Recomendaciones metodológicas para mitigar los efectos de las presiones ambientales en la gimnasia rítmica

Los gimnastas pueden recibir lesiones por sobrecarga, fatiga de segmentos y por inmadurez del aparato locomotor; todas pueden constituir presiones que, en determinado momento de la práctica deportiva, frenan el rendimiento sostenido en el deportista. Sn embargo, en un estudio exploratorio se pudo determinar que algunos atletas de gimnasia rítmica, representativos de la provincia Santiago de Cuba, se evidencian otras presiones ambientales que tienen mayor énfasis en lo psicológico. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en proponer un grupo de recomendaciones metodológicas para evitar el efecto de las presiones ambientales en atletas de gimnasia rítmica. Dentro de los métodos empíricos utilizados se encuentran la observación, la encuesta y la entrevista. Se plantearon recomendaciones metodológicas, dirigidas a incidir en el rendimiento deportivo, ellas son: presión cuerpo de jueces, cumplimiento de elementos de dificultad en los ejercicios y participación en eventos, en correspondencia con las demás gimnastas. La propuesta se incorpora a una serie de estudios que tratan el seguimiento de la preparación del deportista de manera general y, en particular, el de gimnasia rítmica.

Ginastas podem sofrer lesões por sobrecarga, fadiga segmentar e imaturidade do sistema musculoesquelético; Todas elas podem constituir pressões que, em determinado momento da prática desportiva, retardam o desempenho sustentado do atleta. Porém, num estudo exploratório foi determinado que alguns atletas de ginástica rítmica, representativos da província de Santiago de Cuba, apresentam outras pressões ambientais que têm maior ênfase no psicológico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um conjunto de recomendações metodológicas para evitar o efeito das pressões ambientais sobre atletas de ginástica rítmica. Entre os métodos empíricos utilizados estão a observação, o levantamento e a entrevista. Foram propostas recomendações metodológicas que visam influenciar o desempenho esportivo, são elas: pressão corporal dos juízes, cumprimento de elementos de dificuldade nos exercícios e participação em eventos, em correspondência com as demais ginastas. A proposta está incorporada a uma série de estudos que abordam o acompanhamento da preparação de atletas em geral e, em particular, da ginástica rítmica.

Gymnasts can receive injuries due to overload, segment fatigue and due to immaturity of the musculoskeletal system; all of them can constitute pressures that, at a certain point in sports practice, slow down the athlete's sustained performance. However, in the exploratory study it was determined that some rhythmic gymnastics athletes, representative of the Santiago de Cuba province, show other environmental pressures that have greater emphasis on the psychological. The objective of this work was to propose a group of methodological recommendations to mitigate the effect of environmental pressures on rhythmic gymnastics athletes. Among the empirical methods used are observation, survey and interview. Methodological recommendations were proposed, aimed at influencing sports performance, they are: pressure from the judges' body, compliance with elements of difficulty in the exercises and participation in events, in correspondence with the other gymnasts. The proposal is incorporated into a series of studies that address the monitoring of athlete preparation in general and, in particular, rhythmic gymnastics.

Muscle Strength and Joint Range of Motion of the Spine and Lower Extremities in Female Prepubertal Elite Rhythmic and Artistic Gymnasts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the passive joint range of motion (PROM) and muscle strength in prepubertal rhythmic gymnasts (RGs), artistic gymnasts (AGs), and a control group (CG) of the same age. A total of 54 prepubertal girls were divided into three groups: 18 RGs (age 11.14 ± 0.7, height 142.6 ± 5.81, and body mass 31.2 ± 3.63); 18 AGs (age 11.27 ± 0.99, height 139.6 ± 5.85, and body mass 31.7 ± 3.21), and 18 school girls who are defined as CG (age 10.55 ± 0.42, height 145.33 ± 6.95, and body mass 42.1 ± 8.21) participated in the study. All athletes were elites and participated in national competitions. The CG participated only in their school physical education program. Isokinetic peak torques were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex II) at 60, 180, and 300°·sec-1. Body mass index was greater in the CG compared to RGs and AGs (p < 0.001). PROM in cervical extension in RG was significantly higher compared to the AG and CG (p < 0.001). The athlete groups, RG and AG, showed significantly greater PROM in knee flexion (p < 0.001), hip flexion (p < 0.001), and hip abduction (p < 0.05) compared to CG. PROM in hip flexion was different between the left and right leg in RGs. The relative muscle strength of the quadriceps in the RG and AG was significantly greater compared to CG (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). Gymnastics training in prepubertal ages can improve neuromuscular function and increase the relative muscle strength. Therefore, it is essential to note that when evaluating children within the developmental ages, especially those involved in sports, the type of muscle strength to be assessed should be specified.

