Clinicai characteristics and mortality in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients: prospective cohort study / Características clínicas y mortalidad en pacientes COVID-19 ventilados mecánicamente: estudio de cohorte prospectivo

Abstract Introduction: Factors associated with mortality among mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients have been scarcely studied in Latin America. Objective: To identify factors associated with mortality in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. Methods: This prospective study was undertaken in a single center between April and October 2020, recruiting COVID-19 patients managed with mechanical ventilation. We excluded patients who died within the first 24 hours after endotracheal intubation. Clinical characteristics, laboratory results, ventilation interventions, and outcomes were collected and compared between the deceased and surviving groups. The association between these factors and hospital death was examined, and relevant covariates were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: A total of 273 patients were included (72.5% male), the mortality rate was 37% (95% CI 31% - 43%), and the median age was 63 years (IQR 52-72). The most frequent comorbidity was hypertension (45%). Factors associated with mortality were: older age (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.051.11), male gender (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.30-6.01), immunosuppression (OR 3.98; 95% CI 1.57-10.06), thrombocytopenia (OR 3.84; CI 95% 1.47-10.01), driving pressure (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.07-1.34) and the use of dialysis (OR 4.94; 95% CI 2.56-9.51). Chronic hypertension (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.17-0.71) and fever on admission (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.27-0.98) were found to have a protective effect. Conclusions: Older age, male sex, immunosuppression, thrombocytopenia, increased driving pressure, use of dialysis, absence of fever, or arterial hypertension were associated with an increased risk of mortality among mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients.

Resumen Introducción: Es poco lo que se han estudiado en América Latina los factores asociados con mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 ventilados mecánicamente. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 manejados con ventilación mecánica. Métodos: Este estudio prospectivo se adelantó en un solo centro entre los meses de abril y octubre de 2020 e incluyó pacientes con COVID-19 manejados con ventilación mecánica. Se excluyeron pacientes que fallecieron en las primeras 24 horas después de la intubación orotraqueal. Se recopilaron datos de las características clínicas, resultados de laboratorio, intervenciones ventilatorias y desenlaces, y se hizo una comparación entre el grupo de pacientes fallecidos y el grupo de sobrevivientes. Se examinó la asociación entre estos factores y la muerte intrahospitalaria, y las covariables relevantes se incluyeron en un modelo multivariable de regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 273 pacientes (72.5% hombres), la tasa de mortalidad fue del 37% (IC 95% 31% - 43%), la mediana de edad fue de 36 años (RIC 52-72) y la comorbilidad más frecuente fue la hipertensión (45%). Los factores asociados con mortalidad fueron: edad avanzada (OR 1.08; IC 95% 1.05-1.11), género masculino (OR 2.79; IC 95% 1.30-6.01), inmunosupresión (OR 3.98; IC 95% 1.57-10.06), trombocitopenia (OR 3.84; CI 95% 1.47-10.01), presión de distensión (OR 1.20; IC 95% 1.07-1.34) y el uso de diálisis (OR 4.94; IC 95% 2.56-9.51). La presencia de hipertensión (OR 0.35; IC 95% 0.17-0.71) y de fiebre (OR 0.51; IC 95% 0.27-0.98) al momento de la hospitalización demostraron tener un efecto protector. Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación entre la edad avanzada, el sexo masculino, la inmunosupresión, la trombocitopenia, una presión de distensión elevada, el uso de diálisis, la ausencia de fiebre o de hipertensión y un mayor riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 ventilados mecánicamente.

Rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes post COVID-19 con tres tratamientos; experiencia en un hospital militar peruano / Respiratory rehabilitation in post-COVID-19 patients with three treatments; experience in a Peruvian military hospital / Reabilitação respiratória em pacientes pós-COVID-19 com três tratamentos; experiência em um hospital militar peruano

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha destacado la importancia de la rehabilitación en pacientes con COVID prolongado. Objetivo: describir los efectos de tres tratamientos en un programa de rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes post COVID-19 en un hospital militar peruano. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y observacional. La muestra se dividió en tres grupos con diferentes tratamientos: RR+VNI+O2, Oxigenoterapia convencional y RR+CNAF+O2. Se evaluaron 348, 151 y 113 pacientes respectivamente en cada grupo. Se utilizó la Escala de Borg, mMRC, el cuestionario específico de Saint George y el genérico SF-12 para medir la percepción de falta de aire, fatiga y calidad de vida post pandemia. Resultados: tras los tratamientos, se observó un aumento significativo en la saturación de oxígeno, disminución en la frecuencia cardíaca, disnea y fatiga percibida. Conclusión: esto indica una mejora notable en la intensidad del cansancio y una significativa recuperación en la calidad de vida de los pacientes evaluados.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of rehabilitation in patients with long COVID. objective: Describe the effects of three treatments in a respiratory rehabilitation program in post-COVID-19 patients in a Peruvian military hospital. Materials and methods: a descriptive and observational study was carried out. The sample was divided into three groups with different treatments: RR+NIV+O2, conventional oxygen therapy and RR+CNAF+O2. 348, 151 and 113 patients were evaluated respectively in each group. The Borg Scale, mMRC, the specific Saint George questionnaire and the generic SF-12 were used to measure the perception of shortness of breath, fatigue and post-pandemic quality of life. Results: after the treatments, a significant increase in oxygen saturation, decrease in heart rate, dyspnea and perceived fatigue was observed. Conclusion: this indicates a notable improvement in the intensity of fatigue and a significant recovery in the quality of life of the patients evaluated.

A pandemia de COVID-19 destacou a importância da reabilitação em pacientes com COVID longa. Objetivo: descrever os efeitos de três tratamentos em um programa de reabilitação respiratória em pacientes pós-COVID-19 em um hospital militar peruano. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo descritivo e observacional. A amostra foi dividida em três grupos com diferentes tratamentos: FR+VNI+O2, oxigenoterapia convencional e FR+CNAF+O2. Foram avaliados 348, 151 e 113 pacientes respectivamente em cada grupo. A Escala de Borg, mMRC, o questionário específico de Saint George e o SF-12 genérico foram utilizados para mensurar a percepção de falta de ar, fadiga e qualidade de vida pós-pandemia. Resultados: após os tratamentos foi observado aumento significativo da saturação de oxigênio, diminuição da frequência cardíaca, dispneia e fadiga percebida. Conclusão: isto indica uma melhora notável na intensidade da fadiga e uma recuperação significativa na qualidade de vida dos pacientes avaliados.

