Sustainable tourism policies in Peru and their link with renewable energy: analysis in the main museums of the Moche route.

Tourism activity in Peru has been experiencing significant growth in the last ten years, positioning this economic sector as the third largest contributor to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Likewise, Peru has a high ecological and climate diversity, which makes it the possessor of renewable energy potential, specifically solar and wind power. The rapid growth of tourism is leading to generating prospects for becoming a sustainable destination. In this sense, it is important to understand and evaluate the Peruvian legislative framework for sustainable tourism and the current state of the implementation of the scenarios provided by the governmental entity in terms of sustainability, and its link with tourism activity. Based on what has been described, this study is aimed at evaluating the four most relevant museums in the northern part of Peru; in addition, it contributes to the studies that exist at the intersection of tourism and sustainability in the chains of activities related to tourism and calls for rationality applied to tourism management in this region of Latin America. The results of the literature review of the Peruvian legal framework reveal a lack of specific laws and regulations on sustainable tourism; on the contrary, there are policies in force that contribute to promoting the development of sustainable tourism. The quantified evaluation of the solar and wind potentials of the geographical area under study indicates the minimum renewable energy potential necessary for its transformation and use in the development of sustainable museums and its contribution to sustainable tourism.

The impact of electric generation capacity by renewable and non-renewable energy in Brazilian economic growth.

Renewable sources are relevant in a country's energy planning because they are linked to the creation of opportunities for technological, economic, and productive development guided by the principles of sustainability. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relation between electric generation capacity by renewable and non-renewable energies and Brazilian socioeconomic variables. The analysis of the interrelationships between electricity generation capacity and economic growth in Brazil, from April 2009 to March 2017, was carried out by the vector autoregressive and autoregressive distributed lag methodologies. It was verified that the variance of employment is explained by renewable sources: hydroelectric in 7.71%, biomass in 1.99%, wind energy in 3.13%, and solar energy in 10.58%. While, the GDP variance is explained in 3.15% by hydroelectric energy, 0.06% by biomass, 1.70% by wind energy, and 17.38% by solar energy. The export variance is explained by renewable sources: hydroelectric 2.48%, biomass 0.39%, wind energy 2.34%, and solar energy 17.58%. Finally, the variance of the minimum wage is explained by hydroelectric energy in 1.48%, biomass in 5.09%, wind energy in 9.09%, and solar energy in 10.67%. An ARDL (1, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2) model was also adjusted for natural gas, with AIC (13.082) and BIC (13.739), and the ARDL (1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4) model adjusted for hydroelectric power, with AIC (13.633) and BIC (14.189), considering the variables' order cited above. Through the adjustment of the ARDL model, it was verified that there is a long-term influence of socioeconomic variables on electricity production variables, both renewable and non-renewable ones. The analysis of the impulse response function and the variance decomposition allowed us to verify that the installed capacity for production of electric energy exerts influence on Brazilian socioeconomic variables considered in this study.

An examination of attributes and barriers to adopt biomass and solar technology. A cross-cultural approach.

This research is primarily aimed at analyzing the most favorable and unfavorable characteristics considered by consumers contemplating the adoption of biomass and solar energy technologies. The pro-environmental behavior, the level of anthropocentrism and ecocentrism in three different cultures are also analyzed using the New Ecological Paradigm scale. Based on a sample of 489 respondents collected by questionnaire, it finds the predominant view in the three cultures is ecocentrism. However, the study has allowed us to discover significant differences in the factors that stimulate or inhibit consumption in Spain, Germany and Mexico. Limitations of the study and the avenues for future research are also discussed.

Prospectiva de las energías eólica y solar fotovoltaica en la producción de energía eléctrica / Prospective of wind and solar photovoltaic energy for electricity production

RESUMEN El incremento en el precio de los combustibles fósiles y los problemas de contaminación derivados de su quema, han provocado la intensificación del aprovechamiento de las energías renovables para producir energía eléctrica. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el desarrollo de las energías renovables solar-fotovoltaica y eólica en la generación de energía eléctrica, comparándola con la producida con combustibles fósiles. Se consultaron varios reportes, emitidos por organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, sobre el consumo energético mundial, para producir energía eléctrica a base de combustibles fósiles y de energías renovables, sobre la problemática del cambio climático y las políticas establecidas para incorporar energías renovables en el portafolio energético mundial. Los resultados indicaron que las plantas de generación de energía eléctrica, a partir de energía eólica y solar-fotovoltaica, son competitivas respecto a las plantas que utilizan recursos fósiles. A corto plazo, se esperan leyes regulatorias, con sanciones por contaminación, para limitar los efectos en el cambio climático, lo que elevará el costo de producción de las plantas convencionales, favoreciendo el desarrollo de las plantas de energías renovables, principalmente la solar-fotovoltaica, la cual tiene el mayor crecimiento de las energías renovables.

ABSTRACT The increase in the price of fossil fuels and the pollution problems arising from their burning has resulted in the intensification of the use of renewable energy sources to produce electricity. The purpose of this study was to estimate the development of solar photovoltaic and wind energy in electricity generation, compared to the generation produced with fossil fuels. Several reports issued by governmental and non-governmental bodies on global energy consumption to produce electricity from fossil fuels and from renewable energy sources, on climate change and on poli cies to incorporate renewable energy sources in the global energy portfolio were consulted. The results indicated that electric power from wind and solar photovoltaic energy generation plants are competitive with respect to the plants that use fossil resources. In the short run, regulatory laws that include pollution-related sanctions to limit the effects on climate change are expected to emerge. Such laws are likely to raise the cost of production of conventional plants, while favoring the development of renewable energy plants, mainly solar photovoltaic, which has the fastest growing renewable energy.

Análise da situação da produção de etanol e biodiesel no Brasil / Situational analysis of ethanol and biodiesel in Brazil

Um dos objetivos da política energética é a redução das emissões de CO2. Os biocombustíveis são uma das alternativas para o setor de transportes. O Brasil é o líder na produção de etanol extraído da cana-de-açúcar. Os preconceitos existentes nos Estados Unidos e na Europa com relação à importação do etanol brasileiro não têm fundamento, pois esse produto apresenta o melhor balanço ecológico e não diminui a produção de gêneros alimentícios. Na produção de biodiesel à base de soja, os preconceitos são, em parte, justificados. Quanto ao etanol, os países industrializados não deveriam usar critérios exagerados à sustentabilidade da produção como pretexto para proteger seus próprios produtores contra a importação de produtos brasileiros com preço mais competidor.

One of the aims of energy policies is reducing CO2 emissions. In transports bio-fuels are one of the alternatives. Brazil is the world leader in producing ethanol from sugar cane. Prejudice against imports of Brazilian ethanol in US and EU markets is unjustified, as it represents the best ecological balance and does not reduce production of basic food in Brazil. As to biodiesel on the basis of soybeans social and ecological reserves partly are in order. Regarding ethanol industrialized countries should not use exaggerated criteria as to sustainability of production as pretext for protecting their own producers from imports of cheaper Brazilian bio-fuels.