Efectos de un programa de yoga en el rendimiento en gimnasia rítmica: un estudio de casos / Effects of a yoga program on perfomance in rhytmic gymnastics: a case study

La Gimnasia Rítmica es un deporte que exige habilidades motoras de alto nivel de dificultad y una perfecta ejecución. El yoga es considerado como una terapia de cuerpo y mente que para muchos investigadores influye en la mejora del rendimiento deportivo. En este trabajo analizamos el efecto de un entrenamiento de Yoga sobre del rendimiento deportivo y las variables psicológicas relacionadas con éste. Participaron 30 gimnastas entre 11 y 16 años que realizaron una sesión de Yoga semanal durante 5 meses, además del entrenamiento de Gimnasia Rítmica. Analizamos los cambios en el rendimiento y en las variables psicológicas estudiadas antes y después de la intervención. Los resultados obtenidos indican una mejora significativa de ambos parámetros. Conclusiones: las gimnastas participantes en nuestro estudio mejoran significativamente el rendimiento después de la intervención, lo que puede sugerir, sin poder generalizar, las ventajas de incluir programas de ejercicios de yoga en su preparación. (AU)

Rhythmic Gymnastics is a sport that requires high-difficulty motor skills and perfect execution. The body is considered as a yoga and mind therapy that for many researchers influences the improvement of sports performance. In this work we analyze the effect of a Yoga training on sports performance and the psychological variables related to it. Thirty gymnasts between the ages of 11 and 16 participated, doing a weekly Yoga session for 5 months, in addition to the Rhythmic Gymnastics training. We analyze the changes in performance and in the psychological variables studied before and after the intervention. The results obtained indicate a significant improvement in both parameters. Conclusions: the gymnasts participating in our study significantly improve their performance after the intervention, which may suggest, without generalizing, the advantages of including a yoga exercise program in their preparation. (AU)

The Effects of an Eight-Week Integrated Functional Core and Plyometric Training Program on Young Rhythmic Gymnasts' Explosive Strength.

Background: Explosive strength is essential for rhythmic gymnasts' performance. It has been suggested that core stability (CS) and plyometric training can enhance athletes' explosive strength. Nevertheless, there is some uncertainty about the effects of integrated core and plyometric training (CPT) programs on rhythmic gymnastics (RG) performances. Purpose: to evaluate the effects of an integrated functional CPT program on young rhythmic gymnasts' explosive strength and jump/leap performance. Method: We recruited 44 young (age = 10.5 ± 1.8 years old; peak height velocity, PHV = 12.2 ± 0.6 years old) female rhythmic gymnasts and randomly allocated them into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). Pre and post-intervention, the explosive strength of both groups was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) and single-leg CMJ (SLCMJ) tests, conducted using a force platform, and expert RG judges evaluated their performance of RG-specific jumps. Before the post-test, the EG (n = 23) completed an 8 week functional CPT program based on RG technical requirements. Meanwhile, the participants in the CG (n = 21) received their regular training sessions. Linear mixed model analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of an intra-subject factor (TIME: pre-post) and an inter-subject factor (GROUP: control-experimental) on each dependent variable. When no significant interaction effect was found, Cohen's d effect size was calculated. Results: After 8 weeks, the EG obtained significantly better results in all variables measured by the CMJ and SLCMJ (p < 0.01) tests. The judges' scores indicated greater improvements in the EG after the CPT program in the stag and the split leap. Conclusions: An integrated functional CPT program improved explosive strength in a group of young rhythmic gymnasts and had a large impact on aspects of RG-specific performance. Coaches should consider using this CPT to improve RG performance.

O desenvolvimento profissional de uma treinadora brasileira de tênis no alto rendimento / The professional development of a Brazilian coach in high-performance tennis / El desarrollo profesional de una entrenadora brasileña de tenis en el alto rendimiento

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as experiências que contribuíram para a ascensão de uma treinadora brasileira de tênis no alto rendimento. Para isso, esta pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa foi orientada por meio de um estudo de caso único. No momento do estudo, Fernanda tinha 30 anos de idade e 12 anos de experiência como treinadora em nível nacional e internacional. Enquanto estratégias para a coleta dos dados, foram utilizados nesta ordem: a Rappaport timeline e a entrevista semiestruturada. A análise desses dados foi conduzida por meio das orientações da análise temática reflexiva. Os resultados versam pelos seguintes temas: (a) Influência, Conexão e Inspiração: Personagens Fundamentais; (b) Perfil Promissor e Acolhimento no Contexto; e (c) Desenvolvimento Enquanto Treinadora: Os Constantes Aprendizados e Questionamentos no Percurso. De modo geral, Fernanda teve uma trajetória orientada por relações de influência com personagens de seu contexto. Os momentos fora de sua zona de conforto contribuíram para a definição de estratégias que visem suprir as necessidades e avançar perante as barreiras identificadas.(AU)

This study aimed to identify and analyze the content developed in competitive Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) sports initiation. We interviewed six coaches who worked in basic categories of medalist clubs in the 2019 Brazilian RG Championships. From the thematic analysis, five themes emerged: (1) Specialize versus Expand: factors that limit and contribute to physical-motor development in RG sports initiation; (2) Body positioning is a "rule" in RG; (3) Body difficulties: training to learn or training to compete?; (4) From an accessory element to an essential element: the valorization of RG's apparatus; (5) Within the rules and outside of training: The artistic component in RG. We suggest that the content must respect gymnasts' characteristics, their health, long-term training, and their integral development. As they are children, results would not be a priority at this stage, and the content should be established based on the RG's future vision.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido identificar y analizar el contenido desarrollado en la iniciación deportiva competitiva de la Gimnasia Rítmica (GR). Entrevistamos a seis entrenadoras de las categorías de base de instituciones medallistas en al menos una categoría de los Campeonatos Brasileños de GR 2019. A través del análisis temático emergieron cinco temas: (1) Especializar versus ampliar: Factores que limitan y contribuyen al desarrollo físico-motor en la iniciación deportiva de la GR; (2) Posicionamiento corporal es "regla" en la GR; (3) Dificultades corporales: ¿entrenar para aprender o entrenar para competir?; (4) De elemento accesorio a elemento esencial: la valorización los aparatos de GR; (5) Dentro de las reglas y fuera del entrenamiento: el componente artístico en la GR. Sugerimos que el contenido respete las características, la salud, formación a largo plazo y desarrollo integral de las gimnastas. Al tratarse de niñas, los resultados no serían prioridad en esta etapa y el contenido debería apoyarse en la visión de futuro de la modalidad.(AU)

Live Streaming vs. Pre-Recorded Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italian Rhythmic Gymnastics.