Prevención de Infecciones Respiratorias por VSR: Consenso Interinstitucional

Las infecciones por el VSR en constituyen una causa importante de morbilidad, hospitalización, ausentismo escolar y laboral, así como de mortalidad, en el mundo, así como en el Paraguay.En la actualidad, existen herramientas para la prevención del VSR. En el año 2012, el Paraguay, ha incorporado el palivizumab (MedImmune, EE. UU.), anticuerpo monoclonal, producido por tecnología de DNA recombinante. Este anticuerpo se administra en 5 dosis, cada 30 días y está indicado en lactantes nacidos prematuros y aquellos con trastornos cardiopulmonares. Por otro lado, actualmente se cuenta con una nueva herramienta para la prevención del VSR. El anticuerpo monoclonal de vida media prolongada Nirsevimab, específico para la conformación de prefusión de la proteína F, aprobado por EMA y FDA. Este monoclonal, está indicado para la prevención de las Infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas, causada por VSR en recién nacidos y lactantes nacidos durante o al ingresar a su primera temporada de VSR, en prematuros y lactantes hasta los 24 meses de edad que siguen siendo vulnerables a la enfermedad grave por VSR durante su segunda temporada de VSR. Luego de analizar la situación epidemiológica del VSR en el país así como la evidencia de eficacia, eficiencia y efectividad de este monoclonal; instituciones académicas, sociedades científicas, organizaciones no gubernamentales y gubernamentales se reunieron y elaboraron un consenso interinstitucional para la prevención de las infecciones por VSR, sugiriendo la incorporación del Nirsevimab, en menores de 12 meses de edad antes de su primera temporada de VSR y en reemplazo del Palivizumab, debido a que el nuevo monoclonal tiene el potencial de cambiar el panorama de las infecciones por VSR en el lactante y producir un impacto en la reducción la mortalidad y morbilidad infantil; reduciendo la carga al sistema de salud, en lo que se refiere a la disminución de la ocupación de camas hospitalarias tanto en sala como en unidades de cuidados intensivos, así como la disminución de la carga para los cuidadores, médicos y proveedores de atención médica y la mortalidad infantil.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections constitute a significant cause of morbidity, hospitalization, school and work absenteeism, as well as mortality worldwide, including in Paraguay. Currently, tools for RSV prevention are available. In 2012, Paraguay approved the use of palivizumab (MedImmune, USA), a monoclonal antibody produced through recombinant DNA technology. This antibody is administered in 5 doses, every 30 days and is indicated in infants born prematurely and those with cardiopulmonary disorders. Furthermore, a novel tool for RSV prevention has recently become available. Nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody specific to the prefusion conformation of the F protein, has been approved by both the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This monoclonal antibody is indicated for the prevention of acute lower respiratory tract infections caused by RSV in newborns and infants born during or entering their first RSV season, as well as in premature infants and infants up to 24 months of age who remain vulnerable to severe RSV disease during their second RSV season. After analyzing the epidemiological situation of RSV in our country and evaluating the evidence of efficacy, efficiency, and effectiveness of this monoclonal antibody, academic institutions, scientific societies, and non-governmental and governmental organizations developed consensus guidelines on a new prevention alternative for the prevention of RSV infections, suggesting the incorporation of Nirsevimab in children under 12 months of age before their first RSV season and replacing Palivizumab. The new monoclonal has the potential to change the panorama of RSV infections in infants and produce an impact on the reduction of infant mortality and morbidity reducing the burden on the health system by decreasing hospital bed occupancy both in wards and in intensive care units, as well as the decrease in the burden on caregivers, physicians and health care providers.

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica y agentes etiológicos de las infecciones respiratorias agudas graves en adultos en Paraguay

Introducción: La Vigilancia Centinela de las Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas Graves (IRAG) incluye el monitoreo y caracterización de casos hospitalizados. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas y agentes etiológicos de los adultos con IRAG en un hospital centinela en Paraguay. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con recolección de datos retrospectivos de los pacientes adultos con IRAG hospitalizados en el Hospital Nacional de Itauguá entre junio de 2022 a agosto de 2023. La información se tomó de la base de datos del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de 1598 pacientes con IRAG, 820 varones (51,3%), 875 (54,8%) con 60 o más años, 1054 (66,0%) del departamento Central. El 79.2% (n=1265) de los pacientes presentaba algún factor de riesgo de gravedad o comorbilidad, 764 (47,8%) con hipertensión arterial. El 38.5% (n=632) fue admitido a UCI y la mortalidad fue de 34,7% (n=554). En el 13,8% (n=353) se confirmó SARSCoV-2, rhinovirus (1,7%), influenza A (1,5%), influenza B (0,6%), parainfluenza 3 (0,6%), VSR (0,2%), bocavirus (0,4%) e influenza AH1N1 (0,6%). Hubo significativamente mayor frecuencia de fallecidos en los de 60 años y más (40,7%), con algún factor de riesgo de gravedad (35,5% vs 25,9%) y en los confirmados con COVID-19 (38,2% vs 30,5%). Discusión: SARSCoV-2 sigue siendo el agente etiológico principal de las IRAG. El conocimiento de la epidemiología y los agentes virales es crucial para desarrollar estrategias de prevención y terapéuticas efectivas.

Introduction: Sentinel Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) includes the monitoring and characterization of hospitalized cases. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and etiological agents of adults with SARI in a sentinel hospital in Paraguay. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection, of adult patients with SARI hospitalized at the National Hospital of Itauguá between June 2022 and August 2023. The information was taken from the database of the National System of Epidemiological surveillance. Results: The data of 1598 patients with SARI were analyzed, 820 men (51.3%), 875 (54.8%) aged 60 or older, 1054 (66.0%) from the Central department. 79.2% (n=1265) of patients had some risk factor or comorbidity, 764 with hypertension (47.8%). 38.5% (n=632) were admitted to the ICU and mortality was 34.7% (n=554). SARSCoV-2 was confirmed in 13.8% (n=353), rhinovirus (1.7%), influenza A (1.5%), influenza B (0.6%), parainfluenza 3 (0.6%), RSV (0.2%), bocavirus (0.4%) and Influenza AH1N1 (0.6%). There was a significantly higher frequency of deaths in those aged 60 years and over (40.7%), with some risk factor (35.5% vs 25.9%), and in those confirmed with covid-19 (38.2% % vs 30.5%). Discussion: SARSCoV-2 continues to be the main etiological agent of SARI in a sentinel hospital in Paraguay. Continued knowledge of the epidemiology and viral agents involved is crucial to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Apnea obstructiva del sueño en la práctica clínica cardiológica. Epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal / Obstructive sleep apnea in cardiology clinical practice. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar las características clínico-epidemiológicas, viabilidad diagnóstica de la poligrafía respiratoria domiciliaria y el tratamiento de pacientes con sospecha de apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) en riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: Se realizó estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo en pacientes atendidos en un servicio de consulta externa de cardiología con sospecha de AOS, de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. La información se obtuvo de los expedientes médicos, se aplicó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: Se examinaron 138 expedientes, de las poligrafías respiratorias domiciliarias fueron descartadas solo el 8% por no cumplir con los estándares de calidad requeridos. Se demostró que el 89% padecían AOS, un 60% moderada a severa; predominó en hombres después de los 50 años. El principal ractores de riesgo cardiovascular fue hipertensión (89%). La cardiopatía más prevalente fue la hipertensiva (52%). Se optimizó tratamiento farmacológico cardiovascular en el 82% de los casos. Rehabilitación cardiaca en el 30%, ventilación mecánica no invasiva 41%, modalidad fija 33% y autoajustable 9%, todos con telemetría. Conclusiones: La prevalencia y severidad de la AOS es mayor en presencia de riesgo o enfermedad cardiovascular establecida. Ante la sospecha clínica es factible confirmar el diagnóstico con poligrafía respiratoria domiciliaria por el nivel de precisión y la menor infraestructura requerida. Es necesaria una mayor participación del cardiólogo en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de este trastorno por el riesgo significativo de enfermedad cardiovascular que representa.

