Executive summary of the consensus document of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) on the diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria / Resumen ejecutivo del documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC) sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento antimicrobiano de las infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas resistentes a carbapenémicos

Infections caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria are becoming a worldwide problem due to their increasing incidence and associated high mortality. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the most important in clinical practice. The objective of these guidelines is to update the recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by these multidrug resistant bacteria. Although ‘old’ antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, colistin, or tigecycline are frequently used for therapy of these bacteria, the ‘new’ beta-lactams such as ceftazidime–avibactam, ceftolozane–tazobactam, meropenem–vaborbactam, imipenem–cilastatin–relebactam or cefiderocol are progressively becoming the first-line therapy for most of these microorganisms. The Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica) designated a panel of experts in the field to provide evidence-based recommendations in response to common clinical questions. This document is primarily focused on microbiological diagnosis, clinical management, and targeted antimicrobial therapy of these infections, with special attention to defining the role of the new antimicrobials in the treatment of these bacteria.(AU)

Las infecciones causadas por bacterias gramnegativas multirresistentes se han convertido en un problema mundial debido a su creciente incidencia y alta mortalidad asociada. Las bacterias resistentes a carbapenémicos como Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii son las más importantes en la práctica clínica. El objetivo de este documento de consenso es actualizar las recomendaciones sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por estas bacterias multirresistentes. Aunque los antibióticos ‘antiguos’ como aminoglucósidos, colistina o tigeciclina se utilizan con frecuencia en el tratamiento de estas bacterias, los ‘nuevos’ betalactámicos como ceftazidima-avibactam, ceftolozano-tazobactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-cilastatina-relebactam o cefiderocol se están convirtiendo de forma progresiva en el tratamiento de primera elección para la mayoría de estos microorganismos. La Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica ha designado un grupo de expertos en la materia para elaborar una guía de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia sobre las cuestiones clínicas más habituales. Este documento está principalmente centrado en el diagnóstico microbiológico, el manejo clínico y el tratamiento dirigido de estas infecciones, con especial referencia a definir el papel de los nuevos antimicrobianos en el tratamiento de estas bacterias.(AU)

Use of hospital resources in ICU inpatients with infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: A real clinical practice-based study in Spain / Uso de recursos hospitalarios en pacientes hospitalizados en UCI debido a infecciones causadas por bacterias gramnegativas resistentes a carbapenémicos: un estudio basado en la práctica clínica real en España

Introduction: Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGN) are an urgent public health threat because of the limited treatment options, its rapid spreading and high clinical impact and mortality rates. However, the burden and the use of resources of these infections have not been investigated. The aim of the current study is to understand the use of resources associated to the clinical management of CRGN infections in real clinical practice conditions. Methods: An observational retrospective chart review study was performed. Data regarding patient demographics, clinical management and use of resources associated to hospitalization were retrieved from clinical charts of ICU inpatients with a confirmed CRGN infection. Three reference Spanish hospitals were selected according to their patient volume and geographical coverage. Descriptive analyses of the clinical management and the use of resources and its cost were performed and then total costs by type of resource were calculated. Results: A total of 130 patients were included in the study. The higher number of patients (n=43; 33%) were between 61 and 70 years old. Ninety-four (72%) patients were male and 115 (88%) suffered from comorbidities. The mean total cost associated to the resources used in patients with CRGN infections hospitalized in ICU was 96,878€ per patient. These total costs included 84,140€ of total hospital stay, 11,021€ of treatments (558€ of antibiotics; 10,463€ of other treatments) and 1717€ costs of diagnostic tests. Conclusions: CRGN infection causes a high use of hospital resources, being the length of stay either in hospital wards or ICU the driver of the total costs. Diagnostic tests and treatments, including antibiotics, represent the lowest part of the use of resources and costs (13% of total costs).(AU)

