Diffuse Associations Between Drosophila suzukii and Filamentous Fungal Microbes May Alter Caneberry Disease Dynamics.

Interactions between microorganisms and frugivorous insects can modulate fruit rot disease epidemiology. Insect feeding and/or oviposition wounds may create opportunities for fungal infection. Passive and active dispersal of fungal inoculums by adult insects also increases disease incidence. In fall-bearing raspberries and blackberries, such vectoring interactions could increase crop damage from the invasive pestiferous vinegar fly Drosophila suzukii (spotted-wing drosophila). Periods of peak D. suzukii activity are known to overlap with several species of primary fruit rot pathogen, particularly Botrytis cinerea and Cladosporium cladosporioides, and previous work indicates that larvae co-occur with and feed on various filamentous fungi at low rates. To further our understanding of the epidemiological consequences that may emerge from these associations, we surveyed the filamentous fungal community associated with adult D. suzukii, isolating and molecularly identifying fungi externally and internally (indicating feeding) from field-collected adults over 3 years. We isolated and identified 37 unique genera of fungi in total, including known raspberry pathogens. Most fungi were detected infrequently, and flies acquired and carried fungi externally at higher richness, frequency, and density relative to internally. In a worst-case scenario laboratory vectoring assay, D. suzukii adults were able to transfer B. cinerea and C. cladosporioides to sterile media at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure to sporulating cultures in Petri dishes. These results collectively suggest an adventitious vectoring association between D. suzukii and fruit rot fungi that has the potential to alter caneberry disease dynamics.

A multiplexed plant-animal SNP array for selective breeding and species conservation applications.

Reliable and high-throughput genotyping platforms are of immense importance for identifying and dissecting genomic regions controlling important phenotypes, supporting selection processes in breeding programs, and managing wild populations and germplasm collections. Amongst available genotyping tools, single nucleotide polymorphism arrays have been shown to be comparatively easy to use and generate highly accurate genotypic data. Single-species arrays are the most commonly used type so far; however, some multi-species arrays have been developed for closely related species that share single nucleotide polymorphism markers, exploiting inter-species cross-amplification. In this study, the suitability of a multiplexed plant-animal single nucleotide polymorphism array, including both closely and distantly related species, was explored. The performance of the single nucleotide polymorphism array across species for diverse applications, ranging from intra-species diversity assessments to parentage analysis, was assessed. Moreover, the value of genotyping pooled DNA of distantly related species on the single nucleotide polymorphism array as a technique to further reduce costs was evaluated. Single nucleotide polymorphism performance was generally high, and species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms proved suitable for diverse applications. The multi-species single nucleotide polymorphism array approach reported here could be transferred to other species to achieve cost savings resulting from the increased throughput when several projects use the same array, and the pooling technique adds another highly promising advancement to additionally decrease genotyping costs by half.

Breeding and Growth Performance of 'Ningzhi 4', a New Blackberry Cultivar with High Yield Potential and Good Quality in China.

The thornless blackberry cultivar 'Ningzhi 4' was developed by the Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen). The new blackberry cultivar was selected from the 'Kiowa' (female parent) and 'Hull Thornless' (male parent) F1 hybrid. 'Ningzhi 4' had excellent plant characteristics, including thornlessness, semi-erect to erect canes, vigorous growth and good disease resistance. 'Ningzhi 4' had large fruit and high yield. In addition, the parents of the superior hybrid plant were further identified by SSR markers, which provided the basis for the fingerprint of the new blackberry cultivar 'Ningzhi 4'. This is a commercial cultivar to be grown for fruit production for either shipping or local sales. It also has value as a home-garden plant. This unique type of blackberry fruit was a traditional summer fruit. This new cultivar has thornless semi-erect to erect canes and produces high-quality berries with large size, good firmness, excellent flavor, and potential for shipping and postharvest storage. The new blackberry cultivar 'Ningzhi 4' is adapted to all areas of southern China and is expected to replace or complement 'Kiowa', 'Hull Thornless', 'Chester Thornless' and 'Triple Crown'. A local cultivar patent has been approved by the Jiangsu Variety Approval Committee as 'Rubus spp. Ningzhi 4' in 2020 (S-SV-RS-014-2020). In the future, 'Ningzhi 4' could be promoted as an advantageous thornless blackberry cultivar in the main production regions of China.

Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection and Identification of Rubus Stunt Phytoplasma in Rubus spp.

