"Mortality, or not mortality, that is the question ": How to Treat Removals in Tree Survival Analysis of Central European Managed Forests.

Tree mortality is an objective forest health criterion and is particularly suitable for long-term and large-scale studies of forest condition. However, it is impossible to determine actual tree mortality in Central European managed forests where trees are removed for various reasons. In this case, the only way to approximate tree mortality is to define the range in which it occurs. This can be carried out by including in the mortality calculations either dead trees that remain in the stand at the end of the assessment period or additionally trees that have been removed from the stand. We used data from the annual forest monitoring surveys in Poland from 2009 to 2022 for pine, spruce, oak and birch to perform a survival analysis in which we included all removals or sanitary cuttings either as censored or complete observations. The differences between the calculated mortality rates were significant, indicating the importance of how removals are treated in the analysis. To assess which method used for mortality calculation was more appropriate, we compared values for last recorded defoliation and severity of damage from live, dead and thinned or salvaged trees. For all species studied, significant differences were found between dead trees or trees removed by sanitation cuts and living trees or trees removed by thinning, suggesting that not only dead trees remaining in the forest, but also trees removed by sanitation cuts, should be considered when calculating mortality in managed stands. We also recommend the use of survival analysis in forest monitoring as a routine method for assessing the health of stands.

Factors Predicting Removals of the Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System in an Adolescent Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Use of 52-mg levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in adolescents for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), dysmenorrhea, and contraception has increased, yet little is known about the factors predicting removal and dissatisfaction in adolescents. The aim of this study was to identify factors predicting LNG-IUS removal in adolescents. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study including all adolescents (9-19 years) who underwent LNG-IUS insertion between 2012 and 2021 (n = 536). A medical record review was conducted and data were collated on medical and gynecological history, age, indications for insertion, complications, expulsions, and removals. The data were analyzed using χ2 tests. RESULTS: Indications for LNG-IUS insertions (n = 536) among 517 individual patients (n = 517) included menstrual management (n = 142), HMB alone (n = 118), HMB and pelvic pain/dysmenorrhea (n = 105), dysmenorrhea/pelvic pain alone (n = 47), and contraception (n = 16). Associated diagnoses included intellectual disability (44.29%, 229/517), chronic pain conditions (12.77%, 66/517), and additional mental health concerns (24.37%, 126/517). Patient dissatisfaction with LNG-IUS led to removal in 61 (11.38%), mostly for pain or persistent bleeding. Higher removal rates occurred in those with associated chronic pain conditions (46.97%, χ2 = 55.9, P < .05), mental health concerns (16.67%, χ2 = 5.06, P < .05), and bleeding disorders (26.32%, χ2 = 5.09, P < .05). Among the cohort with an intellectual disability, lower rates of removal occurred (5.7%, χ2 = 11.2, P < .05). Whereas the LNG-IUS removal rate among gender-diverse youth was 23.07%, this was not statistically significant. Younger age was also not associated with a statistically significant increase in removals (13.72%, χ2 = 0.73, P > .05). DISCUSSION: Adolescents have a low dissatisfaction and removal rate (11.38%) of LNG-IUS. Chronic pain, bleeding tendency, and mental health concerns are associated with higher removal rates and intellectual disability with lower rates. These findings are useful in counselling patients and families about LNG-IUS.

Robustness of Network Controllability with Respect to Node Removals Based on In-Degree and Out-Degree.

Network controllability and its robustness have been widely studied. However, analytical methods to calculate network controllability with respect to node in- and out-degree targeted removals are currently lacking. This paper develops methods, based on generating functions for the in- and out-degree distributions, to approximate the minimum number of driver nodes needed to control directed networks, during node in- and out-degree targeted removals. By validating the proposed methods on synthetic and real-world networks, we show that our methods work reasonably well. Moreover, when the fraction of the removed nodes is below 10% the analytical results of random removals can also be used to predict the results of targeted node removals.

Proving promise and support: Preliminary evaluation of the Indiana Family Preservation Services.