Introducción: Las bacterias gramnegativas resistentes a carbapenémicos (CRGN) son una amenaza urgente de salud pública por las limitadas opciones de tratamiento, su rápida dispersión y el alto impacto clínico y tasas de mortalidad. Sin embargo, la carga y el uso de recursos de estas infecciones no han sido investigadas. El objetivo de este estudio es comprender el uso de recursos asociado al manejo clínico de las infecciones por CRGN en condiciones de práctica clínica real. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional retrospectivo de revisión de historias clínicas. Se recogieron datos demográficos, del manejo clínico y del uso de recursos asociado a la hospitalización de historias clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados en UCI con una infección confirmada por CRGN. Se seleccionaron tres hospitales españoles de referencia por su cobertura geográfica. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos del manejo clínico y el uso de recursos y sus costes en episodios de infecciones por CRGN, y se calcularon los costes totales para cada tipo de recurso. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 130 pacientes. La mayoría de los pacientes (n=43;33%) tenían entre 61-70 años. Noventa y cuatro pacientes (72%) eran hombres y 115 (88%) presentaron comorbilidades. El coste medio total asociado a los recursos usados durante el episodio de infección por CRGN por paciente fue de 96.878€. Este coste total incluye 84.140€ de la estancia en el hospital, 11.021€ de los tratamientos (558€ de antibióticos y 10.463€ de otros tratamientos) y 1.717€ del coste de test diagnósticos. Conclusiones: El episodio de infección por CRGN causa un alto uso de recursos hospitalarios, siendo la duración de la estancia tanto en planta hospitalaria como en UCI el factor con mayor peso de los costes totales. Los test diagnósticos clínicos y los tratamientos, incluyendo los antibióticos, representan la parte más pequeña del uso de recursos y sus costes (13% del coste total).(AU)

Prevalência e perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli em uroculturas de pacientes atendidos em um hospital de ensino / Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Escherichia coli in urine cultures from patients treated at a teaching hospital

Introdução: As infecções do trato urinário (ITU) são geralmente causadas por bactérias da ordem Enterobacterales, principalmente por Escherichia coli uropatogênica (UPEC). Esta linhagem apresenta fatores de virulência que a torna capaz de colonizar e infectar o trato urinário. Apesar da maioria dos quadros de ITU ser solucionado com terapia antimicrobiana, linhagens de UPEC resistentes aos antimicrobianos representam uma séria ameaça à saúde pública. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de Escherichia coli em uroculturas de pacientes atendidos em um hospital de ensino, bem como seu perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos e os fenótipos de resistência. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo que analisou uroculturas de pacientes ambulatoriais e hospitalares atendidos em um hospital de ensino localizado no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: Entre as uroculturas analisadas, 858 foram positivas para bactérias, sendo Escherichia coli a espécie predominante, com 27,2% (n= 233) dos isolados. Das 858 uroculturas: 608 foram de pacientes hospitalizados, com 124 (20,4%) isolados de UPEC; 250 foram de pacientes ambulatoriais, com 109 (43,6%) isolados de UPEC. O perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos das linhagens isoladas nas amostras hospitalares e ambulatoriais, foi, respectivamente: 65% e 32% para ampicilina; 56% e 26% para amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico; 50% e 26% para ciprofloxacino; 42% e 33% para sulfazotrim; 38% e 20% para cefepime; 17% e 8% para gentamicina; 2,5% e 0,4% para ertapenem, meropenem e imipenem. Das linhagens de Escherichia coli resistentes aos beta-lactâmicos, 43 (18%) apresentaram fenótipos de resistência do tipo beta lactamase de espectro ampliado (ESBL) e 7 (3%) foram produtoras de carbapenemases. Conclusão: Escherichia coli foi a espécie mais isolada das uroculturas. UPEC apresentou taxas de resistência a todos os antimicrobianos testados, produzindo fenótipos do tipo ESBL e carbapenemase, principalmente em amostras de pacientes hospitalizados.

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are usually caused by bacteria of the Enterobacterales order, mainly by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). This strain has virulence factors that make it able to colonize and infect the urinary tract. Although most cases of UTI are resolved with antimicrobial therapy, antimicrobial-resistant UPEC strains pose a serious threat to public health. Objective: To assess the prevalence of Escherichia coli in urine cultures of patients treated at a teaching hospital, as well as their antimicrobial susceptibility profile and resistance phenotypes. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive study that analyzed urine cultures of outpatient and hospital patients treated at a teaching hospital located in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil from January 2020 to December 2021. Results: Among the analyzed urine cultures, 858 were positive for bacteria, with Escherichia coli being the predominant species, with 27.2% (n= 233) of the isolates. Of the 858 urine cultures: 608 were from hospitalized patients, with 124 (20.4%) UPEC isolates; 250 were from outpatients, with 109 (43.6%) UPEC isolates. The antimicrobial resistance profile of the strains isolated from hospital and outpatient samples was, respectively: 65% and 32% for Ampicillin; 56% and 26% for Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid; 50% and 26% for Ciprofloxacin; 42% and 33% for Sulfazotrim; 38% and 20% for Cefepime; 17% and 8% for Gentamicin; 2.5% and 0.4% for Ertapenem, Meropenem and Imipenem. Of the Escherichia coli strains resistant to beta-lactams, 43 (18%) showed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance phenotypes and 7 (3%) were carbapenemases producers.Conclusion: Escherichia coli was the most isolated species from urine cultures. UPEC showed rates of resistance to all tested antimicrobials, producing ESBL and carbapenemase-like phenotypes, mainly in samples from hospitalized patients.