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak led to an inevitable and drastic transition to online training systems. This study aimed to analyze the differences between live-streaming and pre-recorded training modalities in rhythmic gymnastics (RG) with coaches and gymnasts of different technical levels. A total of 238 coaches and 277 athletes affiliated with the Italian Gymnastics Federation (FGI) participated in the study. The data collection tool was a self-collected questionnaire structured in three sections: participant's information, characteristics of live-streaming training, and characteristics of pre-recorded training. A 2 × 2 ANOVA was used for each numeric variable. A Pearson's chi-squared test was used for each categorical variable. For the athletes, training frequency, motivation, and efficacy were significantly higher (p < 0.05) with live streaming (3.7 ± 1.5 day/week, 3.8 ± 0.9 score and 3.8 ± 0.8 score, respectively) than with a pre-recorded modality (2.2 ± 1.7 day/week, 3.1 ± 1.2 score and 3.7 ± 0.9 score, respectively), while for coaches, significant differences (p < 0.005) were found between the two modalities only for training frequency (live streaming, 3.6 ± 1.8 days/week vs. pre-recorded, 2.1 ± 1.7 days/week). The adherence (number of No:Yes) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the live-streaming modality than for the pre-recorded modality in gold athletes (1:74 vs. 14:61, respectively), silver athletes (12:190 vs. 28:174, respectively), and gold coaches (3:63 vs. 11:55, respectively), but it was not for silver coaches. Physical preparation was performed significantly (p < 0.005) more often (number of No:Yes) for live streaming than for the pre-recorded modality by gold athletes (9:66 vs. 34:41, respectively), silver athletes (25:177 vs. 77:125, respectively), gold coaches (8:58 vs. 37:29), and silver coaches (33:139 vs. 85:87, respectively). Free body technical preparation was performed significantly (p < 0.005) more often (number of No:Yes) for live streaming than for the pre-recorded modality by gold athletes (15:60 vs. 39:36, respectively), silver athletes (84:118 vs. 121:81, respectively), gold coaches (10:56 vs. 38:28), and silver coaches (60:112 vs. 105:67, respectively), while no differences were found for silver athletes' and coaches' technical preparations for apparatus training between the two modalities. In conclusion, live streaming had greater positive effects on RG training during home confinement. However, pre-recorded training could be more effective for some types of training, depending on the technical level of the athletes.

Guía metodológica para la enseñanza de los pasos y carreras en gimnasia rítmica. Multimedia / Guia metodológico para o ensino de passos e corridas em ginástica rítmica. Multimídia / Methodological guide for the teaching of steps and runs in rhythmic gymnastics. Multimedia

RESUMEN Introducción: El trabajo de investigación que se muestra en este artículo, ofrece una respuesta a la carencia de documentos orientadores para el direccionamiento del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de los pasos y carreras como elementos técnicos de enlace en los ejercicios competitivos de gimnasia rítmica; lo que a su vez, constituye un apoyo a la aplicación del Programa Integral de Preparación del Deportista (PIPD 2017-2020) y de soporte de capacitación a las entrenadoras encargadas de la preparación de las gimnastas. Objetivo: Ello encaminó el objetivo de la investigación a la elaboración de una guía metodológica en formato multimedia que sirva a las entrenadoras en el proceso de enseñanza de estos elementos contenidos en el PIPD. Materiales y métodos: Los métodos de investigación de nivel teórico utilizados (análisis y síntesis, enfoque de sistema) y los de nivel empírico (la encuesta, la entrevista y el criterio de especialista, el análisis de documentos y la observación de videos). Resultados: Se demuestra la afectación agravada de la enseñanza por los diversos modelos técnicos metodológicos actuantes. Conclusiones: Se concluye planteando que una guía metodológica debe contener la descripción técnica y su metodología de enseñanza, los errores más comunes, elementos de preparación especial para la consecución y las recomendaciones.

RESUMO Introdução: O trabalho de pesquisa mostrado neste artigo, oferece uma resposta à falta de documentos orientadores para a direção do processo de ensino-aprendizagem das etapas e corridas como elementos técnicos de ligação nos exercícios competitivos da ginástica rítmica; o que, por sua vez, constitui um apoio para a aplicação do Programa Integral de Preparação do Atleta (PIPD 2017-2020) e de apoio ao treinamento dos treinadores encarregados da preparação dos ginastas. Objetivo: Isto levou o objetivo da pesquisa à elaboração de um guia metodológico em formato multimídia que serve aos treinadores no processo de ensino destes elementos contidos no PIPD. Materiais e métodos: Os métodos de pesquisa utilizados foram teóricos (análise e síntese, abordagem de sistema) e empíricos (pesquisa, entrevista e critérios especializados, análise de documentos e observação de vídeo). Resultados: A afetação agravada do ensino pelos vários modelos metodológicos de atuação técnica é demonstrada. Conclusões: Conclui-se propondo que um guia metodológico deve conter a descrição técnica e sua metodologia de ensino, os erros mais comuns, elementos de preparação especial para a realização e recomendações.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The research work shown in this article offers a response to the lack of guiding documents for the direction of the teaching-learning process of the steps and runs as technical elements of connection in the competitive exercises of rhythmic gymnastics; which, in turn, constitutes support for the application of the Comprehensive Program for the Preparation of the Athlete (PIPD 2017-2020) and training support for the coaches in charge of preparing the gymnasts. Objective: This directed the objective of the research to the elaboration of a methodological guide in multimedia format that serves the trainers in the process of teaching these elements contained in the PIPD. Materials and methods: The theoretical level research methods used (analysis and synthesis, system approach) and the empirical level (survey, interview and specialist criteria, document analysis and video observation). Results: The aggravated affectation of teaching by the various acting methodological technical models is demonstrated. Conclusions: It is concluded by stating that a methodological guide must contain the technical description and its teaching methodology, the most common errors, elements of special preparation for achievement and recommendations.