Rubus stunt, caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma rubi' (Rubus stunt phytoplasma; RSP), is an economically important disease of Rubus. This disease occurs in wild and cultivated Rubus spp. in Europe but has not been reported from North America; however, its major leafhopper vector is well established in western Canada and the U.S.A. RSP has the potential to impact the cane-fruit industry by significantly compromising yields and impacting export potential for Rubus propagation material. To mitigate the risk of this disease entering or establishing, import and export testing of propagation material is a phytosanitary requirement in Canada, the U.S.A., and other countries regulating RSP. In the absence of a specific test for RSP, the current testing scheme involves the use of a generic test to screen for phytoplasmas followed by additional time-consuming procedures to confirm the phytoplasma species. In this study, a real-time PCR assay, targeting a 154-bp region of tuf gene, was developed for sensitive and specific detection of RSP in Rubus spp. The developed assay detected a minimum of five target copies, and no cross-reactivity was observed even with the 'Ca. P. rubi'-related strain associated with blackberry witches' broom, which differs from RSP only by a single nucleotide polymorphism in the target region. Repeatability of the developed assay was checked on two real-time PCR platforms with acceptable results. In conclusion, this real-time PCR assay provides a sensitive and specific detection of RSP for mitigating the introduction and spread of Rubus stunt disease in Rubus spp.

Identification of herbivore-induced plant volatiles from selected Rubus species fed upon by raspberry bud moth (Heterocrossa rubophaga) larvae.

Heterocrossa rubophaga (raspberry bud moth) feed on a range of Rubus species, including commercial berryfruit crops where they are a pest. This study aimed to characterize the responses of native and non-native Rubus species to feeding by raspberry bud moth larvae. In a laboratory environment, in situ headspace volatiles of three Rubus species were collected from healthy plants and those fed upon by raspberry bud moth. Rubus cissoides (bush lawyer), the native host of raspberry bud moth, gave a limited response to larval feeding with green leaf volatiles (GLVs) representing the only new headspace constituents of the infested plants. The non-native hosts, Rubus ursinus var. loganobaccus cv Boysenberry (Boysenberry), and Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), gave strong responses to raspberry bud moth herbivory, releasing a number of unique nitrogenous compounds in conjunction with the GLVs. The nitrogenous compounds were identified as 2-methylbutanenitrile, (Z)- and (E)- 2-methylbutanal O-methyloxime, benzyl nitrile, (Z)- and (E)- phenylacetaldehyde O-methyloxime and indole. The four methyloximes and 2-methylbutanenitrile were confirmed by synthesis. Field collected phenology data showed that raspberry bud moth were active year round on both bush lawyer and blackberry.

Comparative Performance of Fungicides and Biocontrol Products in the Management of Fusarium Wilt of Blackberry.

Fusarium wilt of blackberry (FWB) is an emerging disease caused by a Fusarium oxysporum species complex. More than 3,000 ha of blackberry (Rubus spp.) crops have been lost in Mexico since 2011. The objectives of this research were: to evaluate the sensitivity of pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates recovered from symptomatic blackberry plants to fungicides with different modes of action; to assess the potential of these fungicides and plant resistance inducers against FWB in the greenhouse; and to determine the effects of commercial biofungicides and two indigenous strains of Trichoderma spp. on the incidence of FWB. The EC50 values of the fungicides prochloraz, thiabendazole, azoxystrobin, thiophanate-methyl, difenoconazole, triflumizole, and potassium phosphite for six pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates were determined. In a separate experiment, the fungicides acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM), potassium phosphite, and commercial biofungicides, as well as two soil microbial inoculants and two indigenous Trichoderma strains, were tested for protection against wilt development in blackberry plants in the greenhouse. Prochloraz showed an average sensitivity for EC50 of 0.01 µg ml-1 for the tested F. oxysporum isolates, followed by difenoconazole and thiabendazole. Prochloraz and ASM proved to be the most effective treatments in the greenhouse. In contrast, potassium phosphite was ineffective in both the in vitro and in vivo experiments. The soil bioinoculants MicroSoil, Baktillis, T. koningiopsis, and T. asperellum significantly reduced the incidence of disease in the greenhouse. These results provide evidence for the potential of the various tools as useful components of integrated FWB management in the field.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of a hybrid blackberry (Rubus spp.) cultivar.