Use of hospital resources in ICU inpatients with infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: A real clinical practice-based study in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGN) are an urgent public health threat because of the limited treatment options, its rapid spreading and high clinical impact and mortality rates. However, the burden and the use of resources of these infections have not been investigated. The aim of the current study is to understand the use of resources associated to the clinical management of CRGN infections in real clinical practice conditions. METHODS: An observational retrospective chart review study was performed. Data regarding patient demographics, clinical management and use of resources associated to hospitalization were retrieved from clinical charts of ICU inpatients with a confirmed CRGN infection. Three reference Spanish hospitals were selected according to their patient volume and geographical coverage. Descriptive analyses of the clinical management and the use of resources and its cost were performed and then total costs by type of resource were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients were included in the study. The higher number of patients (n=43; 33%) were between 61 and 70 years old. Ninety-four (72%) patients were male and 115 (88%) suffered from comorbidities. The mean total cost associated to the resources used in patients with CRGN infections hospitalized in ICU was 96,878€ per patient. These total costs included 84,140€ of total hospital stay, 11,021€ of treatments (558€ of antibiotics; 10,463€ of other treatments) and 1717€ costs of diagnostic tests. CONCLUSIONS: CRGN infection causes a high use of hospital resources, being the length of stay either in hospital wards or ICU the driver of the total costs. Diagnostic tests and treatments, including antibiotics, represent the lowest part of the use of resources and costs (13% of total costs).

Executive summary of the consensus document of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) on the diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

Infections caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria are becoming a worldwide problem due to their increasing incidence and associated high mortality. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the most important in clinical practice. The objective of these guidelines is to update the recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by these multidrug resistant bacteria. Although 'old' antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, colistin, or tigecycline are frequently used for therapy of these bacteria, the 'new' beta-lactams such as ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-cilastatin-relebactam or cefiderocol are progressively becoming the first-line therapy for most of these microorganisms. The Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica) designated a panel of experts in the field to provide evidence-based recommendations in response to common clinical questions. This document is primarily focused on microbiological diagnosis, clinical management, and targeted antimicrobial therapy of these infections, with special attention to defining the role of the new antimicrobials in the treatment of these bacteria.

Conocimientos y prácticas de los médicos cubanos respecto a Enterobacterales resistentes a carbapenémicos / Knowledge and practice on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in medical doctors from a tertiary hospital in Cuba

Introducción: En el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, la infección por Enterobacterales resistentes a carbapenémicos productores de carbapenemasas (ERC-PC) se convierte en un problema de salud pública desafiante a nivel mundial. Los médicos desempeñan un papel fundamental en el manejo clínico de las infecciones por patógenos resistentes a carbapenémicos a nivel hospitalario y por ende en el control de estas. Sin embargo, no existen estudios sobre el conocimiento y prácticas de estos sobre ERC-PC en Cuba. Objetivo: Abordar conocimientos y prácticas sobre las infecciones por ERC-PC, su manejo terapéutico, prevención y control en médicos cubanos en un hospital terciario. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional (descriptivo, de corte transversal) y se aplicó un cuestionario específico elaborado a 70 médicos asistenciales. Resultados: Hubo variabilidad en las opiniones sobre las ERC-PC y un conocimiento medio sobre estas en la mayoría de los encuestados. El 58,6 % de los médicos tenía experiencia en el manejo clínico de la infección por ERC-PC. Las brechas de conocimiento encontradas estuvieron asociadas a la escasa experiencia práctica en el manejo de casos. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el nivel de conocimientos sobre los ERC-PC en los médicos con experiencia en el manejo de los ERC-PC en comparación con los médicos sin experiencia (p = 0,039). Conclusiones: Es necesario establecer un plan de formación continua en la temática para mejorar el desempeño de los profesionales de la salud en el control de las infecciones por ERC-PC y en el uso optimizado de los antibióticos.