BACKGROUND: As part of the implementation of Family First Preservation Services Act, and to meet legal requirements set by the Indiana State Legislature in 2019, Indiana Department of Child Services (DCS) implemented Indiana Family Preservation Services (INFPS) to maintain children in the home when it is deemed safe to do so. OBJECTIVE: This paper explores the effects of INFPS on child removal episodes and repeat maltreatment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: This study compares all children and families receiving INFPS between January 1, 2021 to March 31, 2021 to a similar cohort of in-home cases that opened between January 1, 2019 and March 31, 2019. METHODS: Contribution analysis and a quasi-experimental design are employed by using administrative records and survey data collected from service providers. RESULTS: INFPS is associated with reduced repeat maltreatment by about 3-4 % at the case-level and about 2-3 % at the child-level. In contrast to repeat maltreatment, in both case-level and child-level analyses, INFPS was not significantly associated with decreased likelihood of child removal. CONCLUSION: Overall, these results identify short-term effectiveness of INFPS on reducing repeat maltreatment during the treatment period. Results highlight the potential utility of INFPS to improving such outcomes, through increased use of evidence-based practices (EBP). Current findings demonstrate the need for continued research on the long-term effects of INFPS on child and family outcomes.

Clinical, logistic, and geographic factors in ensuring adequate access to implant removals: A cross-sectional survey of public facilities and GIS modeling of geographic access in two districts of Senegal.

Introduction: Ensuring adequate access to contraceptive implant removal services requires an understanding of potential clinical, logistical, and geographic challenges. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 39 public health facilities in two districts of Senegal. To assess facility readiness, we reported the proportion of facilities meeting all minimum conditions for regular and difficult implant removals. We then describe characteristics of referral networks. Geographic access modeling was conducted in a geographic information system to estimate the proportion of women of reproductive age living within specific travel times of facilities ready for regular and difficult removals. Results: 72% of facilities met all conditions for regular removals, and 8% for difficult removals. In both cases, the main gaps related to equipment availability (79% of facilities had the minimum equipment for regular removals and 8% for difficult removals). 72% of facilities organized in three referral networks sent clients to other facilities for cases they could not manage. Of 11 receiving or single-network facilities, seven were ready for regular removals and one for difficult removals. Altogether, 36% of women in Dakar Centre and 99% of women in Kolda lived within two hours of a facility that was equipped to handle regular removals, compared to 15% and 69%, respectively, for difficult removals. Conclusion: Data such as those provided in this assessment are important to provide a realistic picture of the state of readiness of the health system and its ability to meet the inevitable demand for implant removals. Referral networks should be considered as an emerging strategy to avail sufficient capacity at the systems level, including for managing difficult removals. However, careful thought should be given to the location of facilities that are ready to receive cases in order to target upgrades.

Waste biomass based potential bioadsorbent for lead removal from simulated wastewater.

Present study deals with the lead removal from simulated wastewater using cost effective bio-adsorbent of mango seeds cover with kernel (M), and jamun seeds cover with kernel (JP). Lead removal optimization of adsorption parameters has been analyzed by using Response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum adsorption was attained at speed of 500 rpm, 60 mg, pH 6.5 and contact time of 120 min. The adsorption capacities are around 39.15 mg/g of M and 20.28 mg/g of JP bio-adsorbent, and also the maximum Pb removal were observed Ì´ 94.85% and 92.78%, respectively. The regression coefficient was best fitted for both bio-adsorbents are Freundlich model and pseudo-first order reaction kinetic.

The default methods in the 2019 Refinement drastically reduce estimates of global carbon sinks of harvested wood products.

BACKGROUND: The stock dynamics of harvested wood products (HWPs) are a relevant component of anthropogenic carbon cycles. Generally, HWP stock increases are treated as carbon removals from the atmosphere, while stock decreases are considered emissions. Among the different approaches suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for accounting HWPs in national greenhouse gas inventories, the production approach has been established as the common approach under the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. However, the 24th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decided that alternative approaches can also be used. The IPCC has published guidelines for estimating HWP carbon stocks and default parameters for the various approaches in the 2006 Guidelines, 2013 Guidance, and 2019 Refinement. Although there are significant differences among the default methods in the three IPCC guidelines, no studies have systematically quantified or compared the results from the different guidelines on a global scale. This study quantifies the HWP stock dynamics and corresponding carbon removals/emissions under each approach based on the default methods presented in each guideline for 235 individual countries/regions. RESULTS: We identified relatively good consistency in carbon stocks/removals between the stock-change and the atmospheric flow approaches at a global level. Under both approaches, the methodological and parameter updates in the 2019 Refinement (e.g., considered HWPs, starting year for carbon stocks, and conversion factors) resulted in one-third reduction in carbon removals compared to the 2006 Guidelines. The production approach leads to a systematic underestimation of global carbon stocks and removals because it confines accounting to products derived from domestic harvests and uses the share of domestic feedstock for accounting. The 2013 Guidance and the 2019 Refinement reduce the estimated global carbon removals under the production approach by 15% and 45% (2018), respectively, compared to the 2006 Guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Gradual refinements in the IPCC default methods have a considerably higher impact on global estimates of HWP carbon stocks and removals than the differences in accounting approaches. The methodological improvements in the 2019 Refinement halve the global HWP carbon removals estimated in the former version, the 2006 Guidelines.