Blackberry (Rubus spp.) is an important hybrid fruit crop popular in the US Pacific Northwest and the European region with complex origins. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of a hybrid blackberry cultivar 'Arapohol' using next-generation sequencing technology. The complete chloroplast genome size is 156,621 bp. The genome contains 134 genes, including 40 tRNA genes, 86 protein-coding genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 11 complete chloroplast genomes revealed that taxa is closely related to Rubus niveus. The complete chloroplast genome of this Rubus sp. provides valuable information for understanding the origination of this crop species.

A Rosaceae Family-Level Approach To Identify Loci Influencing Soluble Solids Content in Blackberry for DNA-Informed Breeding.

A Rosaceae family-level candidate gene approach was used to identify genes associated with sugar content in blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus). Three regions conserved among apple (Malus × domestica), peach (Prunus persica), and alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca) were identified that contained previously detected sweetness-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) in at least two of the crops. Sugar related genes from these conserved regions and 789 sugar-associated apple genes were used to identify 279 Rubus candidate transcripts. A Hyb-Seq approach was used in conjunction with PacBio sequencing to generate haplotype level sequence information of sugar-related genes for 40 cultivars with high and low soluble solids content from the University of Arkansas and USDA blackberry breeding programs. Polymorphisms were identified relative to the 'Hillquist' blackberry (R. argutus) and ORUS 4115-3 black raspberry (R. occidentalis) genomes and tested for their association with soluble solids content (SSC). A total of 173 alleles were identified that were significantly (α = 0.05) associated with SSC. KASP genotyping was conducted for 92 of these alleles on a validation set of blackberries from each breeding program and 48 markers were identified that were significantly associated with SSC. One QTL, qSSC-Ruh-ch1.1, identified in both breeding programs accounted for an increase of 1.5 °Brix and the polymorphisms were detected in the intron space of a sucrose synthase gene. This discovery represents the first environmentally stable sweetness QTL identified in blackberry. The approach demonstrated in this study can be used to develop breeding tools for other crops that have not yet benefited directly from the genomics revolution.

Effects of physical and chemical pretreatments on drying and quality properties of blackberry (Rubus spp.) in hot air dryer.

This research examines the impact of various pretreatments on effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff ), activation energy (Ea ), specific energy consumption (SEC), color, and shrinkage of blackberry (Rubus spp.). Hot air drying experiments were conducted under three different temperatures (50, 60, and 70°C) and four pretreatments, including thermal pretreatment by hot water blanching at 70, 80, and 90°C, pulse pretreatment with microwave having power of 90, 180, and 360 W, chemical pretreatment using ascorbic acid (1% in distilled water), and mechanical pretreatment using ultrasonic vibration with working frequency of 28 ± 5% kHz for 15, 30, and 45 min. The results show that the highest Deff value, which was 1.00 × 10-8 m2/s, could be achieved by using a microwave pretreatment with power and drying temperature of 360 W and 70°C͘, respectively. Moreover, the lowest Deff value obtained from this similar pretreatment condition was 3.10 × 10-9 m2/s at a drying temperature of 50°C, while Ea ranged from 13.61 to 26.02 kJ/mol. The highest and lowest SECs were 269.91 kW hr/kg for the control sample and 75.63 kW hr/kg for the microwave pretreatment, respectively. Furthermore, the largest color change and shrinkage were detected in ascorbic acid pretreatment and control sample, respectively.

Diversity of mites in blackberry genotypes in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Diversidade de ácaros em genótipos de amoreira-preta em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul

ABSTRACT: Blackberry is part of the small-fruit group and the blackberry cultivation area is expanding as an important option for small farmers using the agroecological production system. Mites are prominent among the world's major crop pests, as they can affect plants from growth to fruiting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of phytophagous and predatory mites in different blackberry genotypes in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. This study was carried out in the period Nov. 2015 - Oct. 2016, totaling 14 samples. A total of 11,158 mites were collected [phytophagous (5940) and predatory (323) mites, and those with varied feeding habits (4895)], which were distributed in 8 families. The species Neotetranychus asper (Feres & Flechtmann, 2000), Diptacus rubuscolum (Trinidad, Duarte & Navia, 2018), and Acalitus orthomerus (Keifer, 1951) had highest occurrence. According to the faunistic classification, the N. asper phytophagous species is predominant in genotypes 128 and 178; whereas, D. rubuscolum is predominant in genotype 132. Monitoring of these genotypes is recommended to detect possible damage to the crop.