Abstract Objective: To determine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics, diagnostic feasibility of home respiratory polygraphy and treatment of patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) at cardiovascular risk. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in patients seen in a cardiology outpatient service with suspected OSA, from January 2015 to December 2019. The information was obtained from medical records, and a descriptive statistical analysis was applied to this information. Results: 138 files were reviewed; only 8% of the home respiratory polygraphs were discarded, because they did not meet the required quality standards. It was demonstrated that 89% suffered from OSA, 60% moderate to severe; in men after 50 years of age. The main cardiovascular risk factors was hypertension (89%). The most prevalent heart disease was hypertension (52%). Cardiovascular pharmacological treatment was improved in 82% of the cases. Cardiac rehabilitation in 30%, noninvasive mechanical ventilation 41%, fixed modality 33%, and self-adjustable 9%, all with telemetry. Conclusions: The prevalence and severity of OSA is higher in the presence of risk or established cardiovascular disease. In the presence of clinical suspicion, it is feasible to confirm the diagnosis with home respiratory poligrafy due to the level of precision and the lower infrastructure required. Greater involvement of the cardiologist in the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder is necessary due to the significant risk of cardiovascular disease it represents.

Telerehabilitación respiratoria en fibrosis quística: experiencia de pacientes, padres y profesionales durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Estudio cualitativo

Introducción: la rehabilitación respiratoria (RR) se recomienda en pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ). Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 los programas de RR debieron cerrarse o migrar a modalidades de telerehabilitación, imponiendo nuevos desafíos a pacientes y equipos de salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar las percepciones de pacientes, padres y profesionales sobre la transición a la telerehabilitación respiratoria durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudio cualitativo. Se consideraron pacientes con FQ mayores de 8 años. También a padres y equipos de salud. El tamaño muestral se determinó mediante saturación teórica. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales vía Zoom. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante los métodos de codificación abierta y axial. El análisis se realizó utilizando el software Atlas. Ti 7.5.7. Resultados: se incluyó a 4 pacientes adultos, 1 pediátrico y 2 padres, además de 4 profesionales de equipos de salud. Existió una percepción general positiva respecto a la RR y la telerehabilitación. Entre las barreras destacó la falta de equipamiento para la telerehabilitación en domicilio y la organización diaria de los pacientes. Entre los facilitadores destacó la disponibilidad de equipos y redes que permitieran la conectividad y el apoyo familiar. Existió una valoración positiva hacia la continuidad de la telerehabilitación en la etapa post pandémica. Conclusiones: la telerehabilitación fue percibida como una alternativa viable y efectiva, sin embargo, aspectos de la conectividad, disponibilidad de equipamiento y la rutina diaria de los pacientes debe ser considerada a la hora de implementar modalidades telemáticas de atención.

Introduction: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is recommended in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). During the COVID-19 pandemic, PR programs had to migrate to telerehabilitation modalities, imposing new challenges for patients and health teams. The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of patients, parents, and professionals regarding the transition to respiratory telerehabilitation experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Qualitative study. Parents and health teams were included in the case of patients with CF over eight years old. Theoretical saturation determined the sample size. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted using the Zoom platform. Data analysis was carried out using open and axial coding methods. The analysis was performed using Atlas Ti software 7.5.7. Results: Four adult patients, one pediatric patient, two parents, and four health team professionals entered the study. There was a positive perception regarding PR and telerehabilitation. Among the barriers, the lack of equipment for telerehabilitation at home and the daily organization of patients stood out. Among the facilitators, the availability of equipment and networks that allowed connectivity and family support stood out. Patients rated the continuity of telerehabilitation in the post-pandemic stage positively. Conclusions: Telerehabilitation was perceived as a viable and effective alternative; however, aspects related to connectivity, availability of equipment, and the daily routine of patients must be considered when implementing telematics care modalities.

Mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante la primera ola en una institución de tercer nivel de Neuquén / Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 during the First Wave in a Tertiary Care Institution in Neuquén

Introducción: En diciembre de 2019, se detectó un brote de enfermedad por un nuevo coronavirus que evolucionó en pandemia con severa morbilidad respiratoria y mortali- dad. Los sistemas sanitarios debieron enfrentar una cantidad inesperada de pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria. En Argentina, las medidas de cuarentena y control sani - tario retrasaron el primer pico de la pandemia y ofrecieron tiempo para preparar el sis- tema de salud con infraestructura, personal y protocolos basados en la mejor evidencia disponible en el momento. En una institución de tercer nivel de Neuquén, Argentina, se desarrolló un protocolo de atención para enfrentar la pandemia adaptado con la evo- lución de la mejor evidencia y evaluaciones periódicas de la mortalidad hospitalaria. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte observacional para evaluar la evolución de pacientes con COVID-19 con los protocolos asistenciales por la mortalidad hospitalaria global y al día 28 en la Clínica Pasteur de Neuquén en 2020. Resultados: Este informe describe los 501 pacientes diagnosticados hasta el 31 de di- ciembre de 2020. La mortalidad general fue del 16,6% (83/501) y del 12,2% (61/501) al día 28 de admisión. En los 139 (27,7%) pacientes con ventilación mecánica, la mortali- dad general y a los 28 días fue de 37,4% (52/139) y 28,1% (38/139) fallecieron, respec- tivamente. Los factores de riesgo identificados fueron edad, comorbilidades y altos re- querimientos de oxígeno al ingreso. Conclusión: La mortalidad observada en los pacientes hospitalizados en nuestra insti- tución en la primera ola de la pandemia COVID-19 fue similar a los informes internacio- nales y menor que la publicada en Argentina para el mismo período.

Introduction: In December 2019, an outbreak of disease due to a new coronavirus was detected that evolved into a pandemic with severe respiratory morbidity and mortality. Health systems had to face an unexpected number of patients with respiratory failure. In Argentina, quarantine and health control measures delayed the first peak of the pan - demic and offered time to prepare the health system with infrastructure, personnel and protocols based on the best evidence available at the time. In a third level institution of Neuquén, Argentina, a care protocol was developed to confront the pandemic adapted by evolving best evidence and periodic evaluations of hospital mortality. Methods: Observational cohort study to evaluate the evolution of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 with care protocols in terms of overall hospital mortality and at day 28 at the Pasteur Clinic in Neuquén in 2020. Results: This report describes the 501 patients diagnosed until December 31, 2020. Mortality was 16.6% (83/501) and 12.2% (61/501) on day 28 of admission. Among the 139 (27.7%) patients with mechanical ventilation, overall mortality and at 28 days it was 37.4% (52/139) and 28.1% (38/139), respectively. The risk factors identified were age, comorbidities and high oxygen requirements on admission. Conclusion: The mortality observed in patients hospitalized in our institution during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic was similar to international reports and lower than other publications in Argentina for the same period.

Impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of respiratory viruses in southern Brazil / Impacto da COVID-19 na epidemiologia de vírus respiratórios no Rio Grande do Sul / Impacto epidemiológico de la COVID-19 sobre los virus respiratorios en sur de Brasil

Background and objectives: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, reduction in detection of other Respiratory Viruses (RV) was observed. Epidemiological studies are needed to understand the impact of the pandemic on the circulation of RV. The aim of this study is to analyze the epidemiological profile of cases of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) associated with the main RV in hospitalized patients from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (RS), between 2010 and 2019 (period A) and between 2020 and 2021 (period B). Methods: Data related to SARI cases in RS were retrieved from SIVEP-Gripe. Results: In period A there were more infections with Influenza, Parainfluenza, Adenovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus, while in period B most cases were of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most affected age groups were individuals <5 years old (67.1%) in period A, and >60 years old (50%) in period B. The main symptoms were fever and cough in period A, and dyspnea and O2 saturation <95% in period B. The most reported comorbidities were lung diseases and chronic cardiovascular diseases in period A, and chronic cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus in period B. Importantly, a higher fatality rate was observed in period B. Most cases occurred between May and July in period A, and in November and December 2021 in period B. Conclusion: This study reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic changed the epidemiological profile of SARI in RS, and most cases were in the elderly with chronic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: Durante a pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 foi observada redução na detecção de outros vírus respiratórios (VR). Estudos epidemiológicos são importantes para uma melhor compreensão dos impactos da pandemia sobre a circulação de VR. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) associados aos principais VR em pacientes internados no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (RS), entre 2010 e 2019 (período A) e entre 2020 e 2021 (período B). Métodos: Dados relacionados a casos de SRAG no RS foram obtidos do SIVEP-Gripe. Resultados: No período A houve mais infecções por Influenza, Parainfluenza, Adenovírus e Vírus Sincicial Respiratório, enquanto no período B a maioria foi por SARS-CoV-2. Os grupos etários mais afetados foram de indivíduos <5 anos de idade (67,1%) no período A, e >60 anos (50%) no período B. Os principais sintomas foram febre e tosse no período A, e dispneia e saturação de O2 <95% no período B. As principais comorbidades no período A foram pneumopatias e cardiopatias, enquanto no período B foram cardiopatias e diabetes mellitus. A mortalidade foi maior no período B. A maioria dos casos no período A foram entre maio e julho, e no período B entre novembro e dezembro de 2021. Conclusão: Este estudo revela que a pandemia de COVID-19 alterou o perfil epidemiológico de SRAG no RS, sendo a maioria dos casos em indivíduos idosos com doença cardiovascular e diabetes. (AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: Durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 se observó reducción en la detección de otros virus respiratorios (VR). Los estudios epidemiológicos son importantes para comprender los impactos de la pandemia en la circulación de VR. Este estudio analizó variables epidemiológicas asociadas al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave (SRAG) en Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil, antes de la aparición del SARS-CoV-2 (período A, 2010-2019) y durante la pandemia (período B, 2020-2021). Métodos: Los datos relacionados con los casos de SRAG en RS se obtuvieron de SIVEP-Gripe. Resultados: En el período A hubo más infecciones por Influenza, Parainfluenza, Adenovirus y Virus Respiratorio Sincitial, mientras que en el período B la mayoría de los casos fueron causados por SARS-CoV-2. Los grupos de edad más afectados fueron <5 años (67,1%) en el período A, y >60 años (50%) en el período B. Los principales síntomas fueron fiebre y tos en el período A, y disnea y saturación de O2 <95% en el período B. Las principales comorbilidades en el período A fueron enfermedades pulmonares y cardíacas, y en el período B fueron enfermedades cardíacas y diabetes mellitus. La mortalidad fue mayor en el período B. La mayoría de los casos en el período A fueron entre mayo y julio, y en el período B entre noviembre y diciembre. Conclusiones: Este estudio revela que la pandemia de COVID-19 cambió el perfil epidemiológico del SRAG en RS. La mayoría de los casos se dan en personas de edad avanzada con enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes. (AU)

Evaluación del niño con estridor / Evaluation of the child with stridor

El estridor en niños es un síntoma que puede indicar una obstrucción en la vía aérea, siendo esencial comprender sus características y evolución. Este artículo destaca la importancia de la anamnesis detallada, la evaluación clínica y los estudios instrumentales para diagnosticar y tratar eficazmente las causas subyacentes del estridor. Se discuten las características del estridor, los signos de gravedad y los pasos para una evaluación adecuada, incluyendo la nasofaringolaringoscopía flexible y la laringotraqueobroncoscopía. Se concluye que una evaluación integral es fundamental para abordar el estridor en niños de manera óptima.

Stridor in children is a symptom that may indicate an obstruction in the airway, and it is essential to understand its characteristics and evolution. This article highlights the importance of a detailed history, clinical evaluation, and instrumental studies in effectively diagnosing and treating the underlying causes of stridor. The characteristics of stridor, signs of severity, and steps for proper evaluation, including flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy and laryngotracheobronchoscopy, are discussed. It concludes that a comprehensive evaluation is essential to address stridor in children optimally.

Aplicabilidade prática de parâmetros clínicos utilizados pelo enfermeiro na monitorização de pacientes em ventilação mecânica / Practical applicability of clinical parameters used by nurses in monitoring mechanically ventilated patients / Aplicabilidad práctica de parámetros clínicos utilizados por los enfermeros en el monitoreo de pacientes con ventilación mecánica

Objetivo: Descrever os parâmetros validados por enfermeiros relacionando com a sua prática assistencial na monitorização de pacientes críticos sob ventilação mecânica. Métodos: Estudo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, cujos dados foram discutidos à luz da Resolução Conselho Federal de Enfermagem n. 639/2020 e de parâmetros clínicos obtidos validados por enfermeiros intensivistas. Resultados: Os parâmetros validados foram discutidos em termos de sua aplicabilidade clínica para o alcance da competência monitorização respiratória, um dos itens presentes na referida resolução como privativa do enfermeiro. Criou-se um quadro com os parâmetros gerais para a monitorização respiratória/ventilatória por enfermeiros, com alvo clínico e local de obtenção do parâmetro no ventilador mecânica, para colaborar com a sua usabilidade. Conclusão: Apresentou-se a aplicabilidade de parâmetros validados por enfermeiros na assistência aos pacientes sob ventilação mecânica. Pondera-se sua contribuição para maior qualidade na assistência, melhores desfechos clínicos, assim como, evitar complicações associadas à ventilação mecânica. (AU)