Effects of drivers and their variations on the number of stems and aboveground carbon removals in miombo woodlands of mainland Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Removals caused by both natural and anthropogenic drivers such as logging and fire in miombo woodlands causes substantial carbon emissions. Here we present drivers and their effects on the variations on the number of stems and aboveground carbon (AGC) removals based on an analysis of Tanzania's national forest inventory (NFI) data extracted from the National Forest Resources Assessment and Monitoring (NAFORMA) database using allometric models that utilize stump diameter as the sole predictor. RESULTS: Drivers of AGC removals in miombo woodlands of mainland Tanzania in order of importance were timber, fire, shifting cultivation, charcoal, natural death, firewood collection, poles, grazing by wildlife animals, carvings, grazing by domestic animals, and mining. The average number of stems and AGC removals by driver ranged from 0.006 to 16.587 stems ha-1 year-1 and 0.0-1.273 tCha-1 year-1 respectively. Furthermore, charcoal, shifting cultivation and fuelwood caused higher tree removals as opposed to timber, natural death and fire that accounted for higher AGC removals. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers caused substantial effects on the number of stems and carbon removals. Increased mitigation efforts in addressing removals by timber, fires, shifting cultivation, charcoal and natural death would be effective in mitigating degradation in miombo woodlands of Tanzania. Additionally, site-specific studies need to be conducted to bring information that would be used for managing woodlands at local levels. This kind of study need to be conducted in other vegetation types like montane and Mangrove forest at national scale in Tanzania.

Impact of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae on juvenile bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) survival in the northern Basin and Range ecosystem.

Determining the demographic impacts of wildlife disease is complex because extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of survival, reproduction, body condition, and other factors that may interact with disease vary widely. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection has been linked to persistent mortality in juvenile bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), although mortality appears to vary widely across subspecies, populations, and outbreaks. Hypotheses for that variation range from interactions with nutrition, population density, genetic variation in the pathogen, genetic variation in the host, and other factors. We investigated factors related to survival of juvenile bighorn sheep in reestablished populations in the northern Basin and Range ecosystem, managed as the formerly-recognized California subspecies (hereafter, "California lineage"). We investigated whether survival probability of 4-month juveniles would vary by (1) presence of M. ovipneumoniae-infected or exposed individuals in populations, (2) population genetic diversity, and (3) an index of forage suitability. We monitored 121 juveniles across a 3-year period in 13 populations in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada. We observed each juvenile and GPS-collared mother semi-monthly and established 4-month capture histories for the juvenile to estimate survival. All collared adult females were PCR-tested at least once for M. ovipneumoniae infection. The presence of M. ovipneumoniae-infected juveniles was determined by observing juvenile behavior and PCR-testing dead juveniles. We used a known-fate model with different time effects to determine if the probability of survival to 4 months varied temporally or was influenced by disease or other factors. We detected dead juveniles infected with M. ovipneumoniae in only two populations. Derived juvenile survival probability at four months in populations where infected juveniles were not detected was more than 20 times higher. Detection of infected adults or adults with antibody levels suggesting prior exposure was less predictive of juvenile survival. Survival varied temporally but was not strongly influenced by population genetic diversity or nutrition, although genetic diversity within most study area populations was very low. We conclude that the presence of M. ovipneumoniae can cause extremely low juvenile survival probability in translocated bighorn populations of the California lineage, but found little influence that genetic diversity or nutrition affect juvenile survival. Yet, after the PCR+ adult female in one population died, subsequent observations found 11 of 14 ( 79%) collared adult females had surviving juveniles at 4-months, suggesting that targeted removals of infected adults should be evaluated as a management strategy.