RESUMO: A amoreira-preta faz parte do grupo das pequenas frutas e sua área de cultivo está em plena expansão, sendo uma opção importante para os pequenos agricultores que usam o sistema de produção agroecológico. Os ácaros destacam-se dentre as principais pragas da cultura em nível mundial, pois eles podem comprometer desde o crescimento das plantas até sua frutificação. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a ocorrência de ácaros fitófagos e predadores em diferentes genótipos de amoreira preta no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Este estudo foi realizado no período novembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016, totalizando 14 amostragens. Um total de 11.158 ácaros coletou-se (5.940 ácaros fitófagos, 323 ácaros predadores, e 4.895 ácaros de alimentação variada), que estavam distribuídos em oito famílias. As espécies Neotetranychus asper (Feres & Flechtmann, 2000), Diptacus rubuscolum (Trinidad, Duarte & Navia, 2018), e Acalitus orthomerus (Keifer, 1951) tiveram maior ocorrência. De acordo com a classificação faunística, a espécie fitófaga N. asper é predominante nos genótipos 128 e 178, enquanto a espécie D. rubuscolum é predominante no genótipo 132. Monitorar esses genótipos é recomendado para detectar possíveis danos à cultura.

Produção de amora-preta e amora-vermelha em Lavras - MG / Production of blackberry and redberry in Lavras - MG, Brazil

O cultivo de amoras está amplamente difundido em zonas temperadas, porém, algumas cultivares são de baixa necessidade em frio e podem ser exploradas em locais com temperaturas mais elevadas. Assim, objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a produção de amoras-pretas e amora-vermelha na região de Lavras-MG (clima Cwb). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e onze tratamentos (cultivares de amoreiras-pretas 'Arapaho', 'Xavante', 'Ébano', 'Comanche', 'Caingangue', 'Choctaw', 'Tupy', 'Guarani', 'Brazos', 'Cherokee' e a amoreira-vermelha, espécie nativa do Brasil). Em cada parcela, foram coletados dados fenológicos e produtivos no ciclo de produção 2010/11 e 2011/12, além da caracterização físico-química dos frutos. As cultivares de amoreira-preta apresentaram ciclo produtivo entre 66 e 133 dias, com colheitas se iniciando em setembro e se estendendo até janeiro; e a amoreira-vermelha com ciclo produtivo de 283 dias. 'Brazos' apresentou a maior produtividade estimada. As cultivares Brazos e Guarani possibilitaram a produção de frutos de maior massa, enquanto que 'Caingangue', 'Tupy' e 'Choctaw' apresentaram bom equilíbrio entre os sólidos solúveis e acidez. A amoreira-vermelha apresentou elevada produção de frutos (527g por planta no 1o ciclo e 344g por planta no 2o ciclo) e demonstrou-se uma excelente opção para o processamento.

Berries are widespread in temperate zones, but some cultivars have low requirements in cold weather and can be exploited in areas with high temperatures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the production of blackberries and redberry in Lavras (climate Cwb). The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications and eleven treatments ('Arapaho', 'Xavante', 'Ébano', 'Comanche', 'Caingangue', 'Choctaw', 'Tupy', 'Guarani', 'Brazos' and 'Cherokee' blackberry cultivars and the redberry, native from Brazil). In each experimental plot it was evaluated phonological data, production data during 2010/11 and 2011/12 and physicochemical fruit characteristics. The blackberry cultivars have production cycle between 66 and 133 days, harvest period starting in September until January, and redberry production cycle has 283 days. 'Brazos' presented the highest estimated yield (kg ha-1). Brazos and Guarani cultivars enabled the production of higher fruit mass, while 'Caingangue', 'Tupy' and 'Choctaw' presented a good balance between soluble solids content and titratable acidity. The redberry had a high fruit production (527g per plant on 1st cycle and 344g per plant on 2nd cycle) and showed to be an excellent choice for processing.

Blackberry (Rubus spp.): influence of ripening and processing on levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the 'Brazos' and 'Tupy' varieties grown in Brazil / Amora Preta (Rubus spp.): influência do estádio de maturação e do processamento nos teores de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante das variedades 'Brazos' e 'Tupy' cultivadas no Brasil