Flexibility of Ballet Dancers in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Observational Study in Portugal.

The aim of this study was to verify how dancers' flexibility work has developed during confinement through four assessment moments: before, during (two times), and after the lockdown period. The sample was formed by 18 dancers from the Porto Dance Conservatory (Portugal) with an average age of 11.4 ± 1.4 years and 1.4 ± 0.7 years of experience. To assess the passive and active flexibility level, we used seven of the International Gymnastics Federation's recommended tests using main joints (i.e., hips and spine). The first evaluation was performed before the pandemic situation began in a training environment, and the second and third evaluation were performed during the lockdown, in home environment, and in virtual trainings. Finally, the last evaluation was carried out in a training environment after returning to face-to-face activities and with several rules such a social distancing and mask use. The results showed that significant improvements were verified in the flexibility level of the dancers from the first to the fourth moment of evaluation. In the current study, no statistical significance was noted for the decreased values of functional asymmetry between the preferred and non-preferred lower limbs. These differences may have substantial relevance for dancers' harmonious body development.

In the pitfall of expectations: An exploratory analysis of stressors in elite rhythmic gymnastics.

The present study explored the types of stressors faced by rhythmic gymnastics athletes, their parents, and coaches. Semi-structured interviews with 12 participants-four gymnasts, five coaches, and three parents-were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis in a theory-driven framework. The categorizations of sport-related stressors for the parents, coaches, and gymnasts were based on existing theories. The results showed that both the gymnasts and the coaches predominantly noted mastery-avoidance goals in terms of performance, while the interviews with parents mostly indicated performance-avoidance goals. All three groups of participants consistently reported a detrimental atmosphere in rhythmic gymnastics. For instance, they emphasized the stress related to inadequate communication between the concerned parties. Moreover, all parties believed that having a lean body was linked to success in the competitive world of rhythmic gymnastics. The present study provides insight into some of the potential major stressors and the related subjective experiences affecting athletes socializing in the same sporting environment.

The Effect of Eight-Week Functional Core Training on Core Stability in Young Rhythmic Gymnasts: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

It is suggested that core stability (CS) might improve rhythmic gymnasts' performance. Nevertheless, the effect of core stability training (CST) in CS performance is not clear. Purpose: Evaluating the effect of an eight-week functional CST on young rhythmics gymnasts' CS performance. Method: A sample of 45 young female rhythmic gymnasts from a competitive team (age = 10.5 ± 1.8 years, height = 144.1 ± 10.6 cm, weight 38.2 ± 8.9 kg, peak height velocity (PHV) = 12.2 ± 0.6 years) participated in the study. The participants were randomly allocated into the control group (CG) and experimental group (EG) and completed pre-tests and post-tests of specific CS tests using a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU). The CS was assessed by the bent knee fall out (BKFO), the active straight leg raise (ASLR) tests and the pelvic tilt test, all performed on the right and left sides. The EG (n = 23) performed an eight-week functional CST program based on rhythmic gymnastics (RG) technical requirements added to the traditional RG training sessions. Meanwhile, the CG (n = 22) received the traditional RG training sessions. Results: Mixed model analysis showed non-significant interaction effects; however, the ANOVA omnibus test showed a time effect (p < 0.05) in right BKFO (F1,42 = 4.60; p = 0.038) and both pelvic tilt tests (right F1,42 = 22.01, p < 0.001; left F1,42 = 19.13, p < 0.001). There were non-significant interaction effects. The fixed effects estimated parameters for right BKFO showed that both groups had less pressure variation after intervention compared with pre-intervention (ß = −1.85 mmHg, 95%CI = [−3.54 to −0.16], t42 = −2.14, p = 0.038). Furthermore, the left pelvic tilt (ß = 37.0 s, 95%CI = [20.4 to 53.6], t42 = 4.37, p < 0.001) improved 8.9 s more than the right pelvic tilt (ß = 28.1 s, 95%CI = [16.3 to 39.8], t42 = 4.69, p < 0.001) considering both groups together. Conclusions: Adding a functional CST to regular training showed a trend in improving the performance of CS-related variables, which could help improve RG-specific performance. Coaches working with rhythmic gymnasts should consider adding a functional CST to regular training to improve CS performance leading to increased specific RG performance.

Rhythmic gymnasts' injuries in a pediatric sports medicine clinic in the United States: a 10-year retrospective chart review.

