Mind over chronic pain: A meta-analysis of cognitive restructuring in chronically ill adults.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis synthesizes research on the impact of cognitive restructuring on chronic pain intensity, aiming to integrate diverse methodologies and findings while evaluating potential moderators. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Science, JSTOR, Sage, Social Science Research Network, PsycArticles, ScienceDirect, and Education Resources Information Center) until July 2023. Studies involving adults (≥18 years) diagnosed with chronic conditions who underwent cognitive restructuring to reduce chronic pain intensity, were included. Eligible studies compared this intervention with a control group. We excluded studies incorporating cognitive restructuring within broader interventions, lacking statistical data, or not written in English. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2). RESULTS: After reviewing 18,312 studies, we selected 11 studies published between 1991 and 2022, involving 693 participants with chronic conditions. A significant large overall effect size was found (d = 0.94, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.40). Moderation analyses revealed significant differences based on sex and study quality, with effects less pronounced among females and more substantial in higher-quality studies. CONCLUSION: Despite limitations such as statistical instability due to a small number of studies in certain moderator categories and methodological variability, this meta-analysis highlights the robust effects of cognitive restructuring on chronic pain intensity. The findings are valuable for guiding power calculations and future research expectations. Clinically, these results support the significant effect of cognitive restructuring in both individual and group settings, regardless of age, particularly when facilitated by teams that include psychologists.

Rod and frame test parameters for neuropsychology studies.

BACKGROUND: The rod and frame test (RFT), a measure of field dependence-independence, recently has reemerged as a measure of research interest and potential diagnostic value in neuropsychology. In the standard RFT, the subject experiences offsetting visual cues from a frame surrounding an embedded rod, while the subject's postural/vestibular cues provide the sense of verticality as the subject attempts to set the rod to vertical. The paper shows that RFTs not adhering to RFT parameters can reduce the test's visual framework impact experienced by the subject. Comparisons of neuropsychological studies will highlight that correct adherence to RFT testing conditions can strengthen RFT effects. METHOD: This review presents the parameters that have been studied which impact on subject performance on the RFT. It identifies how computer administered RFTs have been applied to enhance the study of the RFT parameters and make the RFT more accessible to the study of different diagnostic groups. The article also critiques studies by identifying how the RFT's parameters, study's design and statistical analysis may have diminished identifying the full effects of the RFT experience. RESULTS: Parameters impacting judgments of verticality of the rod can include: perceived size of rod and frame, the gap between the ends of the rod and surrounding frame, presentation of the rod within an encompassing 3D visual framework that visually blocks out the surrounding environment, a dark room, instructions stressing egocentric vs allocentric strategies, double frame surrounding the rod to assess global perception effects, etc. Details are presented how gap size likely affected results in neuropsychology studies. Potentially, these and other experiments may be studied using computer administered RFTs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the descriptions of computer administered RFTs, this article suggested that incorporating these technologies can provide better understanding underlying the RFT, and in turn, understanding neuropsychology processes.

Parental influence on urban adolescents' physical activity experience.

As important socializing agents of adolescents, parents may substantially influence adolescents' physical activity but their roles in adolescents' physical activity experience have not been sufficiently studied. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research on potential mechanisms through which parents may promote adolescents' positive physical activity experience. Using a longitudinal sample of 464 urban and primarily Hispanic and African American adolescents, this study examined the impact of parental support on adolescents' physical activity experience. Results of structural equation modeling showed that after controlling for adolescents' gender, body mass index, and perceived overall health, parental support positively affected adolescents' restructuring ability (i.e., ability to construct meaningful and satisfying activities during unpleasant experiences) and intrinsic motivation (i.e., activity participation driven by inherent interest and enjoyment) in physical activity, which in turn positively affected adolescents' physical activity experience. No significant gender differences were found in these relationships. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Diversified Techniques for Restructuring Meat Protein-Derived Products and Analogues.

Accompanied by the rapid growth of the global population and increasing public awareness of protein-rich foods, the market demand for protein-derived products is booming. Utilizing available technologies to make full use of meat by-products, such as scraps, trimmings, etc., to produce restructured meat products and explore emerging proteins to produce meat analogues can be conducive to alleviating the pressure on supply ends of the market. The present review summarizes diversified techniques (such as high-pressure processing, ultrasonic treatment, edible polysaccharides modification, enzymatic restructuring, etc.) that have been involved in restructuring meat protein-derived products as well as preparing meat analogues identified so far and classifying them into three main categories (physical, chemical and enzymatic). The target systems, processing conditions, effects, advantages, etc., of the included techniques, are comprehensively and systemically summarized and discussed, and their existing problems or developing trends are also briefly prospected. It can be concluded that a better quality of restructured products can be obtained by the combination of different restructuring technologies. This review provides a valuable reference both for the research and industrial production of restructured meat protein-derived products and analogues.