Sport Mega-Events and Displacement of Host Community Residents: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review to understand how empirical data have informed the knowledge about the relationship between hosting sport mega-events and displacement of host community residents. Following the PRISMA protocol, we conducted a search of academic and gray literature in sport, social sciences, and humanities databases. We excluded conceptual papers, conference abstracts, and works that discuss urban transformation or displacement but are not related to sport events. We also excluded works that associate sport mega-events with urban transformations but are not related to resident displacement. From the initial 2,372 works reviewed, 22 met the inclusion criteria. In empirical studies, displacement of residents has been studied exclusively in the context of the Olympic Games, since Seoul 1988, but with a higher frequency in most recent Games (Beijing, London, and Rio). The gigantism and the sense of urgency created by the Olympic Games may explain why this event has been frequently associated with resident displacement. Findings showed that residents suffered either direct, forced evictions or indirect displacements. The selected studies show a contradiction between the discourse of sport mega-events guardians for supporting the United Nations Sustainable Goals (SDG) and the practice of human rights within host cities of such events.

Effect of substrate types on contaminant removals, electrochemical characteristics and microbial community in vertical flow constructed wetlands for treatment of urban sewage.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of substrates (quartz sand and coke) on the removal of pollutants (COD, NH4+-N and TP), electrochemical characteristics and microbial communities of vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) under high pollutant loads. During operation, the removal rates of COD, NH4+-N and TP by VFCW-C (coke as substrate) were higher than that of VFCW-Q (quartz sand as substrate) by 9.73-19.41%, 5.03%-13.15% and 8.83%-14.58%, respectively. And the resistances of the VFCW-Q and VFCW-C were increased by 1228.9 Ω and 38.3 Ω, while their potentials were dropped from 182.4 mV to 377.9 mV-85.6 mV and 222.0 mV, respectively. The dominant bacteria at the bottoms of VFCW-Q and VFCW-C were individually aerobic denitrifying bacteria (ADNB; 14.98%)/ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB; 5.73%) and organics aerobic degrading bacteria (OADB; 12.48%)/ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB; 7.24%), while the predominant bacteria at their tops were separately ADNB (11.36%)/OADB (10.52%)/AOB (4.69%) and ADNB (15.09%)/AOB (8.86%) and OADB (3.20%) The removal of pollutants by VFCW-Q and VFCW-C may be mainly attributed to substrate adsorption and microbial degradation.

Tree planting has the potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity of forests in the United States.

Several initiatives have been proposed to mitigate forest loss and climate change through tree planting as well as maintaining and restoring forest ecosystems. These initiatives have both inspired and been inspired by global assessments of tree and forest attributes and their contributions to offset carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Here we use data from more than 130,000 national forest inventory plots to describe the contribution of nearly 1.4 trillion trees on forestland in the conterminous United States to mitigate CO2 emissions and the potential to enhance carbon sequestration capacity on productive forestland. Forests and harvested wood products uptake the equivalent of more than 14% of economy-wide CO2 emissions in the United States annually, and there is potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity by ∼20% (-187.7 million metric tons [MMT] CO2 ±9.1 MMT CO2) per year by fully stocking all understocked productive forestland. However, there are challenges and opportunities to be considered with tree planting. We provide context and estimates from the United States to inform assessments of the potential contributions of forests in climate change mitigation associated with tree planting.

New property-performance optimization of scalable alginate-g-terpolymer for Ce(IV), Mo(VI), and W(VI) exclusions.

New property-performance optimization approach of purely-aliphatic scalable-and-reusable multifunctional terpolymer hydrogels envisaging the excellent performance potential has been reported. Accordingly, the optimum potassium alginate (KA)-g-[2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA)-co-3-(2-(isobutyryloxy)ethoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid (IBEMPA)-co-methacrylic acid (MAA)/ 1], i.e., 2, among twelve KA-grafted terpolymer hydrogels has been designed and synthesized via OH functionalized OC/ CC coupled in situ protrusion of third monomer, i.e., IBEMPA, and grafting of KA into 1 in polymerization of two monomers employing variable monomer ratio; pH; amounts of KA, crosslinker, and initiators; and temperatures. The structures of 1/ 2, in situ IBEMPA, grafted-KA, thermal stabilities, surface properties, superadsorption mechanism, and reusability have been explored via 1H/ 13C NMR, FTIR, XPS, TGA, XRD, SEM, DLS, network parameters, pHPZC, %graft-ratio, %gel-content, and thermodynamic-parameters. The maximum adsorption capacities of Ce(IV), Mo(VI), and W(VI) are 1575.57, 1581.32, and 1990.11 mg g-1, respectively, within 500-1000 ppm at 308 K for 0.02 g adsorbent.