Objective: To describe the respiratory/ventilatory parameters validated by nurses relating to their care practice in critical patients on mechanical ventilation. Methods: Descriptive-exploratory study with quantitative approach, whose data were discussed based on COFEN Resolution 639/2020 and clinical parameters obtained validated by critical care nurses. Results: The validated parameters were discussed in terms of clinical applicability for achieving the competence "respiratory monitoring", one of the items present in the aforementioned resolution as private nurse care. A framework was created with the general parameters for respiratory/ventilatory monitoring by nurses, with clinical target and location of obtaining the parameter on the mechanical ventilator, to collaborate with its usability. Conclusion: The applicability of parameters validated by nurses in care of mechanically ventilated patients was presented. Its contribution to better quality care and clinical outcomes, as well as avoiding complications associated with mechanical ventilation. (AU)

Objetivo: describir los parámetros respiratorios/ventilatorios validados por enfermeros relacionando con su práctica asistencial en pacientes críticos con ventilación mecánica. Métodos: investigación descriptiva-exploratoria con abordaje cuantitativo, cuyos datos fueron discutidos en la Resolución COFEN 639/2020 y de parámetros clínicos obtenidos y validados por enfermeros intensivistas. Resultados: los parámetros validados fueron discutidos en términos de su aplicabilidad clínica para el alcance de la competencia "monitoreo respiratorio", uno de los ítems presentes en la referida resolución como exclusiva del enfermero. Se creó un cuadro con los parámetros generales para el monitoreo respiratorio/ventilatorio por enfermeros, con objetivo clínico y lugar de obtención del parámetro en el ventilador mecánico, para colaborar con su usabilidad. Conclusión: se presentó la aplicabilidad de parámetros validados por enfermeros en la asistencia a pacientes con ventilación mecánica. Se pondera su contribución para una mayor calidad en la asistencia, mejores desenlaces clínicos y, también, para evitar complicaciones asociadas con la ventilación mecánica. (AU)

Association between early manifestations of infection or sepsis and prognosis in a high complexity hospital in the city of Medellín.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the first symptoms and signs of patients with suspected infection or sepsis and their association with the composite outcome of admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or mortality. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study between June 2019 and March 2020. SETTING: Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Colombia. PATIENTS: Over 18 years of age with suspicion or confirmation of sepsis, which required hospitalization. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Symptoms and signs associated with infection, with their time of evolution, specified in the study. RESULTS: From 1005 eligible patients, 261 were included. After multivariable adjustment with a logistic regression model, the main factors for ICU admission or mortality were heart rate (OR 1.04 with 95% CI 1.04-3.7), respiratory rate (OR 1.19 with 95% CI 1.0-1.4) and capillary refill time (OR 3.4 with 95% CI 1.9-6.1). CONCLUSIONS: Heart rate, respiratory rate, and capillary refill may behave as early predictors of ICU admission and mortality in cases of sepsis.

Rehabilitación Respiratoria con cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas / Respiratory Rehabilitation with high-flow nasal cannula in patients with chronic respiratory diseases / Reabilitação Respiratória com cânula nasal de alto fluxo em doentes com doença respiratória crónica

Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, se incrementan a nivel mundial, destacándose EPOC, fibrosis pulmonar, bronquiectasia y sumándose la condición post COVID-19 asociadas a las vías respiratorias. Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de la rehabilitación respiratoria con cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. Material y método. Estudio realizado en un hospital militar peruano a una muestra constituida por 115 pacientes, quienes ingresaron a un programa de Rehabilitación Respiratoria de 12 semanas con la asistencia de la Cánula de alto flujo durante cada sesión y evaluados al inicio y al final mediante el test de pararse y sentarse en un minuto. El diseño fue pre experimental con pre y post test, corte longitudinal, de tipo aplicada. Se obtuvo la media y desviación estándar y se realizó la prueba de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon, se consideró una significancia del 95% y un valor p<0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados. La media de la edad fue de 58,30 ± 8,17; el 62,6% fue hombres y 37,4% mujeres; los pacientes con condición Post COVID-19 fueron el 71.30%, seguidos de fibrosis pulmonar con 12,17%; con 7,16±1,24 (p<0,000), en el número de repeticiones mediante pararse y sentarse durante un minuto, lo que mejoró principalmente la fatiga muscular (p<0,003). Conclusiones. Se determina como cambio, que se duplica lo mínimamente significativo mediante la prueba de pararse y sentarse durante un minuto. Además, se evidencia mejor respuesta al ejercicio, con menor disnea y fatiga muscular, por efecto de la presión positiva de la cánula de alto flujo.

Chronic respiratory diseases are increasing worldwide, with COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis and post COVID-19 conditions associated with the respiratory tract standing out. Objective. To determine the effects of respiratory rehabilitation with high-flow nasal cannula in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Method. Study carried out in a Peruvian military hospital on a sample of 115 patients, who entered a 12-week Respiratory Rehabilitation program with the assistance of the high-flow nasal cannula during each session and evaluated at the beginning and at the end by means of the test of standing up and sitting down in one minute. The design was pre-experimental with pre- and post-test, longitudinal cut, applied type. The mean and standard deviation were obtained and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed, a significance of 95% and a value p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The mean age was 58.30±8.17; 62.6% were male and 37.4% female; patients with Post COVID-19 condition were 71.30%, followed by pulmonary fibrosis with 12.17%; with 7.16±1.24 (p<0.000), in the number of repetitions by standing and sitting for one minute, which mainly improved muscle fatigue (p<0.003). Conclusions. It is determined as a change, that the minimally significant is duplicated by the test of standing and sitting for one minute. In addition, a better response to exercise is evidenced, with less dyspnea and muscle fatigue, due to the effect of the positive pressure of the high flow cannula.

As doenças respiratórias crónicas estão a aumentar em todo o mundo, com destaque para a DPOC, a fibrose pulmonar, as bronquiectasias e as doenças pós-COVID-19 associadas ao trato respiratório. Objetivo. Determinar os efeitos da reabilitação respiratória com cânula nasal de alto fluxo em doentes com doenças respiratórias crónicas. Método. Estudo realizado num hospital militar peruano com uma amostra de 115 pacientes, que entraram num programa de Reabilitação Respiratória de 12 semanas com a assistência da cânula nasal de alto fluxo durante cada sessão e avaliados no início e no fim através do teste de sentar e levantar de um minuto. O delineamento foi pré-experimental com pré e pós-teste, longitudinal, do tipo aplicado. Obteve-se média e desvio padrão e realizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon signed-rank, com 95% de significância e valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados. A média de idade foi de 58,30±8,17; 62,6% eram do sexo masculino e 37,4% do sexo feminino; pacientes com quadro pós COVID-19 foram 71,30%, seguido de fibrose pulmonar com 12,17%; com 7,16±1,24 (p<0,000), no número de repetições em pé e sentado por um minuto, que melhorou principalmente a fadiga muscular (p<0,003). Conclusões. Determina-se como mudança, que o minimamente significativo é duplicado pelo teste de estar de pé e sentado durante um minuto. Além disso, evidencia-se uma melhor resposta ao exercício, com menos dispneia e fadiga muscular, devido ao efeito da pressão positiva da cânula de alto fluxo.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis y virus linfotrópico humano, una co-infección fatal / Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human lymphotropic virus, a fatal co-infection