Introduction: In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CP-CRE) infection becomes a global public health threat. Medical doctors play a fundamental role in the clinical management and control of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant pathogens. However, in Cuba there are not previous studies on the knowledge and practice of medical doctors about CR-CRE. Objective: To study the knowledge and practice of Cuban medical doctors in a tertiary hospital about CR-CRE infections, their clinical management, prevention and control. Methods: It was conducted an observational study (descriptive, cross-sectional) and an specific questionnaire to 70 medical doctors was applied. Results: There was variability on the opinions about CP-CRE and average knowledge in the majority of the respondents. 58.6% of the medical doctors had some experience in the clinical management of CP-CRE infections. Knowledge gaps were associated with the limited practical experience in the management of cases. There was statistically significant difference in the level of knowledge about CP-CRE of medical doctors with experience in the management of CP-CRE compared to inexperienced medical doctors (p = 0.039). Conclusions: It is necessary to establish a continuous training plan on this topic to improve the performance of health professionals in the control of CP-CRE infections and in the appropriate use of antibiotics.

A systematic literature review and expert consensus on risk factors associated to infection progression in adult patients with respiratory tract or rectal colonisation by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria / Revisión sistemática de la literatura y consenso de expertos sobre los factores de riesgo asociados a la progresión de la infección en pacientes adultos con colonización del tracto respiratorio o rectal por bacterias gramnegativas resistentes a carbapenémicos

Objective. Risk factors (RFs) associated with infection progression in patients already colonised by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) have been addressed in few and disperse works. The aim of this study is to identify the relevant RFs associated to infection progression in patients with respiratory tract or rectal colonisation.Material and methods. A systematic literature review was developed to identify RFs associated with infectionprogression in patients with CRGNB respiratory tract or rectal colonisation. Identified RFs were then evaluated and discussed by the expert panel to identify those that are relevant according to the evidence and expert’s experience.Results. A total of 8 articles were included for the CRGNB respiratory tract colonisation and 21 for CRGNB rectal colonisation, identifying 19 RFs associated with pneumonia development and 44 RFs associated with infection progression, respectively. After discussion, the experts agreed on 13 RFs to be associated with pneumonia development after respiratory tract CRGNB colonisation and 33 RFs to be associated with infection progression after rectal CRGNB colonisation. Respiratory tract and rectal colonisation, previous stay in the ICU and longer stay in the ICU were classified as relevant RF independently of the pathogen and site of colonisation. Previous exposure to antibiotic therapy or previous carbapenem use were also common relevant RF for patients with CRGNB respiratory tract and rectal colonisation. (AU)

Objetivo. Los factores de riesgo (FR) asociados a la progresión de la infección en pacientes ya colonizados por bacterias gramnegativas resistentes a carbapenémicos (BGNRC) han sido abordados en pocos y dispersos trabajos. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los factores de riesgo relevantes asociados a la progresión de la infección en pacientes con colonización del tracto respiratorio o rectal.Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura para identificar los FR asociados a la progresión de la infección en pacientes con colonización del tracto respiratorio o rectal por BGNRC. Los FR identificados fueron luego evaluados y discutidos por el panel de expertos para identificar aquellos que son relevantes según la evidencia disponible y la experiencia de los expertos.Resultados. Un total de 8 artículos fueron incluidos en el análisis de los FR en la colonización del tracto respiratorio y 21 para la colonización rectal, identificándose 19 FR asociados al desarrollo de neumonía y 44 FR asociados a la progresión de la infección respectivamente. Tras la sesión de discusión, los expertos acordaron que 13 FR se asociaban al desarrollo de neumonía tras la colonización del tracto respiratorio por BGNRC y 33 FR a la progresión de la infección tras la colonización rectal por BGNRC. La colonización del tracto respiratorio y rectal, la estancia previa en la UCI y una estancia prolongada en la UCI se clasificaron como FR relevantes independientemente del patógeno y del lugar de colonización. La exposición previa a antibióticos o el uso previo de carbapenémicos se clasificaron como FR relevantes para varios de los patógenos tanto en pacientes con colonización del tracto respiratorio como rectal. (AU)