OBJECTIVES: Rhythmic gymnastics injuries have not been studied thoroughly especially in the United States. Existing research studies are predominantly from Europe or Canada or from more than 15 years ago. The purpose of our study was to provide an updated description of injury patterns among rhythmic gymnasts in the United States. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 193 rhythmic gymnastics injuries in 79 females, ages 6-20. Patients were seen between January 2010 and March 2020 in a hospital-based pediatric sports medicine clinic. Gymnast demographics, injury locations, and injury types were collected as available. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis was performed using general linear mixed models. RESULTS: Our cohort had a mean age of 14.61 ± 2.61 years. Overuse injuries (76.7%) were more common than acute injuries (23.3%). The most common injury types were strain (20.7%), nonspecific pain (15.5%), and tendinitis/tenosynovitis (10.36%). The most frequently injured body regions were lower extremity (75.1%), followed by trunk/back (19.2%), upper extremity (4.7%), and head/neck (1.0%). The most common injured body parts were foot (24.9%), ankle (15.5%), knee (15.0%), lower back (14.0%), and hip (13.0%). General linear mixed models revealed that older age (p = 0.001) and higher competitive level (p = 0.016) were associated with a greater number of diagnoses. Gymnasts with foot injuries were older than gymnasts with ankle (p = 0.026), hip (p < 0.0001), and knee (p = 0.002) injuries. Gymnasts with higher BMI-for-age percentile were more likely to have acute injuries than overuse (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Our data showed that injuries among rhythmic gymnasts were most frequently located in the lower extremities, specifically the foot, followed by trunk/back. Additionally, the most frequent injury types were strains and nonspecific pain, and overuse was the most prevalent mechanism. Gymnasts with foot injuries were older than gymnasts with ankle, hip, and knee injuries. Higher BMI is a predictor of acute injuries.

Relationship Between Gymnastic Rhythmic Practice and Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Trace Element Status in Young Girls.

This study evaluates the influence on body development of doing rhythmic gymnastics in girls from 10 to 17 years of age, the results of certain strength and flexibility abilities, and the trace element status (Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Ni). The subjects were divided into three groups: (a) girls who practiced rhythmic gymnastics at a competition level (competition group); (b) girls who practiced this sport at a non-competitive level (training group); and (c) girls who do not practice any sport and with a low level of physical activity (control or sedentary group). Trace element status was determined in hair and urine samples. Results showed that doing rhythmic gymnastics does not alter the normal physical development of muscle mass, and even leads to a decrease in body fat content. Furthermore, better scores in the strength and flexibility test were obtained by the participants of this sports discipline. Statistically significant differences in urine Fe, Cu, and Mn values (p < 0.05) and in hair Cr, Cu, and Mn values (p < 0.05) were found between the two rhythmic gymnastics groups and the control group, and were higher in the competition and training groups. A principal component analysis model was performed to evaluate the possibility of cluster formation among the girls. The PCA results revealed a separation between the different groups although the separation was not perfect. PLS-DA was attempted in order to verify whether it was possible to discriminate between the groups included in this study. It was clear that the competition and control ones were very well classified (around 95% of correct predictions) but 20% of the girls belonging to the training group were misclassified as belonging to the competition one.

O que ensinar na ginástica rítmica? percepções de treinadoras medalhistas nos campeonatos brasileiros / What to teach in rhythmic gymnastics? perceptions of medalist coaches in brazilian championships / ¿qué enseñar en la gimnasia rítmica? percepciones de las entrenadoras medallistas en los campeonatos brasileños

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e analisar o conteúdo desenvolvido na iniciação esportiva competitiva da Ginástica Rítmica (GR). Entrevistamos seis treinadoras das categorias de base de instituições medalhistas em ao menos uma categoria dos Campeonatos Brasileiros de GR 2019. Por meio da análise temática, cinco temas emergiram: (1) Especializar versus Ampliar: fatores que limitam e contribuem para o desenvolvimento físico-motor na iniciação esportiva da GR; (2) O posicionamento corporal é "regra" na GR; (3) Dificuldades corporais: treinar para aprender ou treinar para competir?; (4) De elemento acessório a elemento essencial: a valorização dos aparelhos da GR; (5) Dentro das regras e fora dos treinos: O componente artístico na GR. Sugerimos que o conteúdo preze pelas características, saúde, formação em longo prazo e desenvolvimento integral das ginastas. Por tratar-se de crianças, os resultados não seriam prioritários nessa fase e o conteúdo deveria apoiar-se na visão de futuro da modalidade. (AU)

This study aimed to identify and analyze the content developed in competitive Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) sports initiation. We interviewed six coaches who worked in basic categories of medalist clubs in the 2019 Brazilian RG Championships. From the thematic analysis, five themes emerged: (1) Specialize versus Expand: factors that limit and contribute to physical-motor development in RG sports initiation; (2) Body positioning is a "rule" in RG; (3) Body difficulties: training to learn or training to compete?; (4) From an accessory element to an essential element: the valorization of RG's apparatus; (5) Within the rules and outside of training: The artistic component in RG. We suggest that the content must respect gymnasts' characteristics, their health, long-term training, and their integral development. As they are children, results would not be a priority at this stage, and the content should be established based on the RG's future vision.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido identificar y analizar el contenido desarrollado en la iniciación deportiva competitiva de la Gimnasia Rítmica (GR). Entrevistamos a seis entrenadoras de las categorías de base de instituciones medallistas en al menos una categoría de los Campeonatos Brasileños de GR 2019. A través del análisis temático emergieron cinco temas: (1) Especializar versus ampliar: Factores que limitan y contribuyen al desarrollo físico-motor en la iniciación deportiva de la GR; (2) Posicionamiento corporal es "regla" en la GR; (3) Dificultades corporales: ¿entrenar para aprender o entrenar para competir?; (4) De elemento accesorio a elemento esencial: la valorización los aparatos de GR; (5) Dentro de las reglas y fuera del entrenamiento: el componente artístico en la GR. Sugerimos que el contenido respete las características, la salud, formación a largo plazo y desarrollo integral de las gimnastas. Al tratarse de niñas, los resultados no serían prioridad en esta etapa y el contenido debería apoyarse en la visión de futuro de la modalidad.(AU)