Fruits from temperate and tropical climates which have high levels of antioxidant compounds are the source of numerous studies concerning the correlation with benefits to human health. The objectives of this study were to quantify the anthocyanins and phenolic compounds and also to measure the antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power - FRAP) of blackberries from two varieties grown in southern Brazil ('Brazos' and 'Tupy') at three stages of ripening; unripe, semi-ripe, ripe and their products (pulp and fermented products). During fruit ripening it was observed that weight, size, diameter and sugars increase significantly and acidity decreased significantly. The anthocyanin content ranged from 4.19 (semi-ripe 'Tupy' variety) to 205.75mg 100g-1 (ripe 'Brazos' variety). The highest levels of phenolic compounds were observed for the unripe fruit of both varieties, while antioxidant activity showed no significant difference during the ripening stages. The studied pulp showed a high content of phenolic compounds (ten times higher than that found in the ripe fruits). The anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity did not show the same increase due to the degradation of anthocyanins caused by the heat treatment that was used. The alcoholic fermented beverage made from blackberries remained stable (total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity) during two years of storage, but the in third year a significant reduction in antioxidant activity was observed. These results can be important for establishing the shelf life of this kind of product made with blackberry.

Algumas frutas de clima temperado e tropical, principalmente as do tipo "berries", têm como característica o acúmulo de compostos antioxidantes e são objeto de inúmeros estudos, haja vista a sua correlação com os benefícios para a saúde humana. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar as antocianinas, os compostos fenólicos e mensurar a capacidade antioxidante (ferric reducing antioxidant power - FRAP) de amoras-pretas de duas cultivares ('Brazos' e 'Tupy'), nos três estágios de maturação, considerados verde, semi-maduro e maduro, e dos seus produtos (polpas e fermentados). No processo de maturação da fruta, observou-se que o peso, tamanho, diâmetro e teor de açúcar aumentaram significativamente enquanto a acidez diminuiu. Os teores de antocianinas aumentaram de 4,19 (FSM cv. 'Tupy') (frutos semi-maduros) para 205,75mg 100g-1 (FM cv. 'Brazos') (frutos maduros). Os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos foram verificados para os frutos verdes (FV) das duas cultivares, enquanto a atividade antioxidante não apresentou diferença significativa nos estádios de maturação. A polpa estudada acumulou um elevado teor de compostos fenólicos (dez vezes superior ao encontrado nas frutas maduras). Os teores de antocianinas e de atividade antioxidante não apresentaram o mesmo perfil em função da degradação das antocianinas pelo processo térmico utilizado. O fermentado alcoólico de amora permaneceu estável (fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante) durante dois anos de estocagem, porém, no terceiro ano, foi observada uma redução significativa da atividade antioxidante. Estes resultados são importantes para o estabelecimento da vida-de-prateleira desses produtos derivados da amora.

Presença de folhas no enraizamento de estacas de amoreira-preta / Presence of leaves on rooting of blackberry

A propagação da amoreira-preta pode ser feita de forma sexuada ou assexuada, sendo esta última empregada na produção comercial. A utilização de estacas da parte aérea tem como vantagem o aproveitamento de materiais retirados da planta no momento da poda, porém apresenta variabilidade no enraizamento e na brotação. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da presença de folhas no enraizamento de três cultivares de amoreira-preta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo o fator cultivar representado por três níveis ('Guarani', 'Tupy' e 'Xavante') e o fator presença de folha, por dois níveis (estaca com e sem folha). As avaliações, realizadas 115 dias após a instalação do experimento, foram: porcentagem de estacas sobreviventes, enraizadas e com calo; comprimento da maior raiz e número de raízes por estaca; comprimento das brotações e número de brotações por estaca; massa seca das brotações e das raízes. As cultivares 'Tupy' e 'Xavante' apresentam maior porcentagem de enraizamento do que 'Guarani', além de sistema radicular de melhor qualidade. A presença de folhas proporciona maior porcentagem de enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de amoreira-preta, sendo indispensáveis para a propagação das cultivares 'Guarani', 'Tupy' e 'Xavante' através desse método.

The propagation of blackberry can be done in a sexual or asexual form, being used in commercial production. Use of shoot cuttings has the advantage of the use of materials removed from the plant at the time of pruning, but shows variability in rooting and sprouting. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of the presence of leaves on the rooting of three cultivars of blackberry. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, making a 3x2 factorial, with the cultivar factor represented by three levels ('Guarani', 'Tupy' and 'Xavante') and the factor presence of leaf, for two levels (cutting with and without leaves). The assessments done 115 days after the experiment were: percentage of live cuttings, rooted and callus; longest root length and number of roots per cutting, sprouting length and number of sprouting per cutting, dry mass of sprouting and roots. The cultivars 'Tupy' and 'Xavante' have higher rooting percentage than 'Guarani', beyond root system of better quality. The presence of leaves provides more rooting of hardwood cuttings of blackberry, being essential for the propagation of cultivars 'Guarani', 'Tupy' and 'Xavante' through this method.