Nano-Plasticity of an Electrified Ionic Liquid/Electrode Interface: Uncovering Hard-Soft Structuring via Controlled Metal Fill Factor.

Ionic liquids (ILs) nanostructuring at electrified interfaces is of both fundamental and practical interest as these materials are increasingly gaining prominence in energy storage and conversion processes. However, much remains unresolved about IL potential-controlled (re)organization under highly polarized interfaces, mostly due to the difficulty of selectively probing both the distal and proximal surface layers of adsorbed ions. In this work, the structural dynamics of the innermost layer (<10 nm from the surface) were independently interrogated from that of the ionic layers in the sub-surface region (>100 nm from the surface), using an infrared (IR) spectroscopy approach. By tuning the metal fill factor of gold films deposited on conductive metal oxide-modified IR internal reflection elements, the charge-driven (re)structuring of the inner and distal layers of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate is unveiled. Within a relatively wide potential region (∼±1 V) bounding the potential of zero charges, the ionic liquid is shown to undergo a reversible (i.e., soft) reorganization whereby the innermost layer of anions (cations) is exchanged by a layer of cations (anions). Kinetically unhindered changes in the number density of constituent cations and anions largely follow electrostatic expectations in the subsurface region, whereas the innermost layer exhibits a pronounced hysteresis and very slow relaxation. Under larger negative potential bias, IL restructuring is characterized by a highly irreversible (i.e., hard) and intense interfacial densification of the BMPy+ cations, consistent with the formation of nanoscale segregated liquids. The outcomes of this work reveal a plastic IL nanostructuring under a strong electric field.

Spatial characteristics and restructuring model of the agro-cultural heritage site in the context of culture and tourism integration.

Tourism promotes the economic development of agro-cultural heritage sites while causing the problem of spatial alienation, so exploring the spatial alienation problems based on the integration of culture and tourism is of great significance for achieving the sustainable development of tourism in agro-cultural heritage sites. This study took the Yuanyang Hani Terrace agro-cultural heritage site as the research area, constructed the model of the spatial system of the agro-cultural heritage site based on the classical grounded theory, and analyzed the spatial characteristics of the agro-cultural heritage site. The results show that the spatial disorder of the agro-cultural heritage site is caused by the interaction of the imbalance of physical space, the fragmentation of cultural space and the complications of social space. Next, this study constructed the model for the spatial restructuring of the agro-cultural heritage site in the context of culture and tourism integration, with the integration of management systems as a guiding force, the integration of talent systems as a crucial force, the integration of agricultural, cultural and tourism resources as a core force, the integration of the cultural and tourism industries as a driving force, the integration of ecology and culture as a basic force, and the integration of digital scenes as an innovative force. This study expands and deepens the spatial theory of tourist destinations and the knowledge system of cultural heritage tourism, and provides a systematic implementation framework and management tools for the integration of culture and tourism and the high-quality development of agro-cultural heritage sites.

[Nurses, a lever for reinforcing the healthcare offer]. / L'infirmier, un levier pour renforcer l'offre de soins.

Nurses are omniscient in the French healthcare system. They are an essential link in the healthcare system, and their added value is unquestionable. The profession needs to be revamped to keep pace with current developments in nursing practices and the needs of the population.

Metal Doping Regulates Electrocatalysts Restructuring During Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

High-efficiency and low-cost catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are critical for electrochemical water splitting to generate hydrogen, which is a clean fuel for sustainable energy conversion and storage. Among the emerging OER catalysts, transition metal dichalcogenides have exhibited superior activity compared to commercial standards such as RuO2, but inferior stability due to uncontrolled restructuring with OER. In this study, we create bimetallic sulfide catalysts by adapting the atomic ratio of Ni and Co in CoxNi1-xSy electrocatalysts to investigate the intricate restructuring processes. Surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and bulk-sensitive X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed the favorable restructuring of transition metal sulfide material following OER processes. Our results indicate that a small amount of Ni substitution can reshape the Co local electronic structure, which regulates the restructuring process to optimize the balance between OER activity and stability. This work represents a significant advancement in the development of efficient and noble metal-free OER electrocatalysts through a doping-regulated restructuring approach.