"É tudo uma questão de estilo": os desafios e as experiências estéticas dos homens na ginástica rítmica / "It's all about style": the challenges and aesthetic experiences of men in rhythmic gymnastics / "Todo es una cuestión de estilo": los desafíos y experiencias estéticas de los hombres en la gimnasia rítmica

A Ginástica Rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade que foi criada especificamente para mulheres. Desde 2005 percebemos a inserção de homens em competições de GR, principalmente em países europeus. Realizamos esta pesquisa para compreender a relação entre um esporte criado para mulheres, cuja dominância ainda é delas, e a aparição de homens praticantes. Entrevistamos 15 participantes, entre homens e mulheres, envolvidos com a modalidade e procedemos à Análise Temática (AT) para o tratamento e análise dos dados obtidos. Aferimos que os homens têm pouca representatividade na prática mesmo em países que apoiam o esporte, e sua inclusão em competições oficiais, bem como o futuro de atletas que têm potencial para seguir carreira, depende da Federação Internacional de Ginástica. A relação entre a música da série, figurino e estilos de movimentos escolhidos deve superar as ideias de masculinidade e feminilidade e abranger o potencial que cada corpo tem disponível para a prática da GR.(AU)

Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a sport created specifically for women. Since 2005 we have noticed the insertion of men in RG competitions, mainly in European countries. We carried out this research to understand this relationship between a sport created for women, whose dominance is still theirs, and the appearance of men who practice GR. We interviewed 15 participants among men and women involved with the sport and proceeded to the Thematic Analysis (TA) for the treatment and analysis of the data obtained. We found that men have little representation in practice even in countries that support the sport and their inclusion in official competitions, as well as the future of athletes who have the potential to pursue a career, depends on the FIG. The relationship between the series' music, costumes and chosen movement styles must overcome the ideas of masculinity and femininity and encompass the potential that each body has available for the practice of RG.(AU)

La Gimnasia Rítmica (GR) es una modalidad deportiva que fue creada específicamente para mujeres. Desde 2005, notamos la inserción de hombres en competiciones de GR, principalmente en países europeos. Realizamos esta investigación para comprender esta relación entre un deporte creado para mujeres, cuyo dominio sigue siendo suyo, y la aparición de hombres practicantes. Entrevistamos a 15 participantes entre hombres y mujeres involucrados en este deporte y se procedió al Análisis Temático (AT) para el tratamiento y análisis de los datos obtenidos. Encontramos que los hombres tienen poca representación en esta modalidad, incluso en países que apoyan el deporte y su inclusión en competiciones oficiales, y también que el futuro de deportistas que tienen potencial para seguir una carrera depende de la FIG. La relación entre la música, el vestuario y los estilos de movimiento elegidos para la serie debe superar las ideas de masculinidad y feminidad y abarcar el potencial que cada cuerpo tiene disponible para la práctica de la GR.(AU)

Efectividad de la flexibilidad activa y pasiva en el entrenamiento de gimnasia rítmica / Efetividade da flexibilidade ativa e passiva no treino da ginástica rítmica / Effectiveness of active and passive flexibility in rhythmic gymnastics training

RESUMEN La flexibilidad es la capacidad de articular, de realizar movimientos a máxima amplitud, siendo una capacidad determinante en deportes como la Gimnasia Rítmica, por lo cual los modelos de planificación del entrenamiento deportivo priorizan su contenido como parte del proceso de dirección. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo: valorar el efecto de un entrenamiento pasivo y activo de flexibilidad en los miembros inferiores de gimnastas rítmicas de la Liga Deportiva Cantonal de Rumiñahui. El tipo de investigación utilizada es el cuasiexperimental de orden correlacional. En dicho estudio, se incluyen a 35 deportistas de gimnasia rítmica de la Liga Deportiva Cantonal de Rumiñahui (5-15 años). Se implementa un modelo de periodización de la flexibilidad en tres mesociclos, con 30 ejercicios de flexibilidad pasiva y activa, la cual se aplica en dos momentos de la preparación y un test de Split lateral y frontal. En el pretest del Split Lateral, se obtiene 1.74 cm. y en el postest 6.86 cm. (p=0.000), mientras que en el pretest del Split Frontal se obtiene 1.11 cm. y el postest 8.03 cm. (p=0.000). Los anteriores son indicativos superiores al combinar ambos métodos de flexibilidad, que los realizados aisladamente al comparar resultados con otra obra. En la investigación, se evidencian mejoras significativas en el Split Lateral y Frontal para el presente estudio. Esto confirma que la combinación de diversos métodos de entrenamiento de la flexibilidad articular puede mejorar la capacidad de forma óptima.

