RESUMO
Vegetable consumption is recommended and encouraged by all nutritionists and doctors across the planet. However, in addition to minerals which are beneficial to the body, certain minerals with a negative influence on human health can sneak in. It is very important that in the case of some minerals their content in vegetables is known, so that the recommended limits are not exceeded. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the macro elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Zn, Co) in 24 samples of vegetables from four botanical families (Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Amaryllidaceae), purchased from the market in TimiÈoara, Romania, both imported products as well as local products. The atomic-absorption-spectrometry technique (FAAS) was used to evaluate the macro elements and trace elements. The values obtained for the macro elements and trace elements were used as input data for the analysis of multivariate data, the principal component analysis (PCA) in which the vegetable samples were grouped according to their contribution of certain mineral elements, as well as according to some of the botanical families to which they belong. At the same time, based on the values obtained for trace elements, an assessment of the risk to human health in terms of consumption of the vegetables studied was carried out. The risk assessment for human health was determined on the basis of the estimated daily dose (EDI), the values of the target hazard coefficient (THQ), the values of the total target hazard coefficient (TTHQ) and the carcinogenic risk (CR). Following the determination of THQ, the values obtained followed the order THQWith > THQCd > THQPb > THQCo > THQMn > THQZn > THQFe. The results on the content of macro elements and trace elements, as well as the assessment of the risk to human health when consuming the assessed vegetables, were within the limits of European Union (EU) and World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO)legislation.
RESUMO
RESUMO A presente revisão de escopo objetivou evidenciar o perfil das pesquisas brasileiras que investigam os desfechos em saúde ocasionados pela exposição a agrotóxicos, procurando entender os principais achados, tais como metodologia empregada, tipo de substância, desfechos em saúde, locais investigados, sugestões de ações e diálogo com a agroecologia. Foi utilizada a metodologia 'scoping review', seguindo o modelo Prisma-ScR. Entre os 83 artigos encontrados, 61 estudaram os/as agricultores/as e 22 estudaram outros grupos populacionais. Houve predomínio de estudos primários e quantitativos, seguidos por revisões sistemáticas. Do total, 79 encontraram desfechos, com destaque aos danos hematológicos e genéticos, em sua maior parte causados pela intoxicação por mais de 1 agrotóxico. O maior número de estudos foi realizado na região Sul, seguida das regiões Sudeste, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte. Apenas uma pesquisa sugeriu a transição agroecológica enquanto solução para a problemática. Conclui-se que, perante um cenário de crescimento do uso de agrotóxicos, fazem-se urgentes proposições de ações intersetoriais e que não envolvam somente educação em saúde ou o setor saúde de forma isolada, como sugere a maioria dos artigos, sendo necessária a articulação entre setores ligados à agricultura, abastecimento, educação, saúde e meio-ambiente.
ABSTRACT The present scope review aimed to highlight the profile of Brazilian research that investigates health outcomes caused by exposure to pesticides, seeking to understand the main findings, such as methodology used, type of substance, health outcomes, investigated locations, suggested actions, and dialogue with agroecology. The scoping review methodology was used, following the Prisma-ScR model. Among the 83 articles found in the review, 61 studied farmers and 22 studied other population groups. There was a predominance of primary and quantitative studies, followed by systematic reviews. Of the total, 79 articles found outcomes, with emphasis on hematological and genetic damage, mostly caused by poisoning by more than 1 pesticide. The largest number of studies were carried out in the South, followed by the Southeast, Northeast, Midwest, and North. Only 1 survey suggested the agroecological transition as a solution to the problem. It is concluded that, faced with a scenario of growth in the use of pesticides, it is urgent to have proposals for intersectoral actions and that do not involve only health education or the health sector in isolation, as most articles suggest, requiring articulation between sectors related to agriculture, supply, education, health, and the environment.
RESUMO
RESUMO O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação da existência de risco e sua quantificação em casos de vazamentos de derivados do petróleo em uma refinaria localizada na Região Sudeste do Brasil. A área apresenta solo subsuperficial e água subterrânea contaminados por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo e outras substâncias em consequência do funcionamento de uma refinaria. Foram consideradas as vias de exposição por inalação aos contaminantes presentes nesses dois meios. A quantificação do risco de câncer e do quociente de perigo foi realizada para cada substância química, permitindo verificar que, para a exposição a água subterrânea contaminada, não houve efeito carcinogênico e não carcinogênico para os compostos analisados por meio da via de inalação. Já para a exposição a solo subsuperficial contaminado, verificou-se que todos os elementos detectados apresentaram riscos carcinogênicos para ambas as condições analisadas (ambiente aberto e fechado) e ambos os receptores (trabalhadores e comercial). Os elementos benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, o-xileno e m-xileno apresentaram risco não carcinogênico para ambientes fechados em solo subsuperficial contaminado. Em ambientes abertos, somente o xileno,m- não apresentou risco não carcinogênico. Para receptores trabalhadores, somente o benzeno apresentou risco não carcinogênico. Destaca-se a grande importância do gerenciamento de risco para posterior recuperação dessa área afetada.
Abstract The present study was an assessment and risk quantification of derivatives from oil spill at a refinery located in the Southeast of Brazil. The area presents subsurface soil and groundwater contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons and other substances from the refinery. Inhalation exposure routes have been evaluated due to the presence of contaminants in the affected area. Risk quantification and hazard ratio were performed for each chemical substance, allowing to verify that, for exposure from contaminated groundwater, there was no carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect considering the inhalation route. As for exposure to contaminated subsurface soil, all the elements were detected as having the carcinogenic risk for both analyzed conditions (open and closed environments), and both receptors (worker and commercial). The elements Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, o-Xylene, and m-Xylene, have presented a non-carcinogenic risk for closed environments from contaminated subsurface soil. In open environments, only m-Xylene did not present non-carcinogenic risk. For the workers receptors, only Benzene has presented a non-carcinogenic risk. It might be highlighted the importance of risk management for the subsequent recovery of this affected area.