La tuberculosis es una infección de alta incidencia en Latinoamérica. Su presentación como infección activa está determinada por factores de riesgo del hospedero. Comunicamos el caso clínico de una mujer joven que presentó una forma grave de tuberculosis pulmonar. Al explorar sus factores de riesgo se confirmó un estado de inmunosupresión profundo, causado por un linfoma de células T, asociada a una co-infección por virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1. Se destacan los aspectos microbiológicos y de pronóstico de la co-infección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y HTLV-1

Tuberculosis is a high-incidence infection in Latin America. Its presentation as an active infection is determined by risk factors in the host. We report the case of a young woman who presented a severe form of pulmonary tuberculosis. When exploring her risk factors, a profound state of immunosuppression was found, caused by T-cell lymphoma, associated with co-infection with human lymphotropic virus. Microbiological and prognostic aspects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HTLV-1 co-infection are highlighted.

Psychological care in ICU focused on health providers and family members of patients in the COVID 19 pandemic / Atención psicológica en unidad de cuidado crítico durante la pandemia por Covid 19

ABSTRACT Currently, research emphasizes psychological support for families and health care providers in the critical care unit, rather than patient care in each of the phases associated with the disease. In this article, we use the clinical case of a patient with COVID-19, critically ill, with multiple complications that lead to the discussion and proposal of protocols for comprehensive psychological care to patients, their families, and health care providers in critical care units. It is crucial, in the efforts required to achieve patient's recovery and medical discharge, to integrate the patient into psychological care programs. Many of the sensations and emotions experienced in the ICU could produce physical reactions that hinder the patient's hemodynamic stability and recovery process. Few studies have been found on the usefulness of psychological or psychiatric care for patients with severe or critical COVID-19. Most of the recently reported studies are focused on psychological care for families and health care providers.

RESUMEN Actualmente, las investigaciones hacen énfasis en el apoyo psicológico a las familias y proveedores de salud en la unidad de cuidados críticos, más que la atención al paciente en cada una de las fases asociadas a la enfermedad. En este artículo, utilizamos un caso clínico de un paciente con COVID-19 que se encontraba en estado crítico con múltiples complicaciones para discutir y proponer protocolos de atención psicológica integral a pacientes, sus familias y proveedores de salud en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Se evidenció que, para lograr la recuperación y el alta médica del paciente, es de mucha utilizad la atención psicológica para él, los proveedores de salud y sus familiares. Muchas de las sensaciones y emociones vividas en la UCI pueden producir reacciones físicas que dificulten la estabilidad hemodinámica y el proceso de recuperación del paciente. Se han encontrado pocos estudios sobre la utilidad de la atención psicológica o psiquiátrica a pacientes con COVID-19 grave o crítico. La mayoría de los estudios informados recientemente se centran en la atención psicológica para familias y proveedores de atención médica.

Perfil etiológico, sociodemográfico e desfechos dos pacientes com asma internados por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) no Brasil de 2020 a 2022: uma análise de 83.452 internações / Etiology, sociodemographic profile, and outcomes of patients with asthma hospitalized for severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: an analysis of 83,452 hospitalizations Braian

Introdução: A asma é uma das doenças crônicas mais frequentes na população brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as etiologias, o perfil sociodemográfico e os fatores de risco para óbito entre pacientes com asma internados por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) no Brasil entre 2020 e 2022. Métodos: A partir do banco de dados SIVEP-Gripe, incluímos todos os pacientes com idade maior que 5 anos registrados no banco de 01/01/2020 até 21/07/2022, hospitalizados por SRAG, com antecedente de asma e com desfechos conhecidos. Como exposições, foram estudadas a idade, sexo, região de moradia, etnia e agentes etiológicos virais isolados. Os desfechos foram internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, necessidade de ventilação mecânica e óbito. Para calcular a razão de chances entre exposição e desfechos, utilizamos modelos lineares generalizados mistos multinível. Resultados: Foram incluídas na análise 83.452 internações, sendo 14.062 crianças e adolescentes, e 69.390 adultos. A mortalidade aumentou com a idade, indo de 0,6% entre 5-10 anos para 33% nos maiores que 60 anos. Na população pediátrica, morar na região Norte e Nordeste e ter entre 10-20 anos foram associados a maior mortalidade (OR 2,14 IC95% 1,41- 3,24 e OR 3,73 IC95% 2,65-5,26 respectivamente). Quanto aos agentes etiológicos, apenas o SARS-CoV-2 conferiu maior risco de óbito (OR 5,18 IC95% 3,62-7,42). Entre adultos, sexo feminino e etnias não brancas foram protetoras (OR 0,87 IC95% 0,83-0,9 e OR 0,90; IC95% 0,85-0,94 respectivamente) para óbito. Faixas etárias mais avançadas, morar nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e o diagnóstico de COVID-19 foram associados a maior mortalidade. Conclusões: Há importantes vulnerabilidades sociodemográficas nos desfechos das internações de pacientes com asma por SRAG, com maior mortalidade nas regiões Norte-Nordeste, entre adolescentes na faixa etária pediátrica e entre idosos nos adultos. Além disso, destaca-se o protagonismo da COVID-19 entre as infecções associadas a maior mortalidade.

Introduction: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting the Brazilian population. We aimed to determine the etiology, sociodemographic profile, and risk factors for death in patients with asthma hospitalized for severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in Brazil from 2020 to 2022. Methods: We included all patients over 5 years of age registered in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP Gripe) database of the Brazilian Ministry of Health from January 1, 2020 to July 21, 2022 hospitalized for SARI. Patients had to have a history of asthma and known outcomes. As exposures, age, sex, region of residence, ethnicity, and viral etiological agent were evaluated. The outcomes measured were admission to an intensive care unit, need for mechanical ventilation, and death. We used multilevel generalized linear mixed models to calculate the odds ratio between exposure and outcomes. Results: A total of 83,452 hospitalizations were included, of which 14,062 were children and adolescents and 69,390 were adults. Mortality increased with age, ranging from 0.6% in those aged 5-10 years to 33% in those over 60 years. In the pediatric population, living in the north and northeast regions (OR 2.14, 95%CI 1.41-3.24) and having between 10-20 years (OR 3.73, 95%CI 2.65-5.26) were associated with higher mortality. As for etiologic agents, only SARS-CoV-2 was associated with a higher risk of death (OR 5.18, 95%CI 3.62-7.42). Among adults, female sex (OR 0.87, 95%CI 0.83-0.9) and non-White ethnicities (OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.85-0.94) were protective factors against death. Older age groups, living in the north and northeast regions, and a diagnosis of COVID-19 were associated with higher mortality. Conclusions: There are important sociodemographic vulnerabilities in the outcomes of patients with asthma hospitalized for SARI, with higher mortality rates in the north and northeast regions, among adolescents in the pediatric age group, and among older adults. Furthermore, COVID-19 was one of the main infections associated with higher mortality.