Electrochemical Restructuring Driven Catalytic Cycle of Bi-Based Heterojunctions for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Restructuring is an important phenomenon in catalytic reactions. Conversion-type materials with suitable redox potential may undergo in situ electrochemically driven restructurings and induce highly active catalytic sites in a working lithium-sulfur battery. Herein, driven by the electrochemical conversion reaction of BiVO4, a reversible catalytic cycle of Bi/amorphous Li3VO4 (a-Li3VO4) and Bi2S3/a-Li3VO4 heterojunctions is constructed, which targets the oxidation of Li2S and the conversion of polysulfide, respectively. The heterostructures and electrochemically driven size confinement provide abundant sites for shuttle restraining and sulfur conversion. Especially, the p-block Bi and Bi2S3 could dramatically reduce the conversion energy barriers of Li2S and polysulfide by virtue of the p-p orbital hybridization, promoting bidirectional reactions of the sulfur cathode. As a result, the corresponding sulfur cathode possesses a high reversible capacity of 7.5 mAh cm-2 after 120 cycles under a high sulfur loading of 10.3 mg cm-2 with a current density of 0.38 mA cm-2. This study furnishes a feasible scheme to obtain highly effective catalysts for bidirectional sulfur redox by utilizing the electrochemically induced restructuring.

Operando Spectroscopic Monitoring of Metal Chalcogenides for Overall Water Splitting: New Views of Active Species and Sites.

Metal-based chalcogenides exhibit great promise for overall water splitting, yet their intrinsic catalytic reaction mechanisms remain to be fully understood. In this work, we employed operando X-ray absorption (XAS) and in situ Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the structure-activity relationships of low-crystalline cobalt sulfide (L-CoS) catalysts toward overall water splitting. The operando results for L-CoS catalyzing the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) demonstrate that the cobalt centers in the bulk are predominantly coordinated by sulfur atoms, which undergo a kinetic structural rearrangement to generate metallic cobalt in S-Co-Co-S moieties as the true catalytically active species. In comparison, during the acidic HER, L-CoS undergoes local structural optimization of Co centers, and H2 production proceeds with adsorption/desorption of key intermediates atop the Co-S-Co configurations. Further operando characterizations highlight the crucial formation of high-valent Co4+ species in L-CoS for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and the formation of such active species was found to be far more facile than in crystalline Co3O4 and Co-LDH references. These insights offer a clear picture of the complexity of active species and site formation in different media, and demonstrate how their restructuring influences the catalytic activity.

The involvement of decomposition and composition processes in restructuring during problem solving.

Decomposition of chunks has been widely accepted as a critical proxy of restructuring, but the role of composition in forming new representations has been largely neglected. This study aims to investigate the roles of both decomposition and composition processes in chunk restructuring, as well as their relationships with "aha" experiences during problem-solving. Participants were asked to move a part of a character to another character to create two new characters. Across three experiments, the characters to be decomposed or composed were varied in terms of tight or loose chunks. The results showed that decomposition or composition of tight chunks led to lower success rates, longer response times, and significantly stronger "Aha!" emotional experiences (mainly in terms of surprise and suddenness). This study provides evidence for the contribution of both decomposition and composition processes to restructuring in creative insight.

Imagery rescripting and cognitive restructuring for inpatients with moderate and severe depression - a controlled pilot study.

BACKGROUND: This controlled pilot study investigates the effect of the combined use of cognitive restructuring (CR) and imagery rescripting (IR) compared to treatment as usual among inpatients with moderate and severe depression. Alongside expert ratings and self-report tools, fitness wristbands were used as an assessment tool. METHODS: In addition to the standard inpatient care (SIC) program, 33 inpatients with moderate and severe depression were randomly assigned to an intervention group (two sessions of IR and CR) or an active treatment-as-usual (TAU) control group (two sessions of problem-solving and build-up of positive activity). Depression severity was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21 (HDRS-21), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and as a diagnostic adjunct daily step count via the Fitbit Charge 3™. We applied for analyses of HDRS-21 and BDI-II, 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and an asymptotic Wilcoxon test for step count. RESULTS: The main effect of time on both treatments was η2 = .402. Based on the data from the HDRS-21, patients in the intervention group achieved significantly greater improvements over time than the TAU group (η2 = .34). The BDI-II data did not demonstrate a significant interaction effect by group (η2 = .067). The daily hourly step count for participants of the intervention group was significantly higher (r = .67) than the step count for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the utilization of imagery-based interventions for treating depression. They also provide insights into using fitness trackers as psychopathological assessment tools for depressed patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien) under the registration number: DRKS00030809.