Rising incidence of carbapenem resistant isolates: an Argentinian hospital's experience. More trouble in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic / Incidencia creciente de aislamientos resistentes a carbapenémicos: la experiencia de un hospital argentino. Más problemas tras la pandemia de COVID-1

Introduction: During COVID-19 outbreaks, disproportionate use of antibiotics, high Intensive Care Units burden and longer in-hospital stays may have aggravated the emergency posed by carbapenem-resistant isolates. Therefore, we set out to determine whether the incidence of carbapenem-resistant isolates rose in a tertiary care center in Santa Fe, Argentina during the period with active cases of COVID-19. Material and methods: In this retrospectively designed analytic epidemiologic study, two periods were defined: Period 1 (without active cases of COVID-19) from September 2019 to August 2020 and Period 2 (starting at the onset of the first wave of COVID-19 in this Institution) from September 2020 to June 2021. All clinically relevant microbiological samples taken during these periods in the Internal Medicine, Surgical and Intensive Care Unit wards were included. The primary analysis of interest was the differential incidence between the two periods, overall and in the Intensive Care Units wards in particular. Results: 9,135 hospitalizations, 50,145 patient-days of analysis. 7,285 clinical samples were taken, with an overall positivity for carbapenem-resistant isolates of 12.1% (n=883). Overall carbapenem-resistant isolates incidence during Period 2 was 2.5 times higher than in Period 1 (2.52 vs 0.955/100 patient-days, p<0.001). Intensive Care Units' carbapenem-resistant isolates incidence raised from 6.78 to 8.69/100 patient-days in Period 2 (p=0.006). Conclusions: We found alarming rates of carbapenem-resistant isolates in our center, 2.5 times higher in the period following the first wave of COVID-19. This rise was due to a higher amount of clinically relevant microbiological samples taken and to a higher carbapenem resistance among Enterobacteria and non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli. To our knowledge, this is one of the few Latin-American reports on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on carbapenem-resistant isolates incidence (AU)

Introducción: Durante los brotes de COVID-19, el uso desproporcionado de antibióticos, la alta carga de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos y las estancias hospitalarias más prolongadas pueden haber agravado la emergencia planteada por los aislados resistentes a carbapenémicos. Por lo tanto, nos propusimos determinar si la incidencia de aislamientos resistentes a carbapenémicos aumentó en un centro de tercer nivel de atención en Santa Fe, Argentina, durante el período con casos activos de COVID-19. Material y métodos: En este estudio epidemiológico analítico de diseño retrospectivo se definieron dos periodos: Periodo 1 (sin casos activos de COVID-19) de septiembre de 2019 a agosto de 2020, y Periodo 2 (a partir del inicio de la primera ola de COVID-19. en esta Institución) desde septiembre de 2020 hasta junio de 2021. Se incluyeron todas las muestras microbiológicas clínicamente relevantes tomadas durante estos períodos en las salas de Medicina Interna, Quirúrgica y Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. El principal análisis de interés fue la incidencia diferencial entre los dos períodos, en general y en las salas de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en particular. Resultados: 9.135 hospitalizaciones, 50.145 pacientes-día de análisis. Se tomaron 7.285 muestras clínicas, con una positividad global para aislados resistentes a carbapenémicos del 12,1% (n=883). La incidencia general de aislamientos resistentes a carbapenémicos durante el Período 2 fue 2,5 veces mayor que en el Período 1 (2,52 frente a 0,955/100 pacientes-día, p<0,001). La incidencia de aislamientos resistentes a carbapenémicos en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos aumentó de 6,78 a 8,69/100 pacientes-día en el Período 2 (p=0,006). Conclusiones: Encontramos tasas alarmantes de aislamientos resistentes a carbapenémicos en nuestro centro, 2,5 veces mayores en el período posterior a la primera ola de COVID-19 (AU)

Comparação do mecanismo de heterorresistência em Serratia marcescens por time kill curve frente ao meropeném / Comparison of heteroresistance mechanism in Serratia marcescens by time kill curve against meropenem

Serratia marcescens pertence à Família Enterobacteriaceae, é Gram-negativa e anaeróbica facultativa, sendo bem distribuída na natureza; pode ser isolada como saprófita do solo e da água. Possui um significado clínico relevante, pois acarreta infecções nosocomiais e pulmonares em determinados setores da saúde, como unidades neonatais, maternidades e UTIs, além de sepse, meningite, choque endotóxico e infecções do trato urinário. O intuito desse estudo foi analisar o mecanismo de heterorresistência em linhagens sensíveis de Serratia marcescens diante das concentrações testadas de meropeném. As linhagens SR1 e SR2 apresentaram perfil heterorresistente, ao passo que a SR6 demonstrou ser não heterorresistente, com CIM elevado (32µg/mL). Os isolados de Serratia marcescens são suscetíveis ao meropenem, por testes de sensibilidade padrão, mas contêm subpopulações resistentes ao mesmo.

