis estadístico: SPSSv21 utilizando estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Protocolo aprobado por el comité de ética institucional con consentimiento informado. Resultados: fueron evaluados 300 adolescentes, se detectó que la mediana de edad fue 14 años, predominó el sexo femenino (58,7%); el 7,3% presentó una alteración de la visión, el 64,3% no consultó previamente. El antecedente familiar de uso de anteojos, no tuvo significancia. Se vio que las horas diarias de uso de aparatos electrónicos fue mayor en los que tenían visión disminuida con un menor tiempo al aire libre en aquellos con visión alterada. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue astigmatismo. Conclusión: La frecuencia de alteración de la visión en adolescentes fue 7,3%. Los adolescentes con visión alterada tuvieron más horas diarias al uso de aparatos electrónicos, observándose que las horas que pasaban al aire libre fue menor en los mismos.

Introduction: Uncorrected refractive errors are the main cause of visual impairment. In places where ophthalmological care is poor, screening programs have been carried out by teachers, which were efficient for early detection of refractive errors. Objective: To determine the frequency of vision impairment and its relationship with the use of electronic devices in adolescents of two schools in San Lorenzo. Materials and Methods: This was an observational and descriptive study, with an analytical component. Teenagers from 12 to 18 years old from two schools in San Lorenzo were included. The variables studied were: Age, Sex, vision less than 20/40, prior consultation history, family history of wearing glasses, electronic device usage hours, use of social networks, hours spent outdoors, time spent on leisure reading, presence of eye symptoms. Statistical analysis: SPSSv21 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Protocol approved by the institutional ethics committee with informed consent. Results: 300 adolescents were evaluated, the median age was 14 years, female sex was more prevalent (58.7%); 7.3% presented with vision impairment, 64.3% had not consulted previously. A family history of wearing glasses was not significant. It was noted that the daily hours of use of electronic devices were greater in those with reduced vision with less time spent outdoors in those with impaired vision. The most frequent diagnosis was astigmatism. Conclusion: The frequency of vision impairment in adolescents was 7.3%. Adolescents with impaired vision had more daily hours of using electronic devices, and less hours spent outdoors.

Synthesis and physicochemical studies of vanillin chalcones / Síntesis y estudios fisicoquímicos de vainillin-chalconas

SUMMARY Some chalcone compounds are synthesized and their characterization was done by spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. Some physicochemical properties such as acoustical properties, refractive index, conductance and partition coefficient have been studied for these synthesized compounds in N, N-dimethyl formamide and chloroform at 303.15 K. The studied properties are useful in QSAR studies and applications of these compounds in various other fields. It is observed that these parameters are affected by solvent and substitutions present in compounds.

RESUMEN Se sintetizaron algunos compuestos del tipo chalcona y su caracterizaron mediante técnicas espectroscópicas tales como IR, RMN y espectrometría de masa. Algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas tales como propiedades acústicas, índice de refracción, conductancia y coeficiente de reparto se estudiaron, para los compuestos sintetizados, en N,N-dimetil formamida y cloroformo a 303,15 K. Las propiedades estudiadas son útiles en estudios QSAR y en aplicaciones de estos compuestos en otros campos. Se observa que estos parámetros se ven afectados por el disolvente y las sustituciones presentes en los compuestos.

Validation of refraction and anterior segment parameters by a new multi-diagnostic platform (VX120).

BACKGROUND: The VX120 (Visionix Luneau, France) is a novel multi-diagnostic platform that combines Hartmann-Shack based autorefraction, Placido-disk based corneal-topography and anterior segment measurements made with a stationary-Scheimpflug camera. We investigate the agreement between different parameters measured by the VX120 with accepted or gold-standard techniques to test if they are interchangeable, as well as to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility. METHODS: The right-eyes of healthy subjects were included in the study. Autorefraction of the VX120 was compared to subjective refraction. Agreement of anterior segment parameters was compared to the Sirius (CSO, Italy) including autokeratometry, central corneal thickness (CCT), iridiocorneal angle (IA). Inter and intra-test repeatability of the above parameters was assessed. Results were analyzed using Bland and Altman analyses. RESULTS: A total of 164 eyes were evaluated. The mean difference between VX120 autorefraction and subjective refraction for sphere, spherical equivalent (SE), and cylinder was 0.01±0.43D, 0.14±0.47D, and -0.26±0.30D, respectively and high correlation was found to all parameter (r>0.75) except for J45 (r=0.61). The mean difference between VX120 and the Sirius system for CCT, IA, and keratometry (k1 and k2) was -3.51±8.64µm, 7.6±4.2°, 0.003±0.06mm and 0.004±0.04mm, respectively and high correlation was found to all parameter (r>0.97) except for IA (r=0.67). Intrasession repeatability of VX120 refraction, CCT, IA and keratometry yielded low within-subject standard deviations. Inter-session repeatability showed no statistically significant difference for most of the parameters measured. CONCLUSIONS: The VX120 provides consistent refraction and most anterior segment measurements in normal healthy eyes, with high levels of intra and inter-session repeatability.