Changes in trauma appraisal during brief internet-based exposure and cognitive restructuring treatment for Arabic-speaking people with PTSD.

Background: Maladaptive trauma appraisal plays an important role in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of exposure and cognitive treatments for PTSD symptomatology, the effect of such treatments on specific trauma appraisals is still not well understood.Objective: The study investigated the effect of an exposure and a cognitive restructuring internet-based treatment on specific trauma appraisals in Arabic-speaking participants with PTSD.Method: 334 participants received either an exposure (n = 167) or a cognitive restructuring (n = 167) internet-based treatment. PTSD symptom severity (PCL-5) and specific trauma appraisals (TAQ) were assessed at pre- and post-treatment. Changes in specific trauma appraisals within and between the two treatments were analyzed using multi-group change modelling. Associations between changes in PTSD symptom severity and changes in trauma appraisals were evaluated using Pearson product-moment correlation. For both treatments, participants with versus without reliable improvement were compared regarding changes in specific trauma appraisals using Welch tests. Analyses were performed on 100 multiple imputed datasets.Results: Both treatments yielded significant changes in shame, self-blame, fear, anger, and alienation (all ps < .001). Changes in betrayal were only significant in the cognitive restructuring treatment (p < .001). There was no evidence of differences between treatments for any specific trauma appraisal. Changes in PTSD symptom severity were significantly associated with changes in trauma appraisals (all ps < .001). In both treatments, participants who experienced reliable improvement in PTSD symptom severity showed significantly larger pre- to post-treatment changes in specific trauma appraisals compared to those without reliable improvement. Again, differences in betrayal were only significant in the cognitive restructuring treatment.Conclusions: The findings indicate that both treatments are effective in reducing trauma appraisals in Arabic-speaking people with PTSD. Changes in trauma appraisal seem to be associated with changes in PTSD symptomatology.Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register identifier: DRKS00010245.

Exposure and cognitive restructuring treatment in Arabic-speaking individuals with PTSD yield significant changes in shame, self-blame, fear, anger, and alienation.Changes in PTSD symptoms are positively associated with changes in specific trauma appraisals.There is no evidence of differences between both treatments for any specific trauma appraisal.

How does payment for watershed ecosystem services alleviate farmer poverty in conservation intervention areas? Evidence from China.

Payment for watershed ecosystem services (PES) has been applied to water conservation and poverty reduction in an increasing number of developing countries. This study evaluates the effect of payment for watershed ecosystem services on farmers' income in conservation intervention areas using a difference-in-differences model and a panel dataset that covers 18 countries in the Xin'an River Basin in China for fourteen consecutive years (2006-2019). The results show that PES programs increase farmers' income and that the poverty reduction effect is sustainable. The PES programs mainly increase the farmers' income in conservation intervention areas through two paths: triggering the transfer of agricultural labor and promoting agricultural restructuring. PES programs are pro-poor and more conducive to increasing the income of farmers in upstream regions and counties with lower levels of economic development. This paper reveals the specific role played by PES in promoting rural poverty reduction in developing countries, providing insights into alleviating the contradiction between poverty and watershed ecosystem protection.

Preliminary Efficacy of Mindfulness and Cognitive Restructuring Interventions to Reduce Nonconsensual Sex Intentions.

OBJECTIVE: Victims of sexual violence experience detrimental physical and mental health consequences. Therefore, developing programs to prevent sexual violence is of utmost importance. Our previous work provided preliminary support for the efficacy of brief mindfulness and cognitive restructuring (CR) interventions in reducing sexual violence intentions. Because alcohol use and alcohol expectancies (AE) have been identified as risk factors for sexual violence, this secondary data analysis aimed to examine whether alcohol use and men's expectations that alcohol may affect women's vulnerability of being sexually coerced moderate the usefulness of these two interventions on nonconsensual sex intentions. METHOD: Single, young, heterosexual, heavy episodic drinking men with sexual violence histories were randomly assigned to receive mindfulness or CR skills training, or attention control. Half of the participants in each intervention condition were then randomized to alcohol or sober conditions. All participants read a hypothetical sexual scenario and rated their intention to engage in nonconsensual sex with their hypothetical sexual partner. RESULTS: Mindfulness was effective in lowering nonconsensual sex intentions among sober men with high AE for women's vulnerability and intoxicated men with low AE for women's vulnerability to sexual coercion. CR was effective in lowering nonconsensual sex intentions among intoxicated men with low and moderate AE for women's vulnerability to sexual coercion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of mindfulness and CR in lowering nonconsensual sex intentions under certain circumstances and highlight men's AE about women's vulnerability to sexual coercion as a critical factor that interacts with alcohol use to influence the efficacy of mindfulness and CR.