Angioedema hereditário com deficiência do Inibidor de C1 ­ Armadilhas no diagnóstico, tratamento e compreensão / Hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency: traps in the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding

Angioedema hereditário (AEH) é uma condição rara, subdiagnosticada e de elevada morbimortalidade, devido ao caráter de suas manifestações clínicas. O AEH se diferencia do angioedema histaminérgico por não responder aos anti-histamínicos, corticosteroides ou epinefrina. Por esse motivo, é extremamente importante o diagnóstico dessa situação, a fim de instituir a terapia adequada. Tal afecção deve ser suspeitada a partir da história clínica de episódios imprevisíveis e recorrentes de edema que quando se manifesta sob a forma de edema laríngeo, pode levar a óbito por asfixia, se não for adequadamente tratado. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 18 anos que, apesar de previamente diagnosticada com AEH tipo 1, ao procurar um serviço de emergência devido a crise de angioedema, não dispunha de medicação específica nem apresentou plano de ação com as opções possíveis para crises. Este caso reforça a necessidade de maior divulgação da doença, além da conscientização de pacientes e familiares sobre a doença e eventuais crises, assim como o acesso as medicações.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, underdiagnosed condition with high morbidity and mortality due to the characteristics of its clinical presentation. HAE differs from histaminergic angioedema by not responding to antihistamines, corticosteroids, or epinephrine. Therefore, early diagnose is crucial to initiate adequate therapy. HAE is suspected in patients with a clinical history of unpredictable and recurrent episodes of edema. When laryngeal edema occurs, it can lead to death from asphyxiation if not treated properly. We report the case of an 18-year-old patient previously diagnosed with HAE type 1 who sought emergency care during an angioedema attack. However, the patient was not taking any specific medication and did not have an action plan to manage attacks. This case highlights the importance of increasing awareness about the disease, educating patients and their families about the disease and potential attacks, and ensuring access to medications.

Cambios en Mecánica Respiratoria en Usuarios Pediátricos en Ventilación Mecánica Post Cirugía de Cardiopatía Congénita Sometidos a Kinesiología Respiratoria versus Succión Endotraqueal. Revisión Estructurada / Changes in Respiratory Mechanics in Pediatric Users on Mechanical Ventilation Post Congenital Heart Disease Surgery Undergoing Respiratory Kinesiology versus Endotracheal Suction. Structured Review

Introducción. Las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) en Chile corresponden a la segunda causa de muerte en menores de 1 año, requiriendo cirugías paliativas y/o correctivas el 65% de estas. En el post operatorio frecuentemente se utiliza ventilación mecánica invasiva (VM) y succión endotraqueal (SET) para remover secreciones. Sin embargo, la kinesiología respiratoria (KTR) ha mostrado mejoras significativas en la distensibilidad toracopulmonar (Cest) y resistencia de vía aérea (Rva) en otros grupos de usuarios pediátricos y adultos en VM. Objetivo. Comparar los cambios en la Cest y Rva en usuarios pediátricos en VM post cirugía de cardiopatía congénita (CCC) sometidos a KTR versus SET exclusiva. Métodos. Revisión sistemática de estudios publicados en bases de datos PUBMED, PeDro, Scielo y Google Scholar que comparan el uso de KTR ó SET sobre los cambios en mecánica ventilatoria en usuarios pediátricos en VM post cirugía de cardiopatía congénita, limitados a inglés, español y portugués, excluyendo a sujetos con traqueostomía o con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea. Se utilizó guía PRISMA para la selección de artículos. Se revisaron 397 artículos y se seleccionó 1 artículo extra de los artículos sugeridos. Se eliminó 1 artículo por duplicidad. Por títulos y resúmenes se seleccionaron 2 artículos, los cuales al leer el texto completo fueron retirados debido a que la población no correspondía a cardiópatas. Resultados. El final de artículos seleccionados fue de 0 artículos, debido a lo cual se removió el operador Booleano "NOT", y se removió la población de cardiopatías. De este modo quedaron 2 artículos seleccionados para la revisión cualitativa final donde se compara KTR versus SET, y KTR en kinesiólogos especialistas y no especialistas, mostrando ambos aumento en la Cest y disminución de la Rva a favor de la KTR, hasta los 30 minutos post intervención. Conclusiones. No se encontraron artículos que demuestren cambios en Cest y Rva con el uso de KTR + SET versus SET exclusiva, en usuarios pediátricos ventilados posterior a CCC. Con la remoción de filtros seleccionamos 2 artículos que demuestran aumento de Cest y disminución de Rva en sujetos pediátricos en VM, uno comparando con SET, y por grupos de especialistas y no especialistas en respiratorio. Se sugieren estudios primarios para evaluar los efectos de esta intervención en esta población.

Introduction. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the second general cause for children death under 1 year. In Chile, approximately 65% CHD need surgery, could was palliative or corrective. In the postoperative period, invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) is frequently used as a life support method, but it is associated with complications. Tracheal suction (SET) is regularly used to remove secretions; however, respiratory chest physiotherapy (KTR) has shown significant improvements in thoraco-pulmonary compliance and airway resistance in other groups of pediatrics and adult's users in MV. Objetive. to compare changes in thoraco-pulmonary compliance and airway resistance in pediatric subjects under mechanical ventilation after congenital heart disease surgery comparing chest physiotherapy and exclusive tracheal suction. Methods. systematic review of studies published in PUBMED, PeDro, Scielo and Google Scholar databases who compares KTR or SET use on changes in ventilatory mechanics in pediatric users under MV after congenital heart disease surgery, limited to English, Spanish and Portuguese languages, excluding user with tracheostomy or extracorporeal membrane of oxygenation. It was use the PRISMA guide to articles selection. A search was carried out, with a total of 397 articles reviewed (English: PubMed = 3, PeDro = 8, Scholar = 383; Spanish: Scholar = 3, Scielo = 0; and Portuguese: Scielo = 0). One extra article was selected from the suggested articles, and 1 article was eliminated due to duplication. By titles and abstracts, 2 articles were selected, but the population did not correspond to heart disease. Results. the final selected articles were 0 articles. By this reason, it were removed: Boolean operator "NOT", and congenital heart disease population. Thus, 2 articles were selected for the final qualitative review where it was compares KTR versus SET, and KTR by specialist and non-specialist. Both articles shown improvement in compliance and resistance until 30 minutes post intervention. The CC population was in a 40 to 60% range in both studies. Conclusions. it was no found articles that demonstrate changes in compliance and resistance in the airway with the use of KTR + SET versus exclusive SET in pediatric users after CCC connected to MV. After filter remotion, we found 2 studies shown improves in increase compliance and reduce resistance in pediatric user in MV, ones comparing with SET, and the other one comparing between specialists in respiratory pediatric physiotherapy and not specialists. It suggests to made primary clinical studies about this intervention in CC population.