Implications of life history uncertainty when evaluating status in the Northwest Atlantic population of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias).

To effectively protect at-risk sharks, resource managers and conservation practitioners must have a good understanding of how fisheries removals contribute to changes in abundance and how regulatory restrictions may impact a population trajectory. This means they need to know the number of animals being removed from a population and whether a given number of removals will lead to population increases or declines. For white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), theoretical quantities like the intrinsic rate of population increase or rebound potential (ability to increase in size following decline) are difficult to conceptualize in terms of real-world abundance changes, which limits our ability to answer practical management questions. To address this shortfall, we designed a simulation model to evaluate how our understanding of longevity and life history variability of white shark affects our understanding of population trends in the Northwest Atlantic. Then, we quantified the magnitude of removals that could have caused historical population declines, compared these to biologically based reference points, and explored the removal scenarios which would result in population increase. Our results suggest that removals on the order of 100s of juveniles per year could have resulted in population-level declines in excess of 60% during the 1970s and 1980s. Conservation actions implemented since the 1990s would have needed to be nearly 100% effective at preventing fishing mortality in order for the population to double in abundance over the last 30 years. Total removals from all fleets needed to be exceptionally small to keep them below biological reference points for white shark in the Northwest Atlantic. The population's inherent vulnerability to fishing pressure reaffirms the need for restrictive national and international conservation measures, even under a situation of abundance increase.

Separation and Recovery of Refined Si from Al-Si Melt by Modified Czochralski Method.

Separation of refined silicon from Al-Si melt is still a puzzle for the solvent refining process, resulting in considerable waste of acid and silicon powder. A novel modified Czochralski method within the Al-Si alloy is proposed. After the modified Czochralski process, a large amount of refined Si particles was enriched around the seed crystalline Si and separated from the Al-Si melt. As for the Al-28%Si with the pulling rate of 0.001 mm/min, the recovery of refined Si in the pulled-up alloy (PUA) sample is 21.5%, an improvement of 22% compared with the theoretical value, which is much larger 1.99 times than that in the remained alloy (RA) sample. The content of impurities in the PUA is much less than that in the RA sample, which indicates that the modified Czochralski method is effective to improve the removal fraction of impurities. The apparent segregation coefficients of boron (B) and phosphorus (P) in the PUA and RA samples were evaluated. These results demonstrate that the modified Czochralski method for the alloy system is an effective way to enrich and separate refined silicon from the Al-Si melt, which provide a potential and clean production of solar grade silicon (SoG-Si) for the future industrial application.

Contribuições da Psicologia às Lutas Transversais Travadas em Meio às Metrópoles de Privilégios / Contributions of Psychology to Cross-sectional Struggles Held at the Metropolis of Privileges / Contribuciones de la Psicología a las Luchas Transversales que se Libran en Medio a las Metropoles de Privilegios

Esse artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades de contribuição da Psicologia a ações de enfrentamento a práticas violentas, e junto às lutas transversais travadas pelos grupos com os quais trabalhamos. Para tanto, partimos do conceito de lutas transversais de Michel Foucault, entendidas como lutas antiautoritárias e democratizantes que têm por alvo os mecanismos de dominação, exploração e submissão. Entendemos que os saberes psis, ao se colocarem a serviço das lutas transversais, podem servir como ferramentas de análise e enfrentamento a estes mecanismos. Nesse sentido, trazemos duas experiências de pesquisa e extensão realizadas em territórios que se encontravam em meio a processos de remoção, um deles na Comunidade Indiana, no bairro Tijuca, no Rio de Janeiro e o outro na Grande Cruzeiro, em Porto Alegre. Tais análises assumem o caráter de denúncia das violências decorrentes de gestões estatais, dando visibilidade às formas de submissão que operam pela produção do que chamaremos de uma "subjetividade culpada" e pela inscrição das populações alvo das remoções no lugar de não cidadãos, de sujeitos de um não direito. Buscaremos, ainda, evidenciar as articulações entre essas ferramentas de produção de subjetividade e as problemáticas materiais, decorrentes das desigualdades de acesso à moradia e à cidade. Por fim, afirmamos o caráter de resistência presente na compreensão de subjetividade como processo em constante construção e nas possibilidades de produzirmos rupturas nas práticas que encerram determinados modos de habitar e viver nas cidades como mais ou menos legítimos....(AU)