RESUMO A flexibilidade é a capacidade de articular, de realizar movimentos à máxima amplitude, sendo uma capacidade determinante em desportos como a ginástica rítmica, razão pela qual os modelos de planejamento do treino desportivo dão prioridade ao seu conteúdo como parte do processo de gestão. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito do treino de flexibilidade passivo e ativo nos membros inferiores dos ginastas rítmicos da Liga Desportiva Cantonal de Rumiñahui. O tipo de investigação utilizada é quase-experimental e correlacional. Neste estudo estão incluídos 35 ginastas rítmicos da Liga Desportiva Cantonal de Rumiñahui (5-15 anos de idade). Um modelo de periodização da flexibilidade é implementado em três mesociclos, com 30 exercícios de flexibilidade passivos e ativos, que são aplicados em dois momentos da preparação e um teste Split lateral e frontal. No pré-teste da Fenda Lateral, obtém-se 1,74 cm e no pós-teste 6,86 cm. (p=0,000), enquanto no pré-teste da fenda frontal 1,11 cm. e no pós-teste 8,03 cm. (p=0.000). Os acima referidos são indicadores superiores quando se combinam ambos os métodos de flexibilidade, do que aqueles realizados isoladamente quando se comparam resultados com outros trabalhos. Na investigação, melhorias significativas na Divisão Lateral e Frontal são evidentes no presente estudo. Isto confirma que a combinação de vários métodos de treino de flexibilidade conjunta pode melhorar de forma óptima a capacidade.

ABSTRACT Flexibility is the joint capacity to perform movements at maximum amplitude, being a determining capacity in sports such as rhythmic gymnastics, for which the sports training planning models prioritize its content as part of the management process. This paper research is aimed at assessing the effect of passive and active flexibility training on the lower limbs of rhythmic gymnasts from the Liga Deportiva Cantonal of Rumiñahui. This is a Quasi-experimental research of a correlational order, studying 35 rhythmic gymnastics athletes from the Rumiñahui Cantonal Sports League (5-15 years). A flexibility periodization model is implemented in three mesocycles, with 30 passive and active flexibility exercises, applying a lateral and frontal split test at two preparation moments. In the Lateral Split pretest, 1.74cm is achieved, and in the posttest 6.86cm (p=0.000), while in the Front Split pretest it is obtained 1.11cm, and the posttest 8.03cm (p=0.000). They are superior indicative when combining both methods of flexibility than those carried out separately when comparing results with another work. Significant improvements in the Lateral and Frontal Split are evidenced for the present research, indicating that the combination of various joint flexibility training methods can optimally improve capacity.

A Longitudinal Study of Bone Mineral Accrual during Growth in Competitive Premenarcheal Rhythmic Gymnasts.

The purpose of this investigation was to study whether prolonged competitive rhythmic gymnastics training influenced bone mineral accrual in premenarcheal girls. Eighty-nine girls (45 rhythmic gymnasts [RG] and 44 untrained controls [UC]) between 7 and 9 years of age were recruited and measured annually for four years (not all participants were measured at every occasion). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess the development of whole body (WB), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral content (BMC). In addition, body composition, blood adipokine and jumping performance characteristics were obtained. For longitudinal analyses, hierarchical mixed-effects models were constructed to predict differences in the development of WB, FN and LS BMC between RG and UC groups, while accounting for differences in body composition, blood adipokine and jumping performance values. It appeared that from 8 years of age, RG had lower (p < 0.05) fat mass and leptin values, and higher (p < 0.05) jumping performance measures in comparison with UC girls. Hierarchical mixed-effects models demonstrated that RG had 71.9 ± 12.0, 0.23 ± 0.11 and 1.39 ± 0.42 g more (p < 0.05) WB, FN and LS BMC, respectively, in comparison with UC girls. In addition, WB, FN and LS BMC increased more (p < 0.05) between 7 to 12 years of age in RG girls in comparison with UC. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the prolonged exposure to competitive rhythmic gymnastics trainings in premenarcheal girls is associated with greater bone mineral accrual despite lower body fat mass and leptin values.

Are they too perfect to eat healthy? Association between eating disorder symptoms and perfectionism in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts.

OBJECTIVE: Eating disorders are associated with perfectionism in adults, but evidence is lacking in adolescent competitive athletes. This study examined eating disorder symptoms and perfectionism in a sample of 13-15 years old, adolescent rhythmic gymnasts. METHODS: Eighty-nine female rhythmic gymnasts (41 international and 48 recreational level gymnasts), completed the Eating Attitudes Tests 26 (EAT-26), the Sport Perfectionism Questionnaire (SPQ), the Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and provided information on their training. RESULTS: It was found that 41.46% of the international and 14.58% of the recreational level gymnasts scored ≥20 in EAT-26. International level gymnasts also scored higher than recreational in EAT-26 (p = 0.002), and its subscales Dieting (p = 0.012) and Oral Control (p Ë‚ 0.001) and in the Sport Perfectionism Questionnaire (p = 0.005) and the subscales Striving for Perfectionism (p Ë‚ 0.001) and Personal Standards (p Ë‚ 0.001). No differences were found between groups in the subscales Concerns over Mistakes (p = 0.429), and Negative Reactions to Imperfection (p = 0.096). Multiple regression analysis in international level gymnasts, showed that Negative Reactions to Imperfection, body mass index and training experience accounted for 33.2% of the variance in EAT-26 (adjusted R2 = 0.332, F = 6.786, p Ë‚ 0.001). A negative association was observed between training experience and eating disorder symptoms in international level athletes. No association was found between the subscales of perfectionism and EAT-26 in recreational gymnasts (p Ëƒ 0.316). CONCLUSIONS: International level, adolescent rhythmic gymnasts show more eating pathology than recreational. Negative Reactions to Imperfection and BMI seem relevant for gymnasts' dieting behaviour while training experience may help adolescent athletes to cope with disturbed eating behaviours.