Pausas inspiratórias de 0.5 e 2.0 segundos durante avaliação de mecânica respiratória não produzem alterações hemodinâmicas em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica: estudo transversal / Inspiratory pauses of 0.5 and 2.0 seconds during respiratory mechanics assessment do not produce hemodynamic changes in mechanically ventilated patients: cross-sectional study

INTRODUÇÃO: A interação coração-pulmão influenciada pela Ventilação Mecânica (VM), que impacta diretamente no retorno venoso e débito cardíaco através, e não somente, de ajustes da Pressão Positiva Expiratória Final (PEEP) e Pressão média nas vias aéreas (Pmed). Além disso, as pausas inspiratórias para avaliação da mecânica pulmonar interrompem o movimento torácico, pode impactar mais nesta interação. OBJETIVO: Comparar as alterações hemodinâmicas durante os tempos de 0,5 e 2,0 segundos de pausa inspiratória durante as mensurações de mecânica respiratória. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado nas unidades de terapia intensivas de um hospital público de Salvador/BA. Foram incluídos pacientes em uso de VM e acima de 18 anos. Os excluídos foram aqueles que apresentassem instabilidade hemodinâmica e hipoxemia sustentada durante a avaliação. Para caracterização amostral, os pacientes foram divididos em grupos daqueles com e sem afecções pulmonares. Os principais dados coletados e analisados foram PEEP, Pmed, Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS), Pressão Arterial Diastólica (PAD), Pressão Arterial Média (PAM), Frequência Cardíaca (FC). Para comparação de dados foram utilizados os testes Wilcoxon-Rank e Mann-Whitney para dados pareados e não pareados, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 37 pacientes, mediana de idade 63 anos, 19 (51,4%) do sexo masculino, 30 (81,1%) com diagnóstico admissional de natureza clínica. Não foram identificadas alterações hemodinâmicas estatisticamente significantes entre os tempos de pausa inspiratória de 0,5 e 2,0 segundos nas variáveis PAS (p=0,99), PAD (p=0,11), PAM (p=0,29) e FC (p=0,25). CONCLUSÃO: Não foram identificadas variações hemodinâmicas durante as mensurações da mecânica respiratória nas pausas de 0,5 e 2,0 segundos.

INTRODUCTION: The heart-lung interaction is influenced by Mechanical Ventilation (MV), which directly impacts venous return and cardiac output through, but not limited to, adjustments in Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) and mean airway pressure (Pmean). Additionally, inspiratory pauses for the assessment of pulmonary mechanics interrupt thoracic movement, potentially further impacting this interaction. OBJECTIVE: To compare hemodynamic changes during 0.5 and 2.0-second inspiratory pauses during respiratory mechanics measurements. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the intensive care units of a hospital in Salvador/BA. Patients on MV and over 18 years old were included. Exclusions were made for those with hemodynamic instability and sustained hypoxemia during the evaluation. For sample characterization, patients were divided into groups with and without pulmonary conditions. The main data collected and analyzed were PEEP, Pmean, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and Heart Rate (HR). For data comparison, Wilcoxon-Rank and Mann-Whitney tests were used for paired and unpaired data, respectively. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were included, with a median age of 63 years, 19 (51.4%) males, and 30 (81.1%) with an admission diagnosis of a clinical nature. No statistically significant hemodynamic changes were identified between the 0.5 and 2.0-second inspiratory pause times in the variables SBP (p=0.99), DBP (p=0.11), MAP (p=0.29), and HR (p=0.25). CONCLUSION: No hemodynamic variations were identified during respiratory mechanics measurements at 0.5 and 2.0-second inspiratory pauses.

Association of pulmonary function with functional capacity among middle-aged women / Associação da função pulmonar com capacidade funcional em mulheres de meia idade

INTRODUCTION: Age-related decline in pulmonary function and functional capacity is seen in adults. The menopausal process leads to a decline in pulmonary function and functional capacity which is essential in maintaining independence in daily life. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to explore the association of pulmonary function with functional capacity among middle-aged women. METHODS: One hundred and eight female participants aged 40­55 years were included in this cross-sectional study; depending on their menstrual history participants were classified as premenopausal and postmenopausal. After initial screening and assessment, six-minute walk test (6MWT) and pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC) were recorded as per standardised guidelines. The mean and standard deviation for all continuous variables were calculated. Correlations were estimated using Pearson's coefficient of correlation. A comparison of premenopausal and postmenopausal groups was done by independent t-test. A two-tailed p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There were significant differences in values of six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and pulmonary function values of pre and postmenopausal women (p < 0.05). The Pearson coefficient of correlation showed significant association of FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC with 6MWD among middle-aged women. There was fair positive correlation of FEV1 (r = 0.391, p = 0.002) and FEV1/ FVC (r = 0.395, p = 0.002) with 6MWD among postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: There exists a fair positive correlation of pulmonary function with 6MWD among middle-aged women particularly postmenopausal women. Early screening of respiratory health and functional capacity should be initiated for middle-aged women as a preventive strategy.

INTRODUÇÃO: O declínio da função pulmonar e da capacidade funcional relacionado à idade é observado em adultos. O processo menopausal leva ao declínio da capacidade pulmonar e funcional, essencial para a manutenção da independência na vida diária. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo explorar a associação da função pulmonar com a capacidade funcional em mulheres de meia idade. MÉTODOS: Cento e oito participantes do sexo feminino com idade entre 40 e 55 anos foram incluídas neste estudo transversal; dependendo da história menstrual, as participantes foram classificadas como pré-menopausa e pós-menopausa. Após triagem e avaliação inicial, teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) e função pulmonar (VEF1, CVF, VEF1/CVF) foram registrados de acordo com diretrizes padronizadas. Foram calculados média e desvio padrão para todas as variáveis contínuas. As correlações foram estimadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. A comparação do grupo pré-menopausa e pós-menopausa foi feita por teste t independente. Um valor de p bicaudal < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: Houve diferenças significativas nos valores da distância caminhada de seis minutos (DC6M) e nos valores da função pulmonar de mulheres pré e pós-menopausa (p < 0,05). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson mostrou associação significativa de VEF1, CVF e VEF1/CVF com a DC6M entre mulheres de meia idade. Houve correlação positive moderada do VEF1 (r = 0,391, p = 0,002) e VEF1/CVF (r = 0,395, p = 0,002) com a DC6M entre mulheres na pós-menopausa. CONCLUSÃO: Existe correlação positiva moderada da função pulmonar com a DC6M entre mulheres de meia idade, particularmente mulheres na pós-menopausa. O rastreio precoce da saúde respiratória e da capacidade funcional deve ser iniciado nas mulheres de meia idade como estratégia preventiva.