This article aims to reflect on the possibilities of contribution of Psychology to actions to confront violent practices, and the transversal struggles waged by the groups with which we work. To do so, we start from the concept of transverse struggles of Michel Foucault, understood as anti-authoritarian and democratizing struggles that aim at the mechanisms of domination, exploitation and submission. We understand that psis knowledge, when placed in the service of the transversal struggles waged by the groups with which we work, can serve as tools of analysis and coping with these mechanisms. In this sense, in this article, we bring two research and extension experiments carried out in territories that were in the midst of removal processes, one in the Indiana Community, in the Tijuca neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, and the other in the region of Grande Cruzeiro in Porto Alegre. Such analyses assume the character of denunciation of the violence arising from state management, promoted through the removal processes of Indiana and part of the Grande Cruzeiro, giving visibility to the forms of submission that operate through the production of what we will call a "guilty subjectivity" and by the inscription of the target populations of the removals in the place of non-citizens, of subjects of a non-right, of illegitimate inhabitants of the city. We will also seek, with our analyses, to highlight the articulations between these tools of production of subjectivity and the concrete material problems arising from the inequalities of access to housing and the city. Finally, we affirm the character of resistance present in the understanding of subjectivity as a process in constant construction and in the possibilities of producing ruptures in practices that contain certain ways of living in cities as more or less legitimate....(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las posibilidades de la contribución de la Psicología para hacer frente a las prácticas violentas, y junto con las luchas transversales que libran los grupos con los que trabajamos. Con este fin, partimos del concepto de luchas transversales de Michel Foucault, entendido como luchas antiautoritarias y democratizadoras que apuntan a los mecanismos de dominación, explotación y sumisión. Entendemos que el conocimiento psis, al ponerse al servicio de las luchas transversales, puede servir como herramienta para el análisis y para hacer frente a estos mecanismos. En este sentido, traemos dos experiencias de investigación y extensión llevadas a cabo en territorios que se encontraban en medio de procesos de remoción, una en la Comunidad de Indiana, en el barrio de Tijuca, en Río de Janeiro y la otra en Grande Cruzeiro, en Porto Alegre. Dichos análisis asumen el carácter de denunciar la violencia resultante de la gestión estatal, dando visibilidad a las formas de sumisión que operan produciendo lo que llamaremos una "subjetividad culpable" y por la inscripción de las poblaciones objetivo de los retiros en el lugar de los no ciudadanos, de sujetos de un no derecho. También buscaremos resaltar las articulaciones entre estas herramientas de producción de subjetividad y los problemas materiales que surgen de las desigualdades en el acceso a la vivienda y la ciudad. Finalmente, afirmamos el carácter de resistencia presente en la comprensión de la subjetividad como un proceso en constante construcción y en las posibilidades de producir rupturas en las prácticas que incluyen ciertas formas de vivir y vivir en ciudades como más o menos legítimas....(AU)

Assessment and modeling of microalgae growth considering the effects OF CO2, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon and solar irradiation.

The present study assesses and models the growth of microalgae during the combined processes of concurrent eliminations of CO2 from off-gas and nutrients from wastewater. The growth of single (Spirulina platensis, SP.PL) and mixed (mixed indigenous microalgae, MIMA) algae strains was tested in a pilot plant under natural conditions. The specific growth rate (µ), biomass production (Pbio), CO2 biofixation rate (RCO2), and contaminate (organic matter and nutrient) reductions were investigated in response to the changes in concentration of CO2, nutrient and organic matters as well as solar irradiation. A mathematical model that incorporates the effect of growth variables: organic matter (COD), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), total phosphate (TP), solar irradiation and dissolved CO2 was developed to predict the strains growth rate. The maximum value of µ for single strain was determined to occur at 40 mg COD/L, 20 mg-N/L, 8.9 mg-P/L, 12% CO2 (v/v) and 7.45 µE/m2.s. MIMA showed a maximum value of µ at 55 mg COD/L, 17 mg-N/L, 10 mg-P/L, 17% CO2 and 8.45 µE/m2.s. The predicted growth rates confirmed the ability of the model to match experimental data. Microalgae can be successfully used in sustainable CO2 capturing and wastewater treatment technology.