Training in Rhythmic Gymnastics During the Pandemic.

The pandemic caused by the COVID 19 Virus creates an unprecedented situation of global confinement altering the development of competition and sports training at all levels of participation and in all sports, including rhythmic gymnastics (RG). To avoid possible effects of physical, technical and psychological detraining, coaches looked for home training alternatives. The objectives of the study were to know how rhythmic gymnastics training developed during the lockdown period (the conditions, type of training, performance monitoring means, and determinants of gymnasts' participation) and to provide recommendations for a possible future lockdown. Three hundred and two RG coaches from twenty-six different countries throughout the five continents and four professional levels took part in the study: national team (28), international (26), national (172) and regional (75). The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 39 closed questions structured in three dimensions: identification data of the coaches, training data during confinement and gymnast participation data. The independent variable was the gymnasts' performance levels and the dependent variables organized in four categories: the technical media used to conduct and monitor the training sessions, the type of training done, the mechanisms for monitoring training performance and the aspects that determined participation. Most coaches kept their gymnasts training during confinement, although 76.5% confirm abandonment of any of their gymnasts. The main means used were real-time video conferencing, although at the lower practice levels the media stand out in deferred time. The contents of the training were mainly body technique, physical preparation and body difficulties. For performance monitoring, challenges, physical, and technical tests were predominant. The determinants for the development of training in the confinement vary depending on the level of the gymnasts, connectivity and electronic resources at the highest level, and the availability of spaces and social distancing at lower levels. For future lockdowns, it is necessary to review the content of the trainings, as well as the performance evaluation and the means necessary for it.

Um mapeamento de teses e dissertações sobre ginástica rítmica no Brasil / A mapping of theses and dissertations about rhythmic gymnastics in Brazil / Un mapeo de tesis y disertaciones sobre la gimnasia rítmica en Brasil

A Ginástica Rítmica tem crescido dentro dos países e tem instigado novas produções científicas. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar o perfil das teses e dissertações sobre a modalidade indexadas em bases de dados nacionais. O caminho metodológico percorrido possui caráter exploratório e descritivo. Procurou-se evidenciar e caracterizar as instituições envolvidas nas produções sobre a modalidade e identificar quais são os enfoques temáticos. O escopo do estudo foi composto por 42 produções referentes exclusivamente à Ginástica Rítmica, no período de 1988-2019. Encontrou-se assuntos vinculados à saúde, treinamento, história, estética e formação profissional. Esses cinco assuntos encontrados foram analisados através do Modelo Analítico dos 5E's de Marchi Júnior (2015). Ao final, o presente estudo pôde contribuir com o meio acadêmico ao mapear as teses e dissertações que abordam unicamente a Ginástica Rítmica no Brasil, evidenciando as vertentes menos investigadas e, assim, passíveis de serem temas de novas pesquisas.

Rhythmic Gymnastics has grown within the countries and has instigated new scientific productions. Therefore, this study aims to identify the profile of theses and dissertations on the sport indexed in national databases. The methodological path followed has an exploratory and descriptive character. It was tried to evidence and characterize the institutions involved in the productions about the modality and to identify which are the thematic focuses. The scope of the study was composed of 42 productions related exclusively to Rhythmic Gymnastics, in the period 1988-2019. Subjects related to health, training, history, aesthetics and professional training were found. These five subjects found were analyzed through the 5E's Analytical Model of Marchi Júnior (2015). In the end, this study could contribute to the academic environment by mapping the theses and dissertations that address only the Rhythmic Gymnastics in Brazil evidencing the less investigated aspects and, thus, likely to be subjects of new researches.

La Gimnasia Rítmica ha crecido dentro de los países y ha impulsado nuevas producciones científicas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar el perfil de las tesis y disertaciones sobre el deporte indexado en las bases de datos nacionales. El camino metodológico seguido tiene un carácter exploratorio y descriptivo. Se trató de evidenciar y caracterizar las instituciones involucradas en las producciones sobre la modalidad e identificar cuáles son los focos temáticos. El ámbito del estudio estuvo compuesto por 42 producciones relacionadas exclusivamente con la Gimnasia Rítmica, en el período 1988-2019. Se encontraron temas relacionados con la salud, el entrenamiento, la historia, la estética y la formación profesional. Estos cinco temas encontrados fueron analizados a través del Modelo Analítico de las 5E's de Marchi Júnior (2015). Al final, este estudio podría contribuir al ámbito académico mediante el mapeo de las tesis y disertaciones que abordan sólo la Gimnasia Rítmica en Brasil evidenciando los aspectos menos investigados y, por lo tanto, susceptibles de ser temas de nuevas investigaciones.

Adapted Rhythmic Gymnastics Based on ICF-CY for Children with Low Function Autism Spectrum Disorder / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To study the effect of adapted rhythmic gymnastics based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY) on the fundamental motor skill development for children with low function autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods:Three boys aged 7.2 to 8 years with low function ASD (IQ 47 to 53) participated in the exercise since September, 2019. Their activities and motor function were analyzed with ICF-CY to develop a 12-week rehabilitation exercise, including physical fitness, gymnastics skills content and game. They were assessed with ICF-CY based Questionnaire and gross motor of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2) before and after training. Results:The qualifiers of body structure, body function, activity and participation improved somehow after training. The scores of gross motor skills of PDMS-2 improved. Conclusion:The adapted rhythmic gymnastics training based on ICF-CY may improve the functioning, especially motor function, for children with low function ASD, which can be a kind of rehabilitation exercise.