Serratia marcescens belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, it is optional anaerobic gram-negative, being well distributed in nature and it might be isolated as saprophytic from soil and water. It has a meaningful clinical significance, because it causes nosocomial and lung infections in certain healthcare sectors, such as neonatal units, maternity units and UTIs; septicemia, meningitis, endotoxin shock and urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanism of heteroresistance in susceptible strains of Serratia marcescens in the presence of the tested concentration of meropenem. The lineages SR1 and SR2 presented heteroresistant profile, while the SR6 showed to be nonheterorresistente, with CIM (32 µg/mL). The Isolates of Serratia marcescens are susceptible to meropenem, by standard sensitivity testing, but there are subpopulations resistant to it.

Infecção de loja de cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável (CDI) por klebsiella sp. Carbapenem-resistente / Klebsiella sp. carbapenem-resistant pocket infection of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

RESUMO: As infecções associadas aos Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis (DCEI) apresentam uma incidência de até 3,4% e notável impacto na morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes. As bactérias Gram-positivas, especialmente do gênero Staphylococcus sp. representam 60-70% dos agentes isolados. Por sua vez, as Gram-negativas correspondem até 9% dos casos. Relatamos uma infecção de loja de gerador de Cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável (CDI) por uma Klebsiella sp. resistente aos carbapenêmicos, em um paciente masculino jovem, cujo desafiador diagnóstico de certeza desse caso somente foi possível após exploração cirúrgica e cultura do material da loja do CDI, haja vista a apresentação clínica oligossintomática. Embora já descritas, Klebsiella sp. são raras nesse contexto e em nosso conhecimento, esse é o primeiro relato de uma infecção de DCEI por uma enterobactéria resistente a carbapenêmico. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Infections associated with Implantable Electronic Cardiac Devices (IECD) have an incidence of up to 3.4% and a notable impact on patient morbidity and mortality. Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus sp. represent 60-70% of isolated agents. In turn, gram-negatives account for up to 9% of cases. We report an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) generator pocket infection by a Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella sp., in a young male patient, whose challenging diagnosis of certainty was only possible after surgical exploration and culture of the material from the ICD pocket, given the oligosymptomatic clinical presentation. Although already described, Klebsiella sp. are rare in this context and to our knowledge, this is the first report of an IECD infection by a carbapenem-resistant enterobacterium. (AU)

Prevalência de enterobactérias produtoras de Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase em culturas de vigilância epidemiológica em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital de ensino de Minas Gerais / Prevalence of enterobacteria producers of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase in epidemiological surveillance cultures in intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil

O crescente aumento de bactérias multirresistentes no ambiente hospitalar e a falta de opções terapêuticas a curto e médio prazo tem se tornado um grande desafio para o controle das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. As infecções por enterobactérias produtoras de Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), vem se destacando como a de maior risco para os pacientes debilitados que internam nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs). O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar a prevalência de KPC em culturas de vigilância epidemiológica de amostras de swab retal de pacientes internados nas UTI´s adulto, neonatal e pediátrica de um Hospital de Ensino de Minas Gerais, no período de janeiro a julho de 2014. Realizou-se um estudo transversal descritivo retrospectivo onde os dados foram analisados a partir dos registros dos livros do laboratório de microbiologia do hospital. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa número do parecer 948.342. Foram analisadas 422 amostras de swab retal, sendo que 367 (86,9%) eram provenientes das UTIs adulto e 55 (13%) da UTI neonatal e pediátrica. Foram positivas para KPC 31 (7,3%) das quais 21 eram da UTI adulto e 10 da UTI neonatal e pediátrica. Das 31 culturas positivas para KPC uma (3%) foi em Escherichia coli, quatro (13%) em Enterobacter sp e 26 (84%) em Klebsiella pneumoniae. A detecção laboratorial de enterobactérias produtoras de KPC exprime a importância das culturas de vigilância epidemiológica na rotina como medida de prevenção e controle da disseminação desses microrganismos multirresistentes, principalmente nas UTIs.

The increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the hospital environment and the lack of treatment options in the short and medium term have become a major challenge for the control of infections related to health care. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) have emerged as the highest risk for debilitated patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence of KPC in epidemiological surveillance cultures of samples of rectal swab of patients admitted to the adult, neonatal and pediatric ICUs, of a teaching hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil in the period from January to July 2014. We conducted a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study in which data were analyzed from the records of the hospital's microbiology lab books. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, protocol number 948 342. 422 samples of rectal swab were analyzed, of which 367 (86.9%) were from the adult ICU's and 55 (13%) of neonatal and pediatric ICU. Thirty-one samples (7.3%) were positive for KPC, 21 in adult ICU and 10 in neonatal and pediatric ICU. Of the 31 positive cultures for KPC, one (3%) was for Escherichia coli, four (13%) for Enterobacter sp. and 26 (84%) for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Laboratory detection of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae expresses the importance of routine epidemiological surveillance cultures as a preventive and control measure for the spread of these multiresistant microorganisms, especially in ICUs.

Prevalência de carbapenemases em enterobactérias resistentes a carbapenêmicos em quatro hospitais terciários de Porto Alegre / Prevalence of carbapenemases in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in four tertiary care hospitals in Porto Alegre

INTRODUÇÃO: A disseminação de Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) no Brasil e a recente detecção de bactérias produtoras de New Delhi metalo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) em hospital terciário do sul do Brasil indicam a necessidade da avaliação da presença destas enzimas em enterobactérias resistentes a carbapenêmicos (ERC).OBJETIVO: Avaliar prevalência de carbapenemases nas ERC em quatro hospitais terciários de Porto Alegre, por meio de PCR multiplex em tempo real. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, período de abril a dezembro de 2013. Isolados bacterianos de pacientes internados foram identificados pelo sistema automatizado VITEK 2, com realização do teste de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Amostras com isolados de ERC foram encaminhadas ao laboratório de referência para análise por PCR em tempo real para identificação de carbapenemases. RESULTADOS: Total de 701 isolados. As ERC predominantes foram K. pneumoniae (47% das amostras positivas) e Enterobacter cloacae (18%). As carbapenemases mais frequentes foram KPC (48%), OXA-48-like (3%) e NDM (2%). Em 47% das amostras não foi identificado o mecanismo de resistência. Isolados originados de culturas de vigilância foram associados com maior positividade para carbapenemases do que isolados de amostras clínicas (p<0,0001). Isolados de ERC pertencentes ao grupo Proteae (Proteus spp., Morganella spp., Providencia spp.) foram associados a menor positividade para carbapenemase do que isolados de outras ERC (p<0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: KPC foi a carbapenemase mais frequentemente detectada. A circulação de uma enzima OXA-48-like foi demonstrada, um achado novo e preocupante. O achado da carbapenemase NDM também é preocupante devido ao seu potencial de disseminação. Esses dados e outros estudos poderão contribuir para um entendimento maior da epidemiologia das ERC.

BACKGROUND: The spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) in Brazil and the recent detection of bacteria producing New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) in a tertiary care hospital in Porto Alegre indicate the need to evaluate the presence of these enzymes in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of carbapenemases in CRE in four tertiary care hospitals in Porto Alegre using multiplex real-time PCR.METHODS: Descriptive study from April to December 2013. Bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients were identified by VITEK 2 automated system, with antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Samples with CRE isolates were sent to the reference laboratory for analysis using real-time PCR for identification of carbapenemases. RESULTS: Total of 701 isolates. The predominant CRE were K. pneumoniae (46% of positive samples) and Enterobacter cloacae (18%). The most frequent carbapenemases were KPC (48%), OXA-48-like (3%), and NDM-1 (2%). In 47% of the samples no carbapenemase was identified. Isolates originated from surveillance cultures were associated with higher positivity for carbapenemases than isolates from clinical samples (p<0.0001). CRE isolates belonging to the Proteae group (Proteus spp., Morganella spp., Providencia spp.) were associated with less positivity for carbapanemase than isolates of other CRE (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: KPC was the most frequently detected carbapenemase. The movement of an OXA-48-like enzyme was demonstrated, a novel and worrisome finding. The finding of carbapenemase NDM is also worrisome due to its dissemination potential. These data and further studies may contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of CRE.