Infant removals: The need to address the over-representation of Aboriginal infants and community concerns of another 'stolen generation'.

OBJECTIVES: The removal of a child from their parents is traumatising, particularly in Aboriginal communities where a history of child removals has led to intergenerational trauma. This study will determine where disparities in child protection involvement exist among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and characteristics associated with infant removals. Challenges faced by child protection and other agencies, and opportunities for overcoming these, are discussed. METHODS: Data from both the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and linked Western Australian government data was used to examine disparities between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in the child protection and out-of-home care system. RESULTS: Nationally, Aboriginal children are ten times more likely to be placed in out-of-home care than non-Aboriginal children and this disparity starts in infancy. Infants were removed from parents with high levels of risk. Aboriginal infants were at increased risk of being removed from women with substance-use problems and had greater proportions removed from remote, disadvantaged communities than were non-Aboriginal infants. CONCLUSIONS: Aboriginal infants have a high rate of removal. Although there are many complexities to be understood and challenges to overcome, there are also potential strategies. The disparity between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal infant removals needs to be seen as a priority requiring urgent action to prevent further intergenerational trauma.

A 5-Year History of Laparoscopic Gastric Band Removals: an Analysis of Complications and Associated Comorbidities.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to examine the factors contributing to laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) removals among adults > 18 years of age. We hypothesized that female patients with multiple comorbidities would have increased removals. DESIGN: This retrospective exploratory study uses internal records and standard statistical methods of analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-five bands were removed (11.8% males, 88.2% females). The average BMI was 40.7 (n = 83). 2.4% of patients had removals between 0 and 12 months, 18.8% between 39 and 51 months, and 35.3% between 39 and 64 months. 8.2% of treatment times were unknown. The average treatment time was 67.9 months. 48.2% of patients had ≥ 2 comorbidities, GERD (44.2%) being the most frequent. 49.4% of patients reported dysphagia as the reason for band removal. 22.4% of removals were associated with band failures, none with port complications. The reason for band removal was unknown in 21.2% of patients. 67.1%, 32.9%, and 23.5% attended 30-, 60-, and 90-day follow-up appointments, respectively. Weight post-band removal surgery at 30, 60, and 90 days was noted to be - 0.4%., 0.9%, and 0.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study supports current literature suggesting LAGB may not be an effective long-term surgical intervention for obesity. Patients with > 2 comorbidities had increased rates of removal. Dysphagia was noted to be the primary reason cited for LAGB removal. Postoperative follow-up was found to be a significant challenge for LAGB removal patients. Further study is warranted to explore if these poor follow-up rates should be considered when risk stratifying LAGB patients for revisional surgery.

The microbial community structure change of an anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor in response to decreasing temperatures.

In anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) systems, temperature may regulate the activity of functional bacteria (e.g., anammox bacteria) and the composition of the microbial population, ultimately determining the performance of the anammox reactor. Knowledge of the dynamic changes in nitrogen removal rates and the microbial anammox community at low and/or ambient temperature is still limited. This study explored the response of an anammox sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to a gradient of decreasing temperature (33, 25, 20, 15, 10 °C), followed by recovery to 22 °C, over 360 days. Particularly, the specific anammox activity (SAA) and microbial community were assessed. The anammox reaction in the SBR remained stable and efficient at 20-33 °C, with a total nitrogen removal load of 0.4 g-N L-1 day-1 and an SAA of > 0.32 g-N g-VSS-1 day-1; 10 °C was the turning point for the anammox bacterial metabolic activity, at which the SAA decreased by 91% compared with that at 33 °C. After the temperature was returned to 22 °C, the anammox activity recovered to 0.24 g-N g-VSS-1 day-1. The apparent activation energy for the anammox reaction was 68.4 kJ mol-1 at 10-33 °C and 152.9 kJ mol-1 at 10-20 °C. High-throughput sequencing results revealed that Kuenenia was the dominant species of anammox bacteria, and Kuenenia had a higher tolerance to low temperature than Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Jettenia. This study clearly shows the effectiveness of anammox bioreactors for treatment of wastewater at ambient temperatures of 15-33 °C.