Produção da amoreira-preta 'Tupy' sob diferentes épocas de poda / Productive of 'Tupy' blackberry under different pruning time

A amora-preta é uma opção importante para fruticultura paranaense, porém não há informações a respeito do cultivo dessa frutífera nas condições subtropicais do Estado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da época de poda na produção da amoreira-preta 'Tupy'. O trabalho foi realizado em um pomar comercial, conduzido em sistema agroecológico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e seis tratamentos (podas quinzenais realizadas durante o inverno). Em cada parcela, constituída de três plantas úteis, foram coletados dados fenológicos, produtivos e físico-químicos no ciclo de produção 2008/09 e 2009/10. Podas efetuadas no início de julho são as mais indicadas e podas tardias podem prejudicar o desempenho produtivo das amoreiras-pretas 'Tupy' no oeste do Paraná.

The blackberry is an important option to fruit growers in Paraná State. However, there aren't trials performed in subtropical area in that State. The objective of this research was to evaluate the pruning time effects at season production of 'Tupy' blackberry. The research was conducted in a commercial orchard, in an agroecological system. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four blocks and six treatments (pruning time by fifteen days during the winter pruning). In each plot, which was consisted of three plants, it was collected phenological, productive and physical-chemical production cycle in 2008/09 and 2009/10. Pruning made in early July are the most suitable and late pruning can harm the productive performance of blackberry 'Tupy' in western Paraná.

Enraizamento de estacas caulinares e radiculares de cultivares de amoreira-preta coletadas em diferentes épocas, armazenadas a frio e tratadas com AIB / Rooting of stems and root cutting of blackberry cultivars collected in different times, cold storage and treatment with IBA

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o enraizamento de estacas caulinares e radiculares de cultivares de amoreira-preta, coletadas em diferentes épocas, armazenadas a frio e tratadas com AIB. No primeiro experimento, estacas radiculares e caulinares da amoreira-preta 'Tupy' foram coletadas no momento da poda hibernal, realizada nas seguintes épocas: 07/06, 22/06, 08/07, 22/07, 06/08 e 20/08 de 2009. Já no segundo experimento, metade das estacas caulinares e radiculares da mesma cultivar foi armazenada a frio por 30 dias e a outra metade das estacas foi colocada diretamente para enraizar. Todas as estacas foram tratadas com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB): 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000mg L-1 por 10s., além do controle composto somente por água. No terceiro experimento, foram coletadas estacas radiculares das cultivares 'Choctaw', 'Ébano', 'Guarani', 'Arapaho', 'Brazos', 'Cherokee', 'Comanche', 'Caingangue', 'Tupy' e 'Xavante' na poda realizada no dia 22 de junho do ano seguinte. As estacas foram armazenadas a frio por 30 dias e não foi realizado tratamento com AIB. Em ambos os experimentos, as estacas caulinares foram enterradas 2/3 de seu comprimento na posição vertical e as estacas radiculares foram totalmente imersas na posição horizontal, utilizando a vermiculita de grânulos finos como substrato, em telado com sombreamento de 50 por cento. Após 90 dias, pode-se concluir que as estacas radiculares apresentam melhores resultados, devendo ser armazenadas a frio e não tratadas com AIB, mas há diferença do potencial propagativo entre os cultivares de amoreira-preta.

The objective of the present research was to quantify the rizogenic potential of stems and root cuttings of blackberry cultivars, collected in different times, cold storage and treated with indolbutyric acid. In the first experiment, roots and stems cuttings of 'Tupy' blackberry were collected close to it hibernal prune and accomplished in the following times: 07/06, 22/06, 08/07, 22/07, 06/08 and 20/08 of 2009. Already in the second experiment, half of the stems and roots cuttings of 'Tupy' blackberry were submitted to cold storage for 30 days and the other amount of cuttings were placed directly for rooting. The whole cuttings were treated with different concentrations of indolbutyric acid (IBA): 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000mg L-1 for 10 seconds, and control only for water. In the third experiment, roots cuttings of 'Choctaw', 'Ébano', 'Guarani', 'Arapaho', 'Brazos', 'Cherokee', 'Comanche', 'Caingangue', 'Tupy' and 'Xavante' blackberry cultivars were collected in the pruning accomplished in june 22 of the following year. The cuttings were cold storage for 30 days and treatment was not accomplished with IBA. In both experiments, the stems cuttings were buried 2/3 of its length in the vertical position and the roots cuttings were totally immerged in the horizontal position, using vermiculita as substrate, in greenhouse with 50 percent of light. After 90 days, it can be concluded that the roots cuttings presents better results, owing cold storage and without IBA, but there is difference of propagation potential among blackberry cultivars.

