Longitudinal distribution of the ichthyofauna in a tributary of Tietê River with sources on the Basaltic Cuestas of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil / Distribuição longitudinal da ictiofauna de um tributário do Rio Tietê com nascentes nas Cuestas Basalticas do Estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil

This work aimed to study the composition and distribution of fish species at four sites along Cabeça River, an affluent of Corumbataí River, tributary of Tietê River, intending to better understand the influence of local geomorphology on the occurrence of the species along the river. Using gill nets, trawl net, cast net and sieves, five samples were taken from each site every two months. These data were analyzed from constancy of occurrence, similarity index of Jaccard, rarefaction analysis and descriptive statistical analysis of richness. 4,532 fish individuals belonging to six different orders, 17 families and 65 species were captured. Differences in composition, richness (diversity), abundance and frequency were observed at these sites along the river. The sample site near the mouth of Cabeça River, was richer (49 species) and more abundant than the other three upstream sites, which showed fewer species and equivalent amounts each other (between 22 and 29 species). Moreover, this downstream site had the highest percentage of accessory species, whereas the other samples had a greater number of constant species. Cluster analysis from the Jaccard similarity showed that each site had distinct species composition. Cabeça River basin drains a rugged terrain in the state of São Paulo, between the Basaltic Cuestas and Peripheral Depression geomorphologic provinces. In this scenario, waterfalls and rapids influence the distribution, composition and richness of fish species.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a composição e distribuição das espécies de peixes em quatro locais ao longo do Rio Cabeça, afluente do Rio Corumbataí, tributário do Rio Tietê, visando uma melhor compreensão das influencias da geomorfologia local sobre a ocorrência das espécies ao longo do rio. Usando redes de emalhar, rede de arrasto, tarrafa e peneiras, foram realizadas cinco coletas em cada ponto, uma a cada dois meses. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se constância de ocorrência, índice de similaridade de Jaccard, análise de rarefação e uma análise estatística descritiva de riqueza. Foram coletados 4.532 indivíduos de peixes pertencentes a seis ordens, 17 famílias e 65 espécies. Diferenças na composição, riqueza (diversidade), abundância e freqüência foram observadas nos pontos ao longo do rio. O ponto quatro, perto da foz do Rio Cabeça, apresentou maior riqueza (49 espécies) e maior abundancia, e os outros três pontos apresentaram valores menores e mais próximos entre si (entre 22 e 29 espécies). Além disso, o ponto quatro teve a maior porcentagem de espécies acessórias em comparação aos outros pontos, que apresentaram maior número de espécies constantes. A análise de agrupamento a partir da similaridade de Jaccard mostrou que cada ponto teve composição de espécies diferenciada em relação aos demais. A bacia do Rio Cabeça drena uma área caracterizada por relevo acidentado no interior do estado de São Paulo, na região de transição entre as províncias geomorfológicas Cuestas Basálticas e Depressão Periférica. Nesse cenário, cachoeiras e corredeiras ao longo de seu curso interferem na distribuição, composição e riqueza das espécies de peixes.

Abundancia y riqueza de moluscos y crustáceos asociados a las raíces sumergidas del mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle) en la laguna de Bocaripo, Sucre, Venezuela

Abundance and richness of mollusks and crustaceans associated to the submerged roots of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) at Bocaripo Lagoon, Sucre, Venezuela. Mangrove roots are important habitats for many species. The abundance and richness of mollusks and crustaceans associated with the roots demerged of Rhizophora mangle was studied. The samples were gathered between February 2005 and January 2006, in Bocaripo lagoon, north coast of Sucre state, Venezuela. Five stations were established inside the lagoon; on every station two roots were chosen at random, put in plastic bags and scraped. The associated organisms were separated by taxa and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. One thousand ninety two specimens of mollusks, distributed in two classes: Bivalve and Gastropod were collected. Bivalve was the most abundant with 943 individuals. The most representative family was Mytilidae with 6 species, being Musculus lateralis the dominant species. The crustaceans were represented by 372 organisms, belonging to the class Malacostraca, where Panopeus herbstii (169 ind.) was the most abundant species. The families Panopeidae, Porcellanidae and Majidae had the highest number of species. Maximum abundance was in February (224 ind.), with a richness of 25 species and the minimums in November (45 ind.) and a richness of 12 species. The stations 1 and 5 presented the major abundance and richness of organisms, which could be related to environmental conditions favorable, as the major availability of microhabitats and nourishing offer; on the contrary the station 4, presented a more inhospitable environment, due to the high values in the salinity and temperature, which contributes with the minor abundance and richness of the present species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3): 213-226. Epub 2010 October 01.