Revealing the Intrinsic Restructuring of Bi2O3 Nanoparticles into Bi Nanosheets during Electrochemical CO2 Reduction.

Bismuth is a catalyst material that selectively produces formate during the electrochemical reduction of CO2. While different synthesis strategies have been employed to create electrocatalysts with better performance, the restructuring of bismuth precatalysts during the reaction has also been previously reported. The mechanism behind the change has, however, remained unclear. Here, we show that Bi2O3 nanoparticles supported on Vulcan carbon intrinsically transform into stellated nanosheet aggregates upon exposure to an electrolyte. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy observations first revealed the gradual restructuring of the nanoparticles into nanosheets in the presence of 0.1 M KHCO3 without an applied potential. Our experiments also associated the restructuring with solubility of bismuth in the electrolyte. While the consequent agglomerates were stable under moderate negative potentials (-0.3 VRHE), they dissolved over time at larger negative potentials (-0.4 and -0.5 VRHE). Operando Raman spectra collected during the reaction showed that under an applied potential, the oxide particles reduced to metallic bismuth, thereby confirming the metal as the working phase for producing formate. These results inform us about the working morphology of these electrocatalysts and their formation and degradation mechanisms.

Low-coordination Nanocrystalline Copper-based Catalysts through Theory-guided Electrochemical Restructuring for Selective CO2 Reduction to Ethylene.

Revealing the dynamic reconstruction process and tailoring advanced copper (Cu) catalysts is of paramount significance for promoting the conversion of CO2 into ethylene (C2H4), paving the way for carbon neutralization and facilitating renewable energy storage. In this study, we initially employed density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the restructuring behavior of a catalyst under electrochemical conditions and delineated its restructuring patterns. Leveraging insights into this restructuring behavior, we devised an efficient, low-coordination copper-based catalyst. The resulting synthesized catalyst demonstrated an impressive Faradaic efficiency (FE) exceeding 70 % for ethylene generation at a current density of 800 mA cm-2. Furthermore, it showed robust stability, maintaining consistent performance for 230 hours at a cell voltage of 3.5 V in a full-cell system. Our research not only deepens the understanding of the active sites involved in designing efficient carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) catalysts but also advances CO2 electrolysis technologies for industrial application.

Dynamic Restructuring of Cu7S4/Cu for Efficient CO2 Electro-reduction to Formate.

Optimized catalytic properties and reactant adsorption energy played a crucial role in promoting CO2 electrocatalysis. Herein, Cu7S4/Cu underwent in situ dynamic restructuring to generate S-Cu2O/Cu hybrid catalyst for effective electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate that outperformed Cu2O/Cu and Cu7S4. Thermodynamic and in situ Raman spectra revealed that the optimized adsorption of the HCOO* intermediate on S-Cu2O/Cu was regulated and the H2 pathway (surface H) was suppressed by S-doping. Meanwhile, Cu7S4/Cu nanoflowers created abundant boundaries for ECR and strengthened the CO2 adsorption by inducing Cu. These findings provide a new perspective on synthetic methods for various electrocatalytic reduction processes.

Unlocking the carbon emission efficiency improvement path of technological innovation: a perspective on industrial restructuring and R&D element flows.

Technological innovation is regarded as an important means to improve carbon efficiency. However, there is no consensus on this view. Meanwhile, few studies have considered how technological innovation affects carbon efficiency. To this end, this study investigates the influencing mechanism and effects of technological innovation on carbon emission efficiency from the perspectives of industrial restructuring and R&D element flow. It establishes the influencing and mechanism model and then deeply studies the impact and paths of technological innovation on carbon emission efficiency, using panel data from 30 provinces in 1999-2020. Results show that (1) technological innovation improves carbon emission efficiency. (2) Regional differences in the impact effects of technological innovation are evident, with a greater contribution to carbon emission efficiency in eastern region. (3) Innovation improves carbon efficiency through two paths: advanced industrial structure and industrial structure rationalization. (4) The moderating effect demonstrates that the technological innovation's influence is gradually enhanced with the interregional mobility of R&D personnel and capital. Hence, decision-makers should correctly guide the orderly flow of R&D factors and further improve the carbon emission reduction effect by increasing innovation support and helping optimize the industrial structure.