Variation of total phenolics, anthocyanins, ellagic acid and radical scavenging capacity in various raspberry (Rubus spp.) cultivars.

The aim of this study was to assess the level of some phytochemicals in 19 raspberry cultivars grown in Lithuania. The content of total ellagic acid measured after 20h acidic hydrolysis of investigated raspberry cultivars, varied from 119.8 (cv. 'Pokusa') to 323.5mg/100g (cv. 'Bristol'). The content of total phenolics ranged from 278.6 (cv. 'Pokusa') to 714.7mg/100g (cv. 'Bristol'). The total anthocyanins content varied from 2.1 (yellow cv. 'Beglianka') to 325.5mg/100g (black cv. 'Bristol'). The radical scavenging capacity of the tested raspberry cultivars highly correlating with their total phenolics and total ellagic acid content (r=0.90 and 0.92, respectively). The results of this study expand the knowledge about variation in the content of valuable bioactive compounds in raspberries and may help for the selection and validation of the most productive cultivars.

Crescimento in vitro de amoreira-preta: efeito de reguladores de crescimento e da cultivar / In vitro blackberry growing: effect of growth regulators and cultivar

Desenvolveu-se, este trabalho, no intuito de aprimorar técnicas de propagação in vitro de amoreira-preta. Testou-se em um experimento a influência de cinco diferentes concentrações de ANA (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 mg L-1) e cinco de GA3 (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 mg L-1), adicionadas ao meio de cultura MS, sob a amoreira-preta cultivar Ébano e; num segundo experimento testaram-se seis diferentes concentrações de ANA (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mg L-1) e duas cultivares de amoreira-preta (Tupy e Brazos), no crescimento in vitro de plântulas. Segmentos nodais com 2 cm, de plântulas preestabelecidas in vitro, foram excisadas e inoculadas, em meio MS. O experimento foi inteiramente casualisado, utilizando-se três explantes por repetição e quatro repetições por tratamento. O pH do meio foi ajustado para 5,8 depois da adição de 6 g L-1 de ágar e 30 g L-1 de sacarose, ocorrendo depois a autoclavagem a 121ºC e 1 atm por 20 minutos. Após a inoculação, os tubos de ensaio foram mantidos por 60 dias, em sala de crescimento a 27 ± 1ºC, irradiância de 35 mmol.m-2.s-1 e fotoperíodo de 16 horas, avaliando-se assim o número de folhas, número de raízes, comprimento da maior raiz, comprimento da parte aérea, peso da matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea. Altas concentrações de GA3 associadas a baixas de ANA promoveram maior comprimento da parte aérea da amoreira-preta, cultivar Ébano. Maior comprimento da parte aérea de 'Brazos' foi verificado na presença de 1,0 mg L-1 de ANA. Verificou-se surgimento de calos na cultivar Ébano em todas as concentrações de GA3 associadas a 0,5-1,5 mg L-1 de ANA e nas cultivares Tupy e Brazos em todas as concentrações de ANA. Melhores resultados na micropropagação da amoreira-preta cultivares Tupy e Ébano foram obtidos com a adição de 1,0 mg L-1 de ANA e melhores resultados no enraizamento da amoreira-preta cultivar Ébano foram obtidos com baixas concentrações de ANA e na ausência de GA3.