Las raíces de mangle son un importante hábitat para muchas especies. Se estudió la abundancia y riqueza de moluscos y crustáceos asociadas a las raíces sumergidas de Rhizophora mangle. Las muestras fueron recolectadas entre febrero 2005 y enero 2006, en la laguna de Bocaripo, costa norte del estado Sucre, Venezuela. Se establecieron cinco estaciones en la laguna; al azar en cada estación se escogieron dos raíces de mangle, fueron introducidas en bolsas plásticas; los organismos fueron obtenidos de la raíz raspando la superficie con un cuchillo, luego fueron separados y fijados en formalina al 10% para su posterior identificación. Se recolectaron 1 092 especimenes de moluscos, distribuidos en dos clases: Bivalvia y Gastropoda. La clase Bivalvia fue la más abundante con 943 individuos. La familia más representativa fue Mytilidae con 6 especies, siendo Musculus lateralis la especie dominante. Los crustáceos estuvieron representados por 372 organismos, pertenecientes a la clase Malacostraca, donde Panopeus herbstii (169 ind.) fue la especie más abundante. Las familias Panopeidae, Porcellanidae y Majidae presentaron el mayor número de especies. La máxima abundancia se encontró en febrero (224 ind.) con una riqueza de 25 especies y la mínima en noviembre (45 ind.) con 12. Las estaciones 1 y 5 presentaron la mayor abundancia y riqueza de organismos, lo cual pudiera estar relacionado con condiciones ambientales favorables, como la mayor disponibilidad de microhábitats y oferta alimenticia; por el contrario la estación 4, presentó un ambiente más inhóspito, debido a los altos valores en la salinidad y temperatura, lo cual contribuye con la menor abundancia y riqueza de las especies presentes.

¿Las cercas vivas ayudan a la conservación de la diversidad de mariposas en paisajes agropecuarios?

Do live fences help conserve butterfly diversity in agricultural landscapes? In Central America, natural forests have been transformed into agriculture production areas, generating forest fragmentation, desertification, erosion and loss of biodiversity, among other concerns. Different tree cover compositions are kept on these agricultural landscapes, including scattered trees in pastures, live fences, fragments of secondary forests, and riparian forests. These can help in biodiversity conservation because they generate shelter, feeding and reproduction areas, among others. We studied the composition, richness and abundance of diurnal butterflies on two types of live fences in a landscape where pastures are predominant in Costa Rica’s Central Pacific Region. Transects (120x5m) were observed for an hour (two days/habitat) in five multi-strata fences (with several plant species, strata and canopy width) and five simple fences (with smaller and pruned trees). A total of 2 782 butterflies were observed (75 species). The most abundant species were Anartia fatima, Eurema daria, Eurema nise, Hermeuptychia hermes, Junonia evarete and Phoebis philea. Multi-strata fences had more species and can help maintain 56% of the total species observed in secondary and riparian forests. This type of live fence can play an important role in butterfly conservation in livestock areas, and its benefits are influenced by the manner in which farmers manage their land. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 447-463. Epub 2010 March 01.

En Centro América, los paisajes agropecuarios mantienen diferentes formas de cobertura arbórea como árboles dispersos, cercas vivas, fragmentos de bosque, bosques ribereños, que pueden generar hábitats apropiados para la conservación de la biodiversidad. El presente estudio caracterizó la composición, riqueza y abundancia de mariposas en dos tipos de cercas vivas presentes en un paisaje dominado por pasturas en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica. Se seleccionaron un total de cinco cercas vivas por cada tipo de cerca (simples y multiestrato), donde se establecieron franjas de 120x5m que fueron recorridos por espacio de una hora durante dos días/hábitat. Se registró un total de 2 782 individuos, pertenecientes a 75 especies de mariposas. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Anartia fatima, Eurema daría, E. nise, Hermeuptychia hermes, Junonia evarete y Phoebis philea. Las cercas vivas multiestrato presentaron una mayor riqueza y abundancia de especies de mariposas que las cercas vivas simples. Las cercas vivas multiestrato pueden ayudar a mantener el 56% de las especies encontradas en los bosques secundarios y ribereños. Este tipo de cerca viva pueden jugar un papel importante para la conservación de mariposas en áreas de producción pecuaria, y su beneficio está influenciado por el tipo manejo que realizan los productores.