Virome in roof-harvested rainwater of a densely urbanized low-income region.

Rainwater harvesting has been considered an affordable practice to supplement the conventional sources of water supply for potable and non-potable uses worldwide. This study characterizes the viral community found in roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) samples obtained under different rain volumes in a densely urbanized low-income region in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three pilot-scale standardized metal-sheet roofs (same catchment area, material age, and slope - 3%) were installed in the study area aiming at obtaining more reliable and representative samples. Fifty-four samples were collected from six rainfall events from January to April 2019 and concentrated by the skimmed-milk flocculation method. Pools of different rainfall volumes were submitted to high throughput sequencing using the shotgun metagenomic approach. Sequencing was performed on NextSeq platform. Genomic analysis of the virus community revealed that most are RNA non-human viruses, including two main families: Dicistroviridae and Iflaviridae, recognized for infecting arthropods. Bacteriophages were also relatively abundant, with a predominance of DNA phages belonging to Microviridae and Siphoviridae families, showing percentages from 5.3 and 3.7% of the total viral hits present in these samples, respectively. Viral genomic RNA viruses (77%) predominated over DNA viruses (23%). Concerning number of viral species identified, a higher percentage was observed for plant viruses (12 families, 58%). Hepatitis A virus and human klassevirus 1 were detected among the established human pathogens, suggesting the need for RHRW treatment before it is considered for human consumption. Australian bat lyssavirus was also detected, emphasizing the importance of environmental monitoring facing emerging viruses. The results corroborate the influence of the surrounding area on the rainwater quality.

Água de reúso: uma alternativa sustentável para o Brasil / Water reuse: a sustainable alternative for Brazil

RESUMO As motivações para a busca de soluções e alternativas que podem diminuir o estresse hídrico são evidentemente importantes. Mesmo que renováveis, os recursos hídricos de qualidade e potabilidade são escassos. Como alternativa, o reúso pode ajudar a diminuir o uso de águas potáveis para atividades que não necessitam de potabilidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre água de reúso a partir da definição de alternativa sustentável e racional para o uso da água. Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico do período de julho a dezembro de 2017 nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (MedLine), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Embase e Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Com a revisão bibliográfica foi possível identificar que o tema "reúso" vem sendo debatido para a gestão, a padronização e os riscos associados à utilização. No Brasil, não há uma legislação a nível nacional que regule o uso e determine os padrões de qualidade da água de reúso. No entanto, nas quatro regiões brasileiras foi observado que há sete estados com legislações e normas sobre o tema. Legislações internacionais apresentam uma relação abrangente de parâmetros que podem ser utilizados no debate para a legislação brasileira. Trabalhos produzidos pela comunidade acadêmica fundamentam os riscos sobre esse tipo de água. Publicações científicas sobre água de reúso devem ser estimuladas, assim como legislações mais detalhadas descrevendo os tipos de água de reúso, assim como os padrões de riscos relacionados.

ABSTRACT The motivations for seeking solutions and alternatives that can reduce water stress is clearly important. Even though renewable, water resources of quality and potability are scarce. As an alternative, reuse can help reduce the use of drinking water for activities that do not require drinking. The objective was to carry out a review of the literature on reuse water based on the definition of a sustainable and rational alternative for water use. A bibliographical survey was carried out from July to December 2017 in the MedLine, Lilacs, Embase, and ISI databases. The bibliographic review showed that the reused topic has been discussed with notes to the management, standardization, and risks associated with its use. There is no national Brazilian legislation that regulates the use and quality standards of reuse water. However, in the four Brazilian regions, the literature points to only seven Brazilian states with legislation and norms on the subject. International legislations present a comprehensive list of parameters that can be used in the discussion of Brazilian national legislation. Works have been produced by the academic community, basing the risks of this type of water. Scientific publications on reuse water should be encouraged, as well as more detailed legislation describing the types of reuse water and related risk patterns.