This work was developed with the aim of improving technics of in vitro propagation of blackberry. So, one tested in an experiment the influence of five different ANA concentrations (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 and 1,5 mg L-1) and five AG3 (0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 and 8,0 mg L-1), added to the culture medium MS, to the blackberry cv. Ebano and; in a second experiment was tested six different ANA concentrations (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 and 2,0 mg L-1) and two blackberry cv. (Tupy and Brazos), in vitro plants growing. Nodal segments with 2 cm, of in vitro plants, were excised and inoculated, in a MS culture medium. The experiment was entirely randomized blocks using three explants by repetition and four repetitions per treatment. The pH of the culture medium was adjusted for 5.8 after the addition of 6 g L-1 agar and 30 g L-1 sucrose, happening sterilization later at 121ºC and 1 atm per 20 minutes. After the inoculation, the tubes were maintained by 60 days, in growth room at 27 ± 1ºC, irradiance of 35 mol.m-2.s-1 and photoperiod of 16 hours, being evaluated the number of leaves, number of roots, length of the largest root, length of the aerial part, dry weight of the fresh and dry matter of the aerial part. High concentrations of AG3 associated to low concentrations of ANA promoted larger length of the aerial part of the blackberry cv. Ebano. Larger length of the aerial part of ' Brazos' was verified in the presence of 1.0 mg L-1 ANA. Appearance of callus was verified in blackberry cv. Ebano in all the AG3 concentrations associated to 0.5-1.5 mg L-1 ANA and in cv. Tupy and Brazos in all the ANA concentrations. Better results in the blackberry micropropagation cv. Tupy and Ebano were obtained with the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 ANA and better results in the blackberry rooting cv. Ebano were obtained with low ANA concentrations and AG3 absence.

Cloreto de potássio e fosfato de sódio na multiplicação in vitro de amoreira-preta cv. Tupy / Effect of KCl and NaH2PO4.H2O on in vitro multiplication of blackberry cv. Tupy

A micropropagação da amoreira-preta pode gerar plantas livres de vírus e em curto espaço de tempo. Com o objetivo de aprimorar técnicas de micropropagação de amoreira-preta cv. Tupy (Rubus spp.), segmentos nodais com cerca 2 cm e 2 gemas axilares, oriundos de plantas pré estabelecidas in vitro, foram excisados e inoculados em meio de cultura MS, suplementado com diferentes concentrações de fosfato de sódio (0, 125, 250, 500 e 1000 mg L-1) e de cloreto de potássio (0, 125, 250, 500 e 1000 mg L-1). O pH foi ajustado para 5,8 antes da adição de 6 g L-1 de ágar e da autoclavagem a 121ºC e 1 atm por 20 minutos. Após a inoculação, os explantes foram transferidos para sala de crescimento a 25 ± 1ºC, irradiância de 35 mmol m-2 s-1 e fotoperíodo de 16 horas, onde permaneceram por 60 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado, utilizando-se de quatro repetições constituídas de três tubos de ensaio contendo um explante cada. O número de brotos e o comprimento da parte aérea das plantas foi menor em função de maiores concentrações de cloreto de potássio. Melhores resultados foram obtidos na ausência de KCl e na presença de fosfato de sódio, principalmente para comprimento e matéria fresca da parte aérea.

The micropropagation of blackberry can generate virus-free plants in short time. In order to improve micropropagation techniques of blackberry cv. Tupy (Rubus spp.), nodal segments with 2 cm length and 2 axillary buds originating from plants in vitro were excised and inoculated in MS culture medium, supplemented with different concentrations of sodium phosphate (0, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg L-1) and potassium chloride (0, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg L-1). The pH was adjusted to 5.8 before the addition of 6 g L-1 agar and sterilization at 121ºC and 1 atm for 20 minutes. After the inoculation, the explants were transferred to growth room at 25 ± 1ºC, 35 mmol m-2 s-1 irradiance and photoperiod of 16 hours, where they stayed for 60 days. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, using four repetitions with 12 plants each. Number of sprouts and length of the aerial part of plants were smaller, due to larger concentrations of potassium chloride. Better results were obtained in the absence of KCl, and in the presence of sodium phosphate, mainly for length and fresh weight of the aerial part.

Survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the United States for 1994.

Previous reports of crop losses to plant-parasitic nematodes have relied on published results of survey data based on certain commodities, including tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybean. Reports on crop-loss assessment by land-grant universities and many commodity groups generally are no longer available, with the exception of the University of Georgia, the Beltwide Cotton Conference, and selected groups concerned with soybean. The Society of Nematologists Extension Committee contacted extension personnel in 49 U.S. states for information on estimated crop losses caused by plant-parasitic nematodes in major crops for the year 1994. Included in this paper are survey results from 35 states on various crops including corn, cotton, soybean, peanut, wheat, rice, sugarcane, sorghum, tobacco, numerous vegetable crops, fruit and nut crops, and golf greens. The data are reported systematically by state and include the estimated loss, hectarage of production, source of information, nematode species or taxon when available, and crop value. The major genera of phytoparasitic nematodes reported to cause crop losses were Heterodera, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, and Xiphinema.