Effects of the feeding system and breed on the growth performance, biometric features, and ruminal development of feedlot goat kids / Efeitos do sistema de alimentação e grupo racial sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de cabritos confinados

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of 2 feeding systems and 5 breeding groups on the growth performance, biometric features, and stomach morphology of feedlot goat kids. The experiment utilized gender as a randomized blocking factor in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme. The study goats were from the Alpine, Anglo-Nubian, 1/2 Boer x Alpine, 3/4 Boer x Alpine, and 7/8 Boer x Alpine breeds. Half of the goats were fed an experimental diet, whereas the other half were given the same diet supplemented with 1.5 L milk daily. The kids were slaughtered after they attained 30 kg body weight. The 1/2 Boer x Alpine goats showed superior growth performance because they exhibiting considerable heterosis. These animals are especially easy to use given that there is no need to maintain cross-bred females (½ Boer x Alpine e ¾ Boer x Alpine) in the flock. Using milk in the feed the animals does not adversely affect growth performance or biometric features. Moreover, it helps to reduce the total weight of the stomach and leads to a 51.39% savings on feed. Dietary supplementation of milk in goat feed is recommended so long as there is excess milk available on the property.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de dois sistemas de alimentação e de cinco grupos raciais sobre o desempenho, medidas biométricas e análise morfológica do estômago de cabritos confinados. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos (gênero) casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo os grupos raciais: Alpino (A), Anglo-Nubiano (AN), 1/2 Boer x 1/2 Alpino (1/2BA), 3/4 Boer x Alpino (3/4BA) e 7/8 Boer x Alpino (7/8BA), submetidos a dois sistemas alimentares: 1,5 L de leite/animal/dia mais dieta experimental ou apenas dieta experimental sem fornecimento de leite. Os cabritos foram abatidos após atingirem 30 kg de peso corporal. Os animais 1/2BA foram os que apresentaram melhor desempenho, devido à manutenção de maior heterose nesse cruzamento e que implica em facilidade de manejo por não haver necessidade de manter fêmeas cruzadas 1/2 Boer x Alpine e 3/4 Boer x Alpine no rebanho. A utilização de leite na alimentação dos animais não traz prejuízos ao desempenho e medidas biométricas, e ajuda a reduzir o peso total do estômago, propiciando economia de 51,39 % no consumo da dieta, podendo ser recomendado caso haja leite excedente na propriedade.

Effects of the feeding system and breed on the growth performance, biometric features, and ruminal development of feedlot goat kids / Efeitos do sistema de alimentação e grupo racial sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de cabritos confinados

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of 2 feeding systems and 5 breeding groups on the growth performance, biometric features, and stomach morphology of feedlot goat kids. The experiment utilized gender as a randomized blocking factor in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme. The study goats were from the Alpine, Anglo-Nubian, 1/2 Boer x Alpine, 3/4 Boer x Alpine, and 7/8 Boer x Alpine breeds. Half of the goats were fed an experimental diet, whereas the other half were given the same diet supplemented with 1.5 L milk daily. The kids were slaughtered after they attained 30 kg body weight. The 1/2 Boer x Alpine goats showed superior growth performance because they exhibiting considerable heterosis. These animals are especially easy to use given that there is no need to maintain cross-bred females (½ Boer x Alpine e ¾ Boer x Alpine) in the flock. Using milk in the feed the animals does not adversely affect growth performance or biometric features. Moreover, it helps to reduce the total weight of the stomach and leads to a 51.39% savings on feed. Dietary supplementation of milk in goat feed is recommended so long as there is excess milk available on the property.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de dois sistemas de alimentação e de cinco grupos raciais sobre o desempenho, medidas biométricas e análise morfológica do estômago de cabritos confinados. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos (gênero) casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo os grupos raciais: Alpino (A), Anglo-Nubiano (AN), 1/2 Boer x 1/2 Alpino (1/2BA), 3/4 Boer x Alpino (3/4BA) e 7/8 Boer x Alpino (7/8BA), submetidos a dois sistemas alimentares: 1,5 L de leite/animal/dia mais dieta experimental ou apenas dieta experimental sem fornecimento de leite. Os cabritos foram abatidos após atingirem 30 kg de peso corporal. Os animais 1/2BA foram os que apresentaram melhor desempenho, devido à manutenção de maior heterose nesse cruzamento e que implica em facilidade de manejo por não haver necessidade de manter fêmeas cruzadas 1/2 Boer x Alpine e 3/4 Boer x Alpine no rebanho. A utilização de leite na alimentação dos animais não traz prejuízos ao desempenho e medidas biométricas, e ajuda a reduzir o peso total do estômago, propiciando economia de 51,39 % no consumo da dieta, podendo ser recomendado caso haja leite excedente na propriedade.

Kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles of signal grass silage, maize and intercropped / Cinética ruminal de passagem de partículas das silagens de capim-braquiaria, de milho, e do consórcio capim-braquiaria e milho

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles from the subsequent associations: corn and signal grass; corn, signal grass and Calopogônio; corn, signal grass and Macrotiloma; and corn, signal grass and Estilosantes. It was used four crossbred holstein-zebu cattle with the rumen tubed in order to determine the the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles. The feces were collected at the times zero (immediately after addition of fibers complexed with chromium), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56 , 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, 132, 144 and 192 hours. The profile parameters of passage rate estimative were adjusted according to robust regression procedures. The average time of particles retention in the raft (ATPR1); the average time in the rumen liquid phase (ATRLP2) and the average time of total ruminal retention (ATTRR) were adjusted for the passage kinetics and estimated with the NLIN procedure of SAS. From the observed results, may be suggested that the transference rate ? has an inverse behavior to the escape rate , the average values, the average retention time and average particles retention time in the rumen liquid phase (ATRLP2) were not statistically different. The feed characteristics after the raft escape and reach to ATRLP2, were very similar; (ATTRR), related to treatments, were not statistically different (P <0,05). There were observed small TMRR numerical differences in different foods. The corn and signal grass; corn, signal grass and calopogônio; corn, signal grass and macrotiloma, corn, signal grass and estilosantes silage fibers had similar rates of ?, k, ATPR1, ATRLP2 and ATTRR. Therefore, the the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles is similar. Thus, the choice of the system should be based on other factors, such as viability of the management ease and silage cost.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a cinética da taxa de passagem ruminal de partículas das silagens oriundas dos consórcios: milho e capim-braquiária; milho, capimbraquiária e calopogônio; milho, capimbraquiária e macrotiloma; e milho, capimbraquiária e estilosantes. Foram usados quatro bovinos mestiços holandês-zebu, fistulados no rúmen. As fezes foram coletadas nos tempos zero (imediatamente após a administração da fibra complexada com cromo), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, 132, 144 e 192 horas. As estimativas dos parâmetros dos perfis de taxa de passagem foram ajustadas de acordo com procedimentos de regressão robusta. O tempo médio de retenção de partículas no raft (TMR1); o tempo médio de retenção de partículas na fase líquida ruminal (TMR2) e o tempo médio de retenção ruminal total (TMRR) foram ajustados para a cinética de passagem e estimados com o procedimento NLIN do SAS. A partir dos resultados observados, pode-se sugerir que a taxa de transferência possui comportamento inverso à taxa de escape.(AU)

Kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles of signal grass silage, maize and intercropped / Cinética ruminal de passagem de partículas das silagens de capim-braquiaria, de milho, e do consórcio capim-braquiaria e milho

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles from the subsequent associations: corn and signal grass; corn, signal grass and Calopogônio; corn, signal grass and Macrotiloma; and corn, signal grass and Estilosantes. It was used four crossbred holstein-zebu cattle with the rumen tubed in order to determine the the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles. The feces were collected at the times zero (immediately after addition of fibers complexed with chromium), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56 , 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, 132, 144 and 192 hours. The profile parameters of passage rate estimative were adjusted according to robust regression procedures. The average time of particles retention in the raft (ATPR1); the average time in the rumen liquid phase (ATRLP2) and the average time of total ruminal retention (ATTRR) were adjusted for the passage kinetics and estimated with the NLIN procedure of SAS. From the observed results, may be suggested that the transference rate ? has an inverse behavior to the escape rate , the average values, the average retention time and average particles retention time in the rumen liquid phase (ATRLP2) were not statistically different. The feed characteristics after the raft escape and reach to ATRLP2, were very similar; (ATTRR), related to treatments, were not statistically different (P <0,05). There were observed small TMRR numerical differences in different foods. The corn and signal grass; corn, signal grass and calopogônio; corn, signal grass and macrotiloma, corn, signal grass and estilosantes silage fibers had similar rates of ?, k, ATPR1, ATRLP2 and ATTRR. Therefore, the the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles is similar. Thus, the choice of the system should be based on other factors, such as viability of the management ease and silage cost.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a cinética da taxa de passagem ruminal de partículas das silagens oriundas dos consórcios: milho e capim-braquiária; milho, capimbraquiária e calopogônio; milho, capimbraquiária e macrotiloma; e milho, capimbraquiária e estilosantes. Foram usados quatro bovinos mestiços holandês-zebu, fistulados no rúmen. As fezes foram coletadas nos tempos zero (imediatamente após a administração da fibra complexada com cromo), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, 132, 144 e 192 horas. As estimativas dos parâmetros dos perfis de taxa de passagem foram ajustadas de acordo com procedimentos de regressão robusta. O tempo médio de retenção de partículas no raft (TMR1); o tempo médio de retenção de partículas na fase líquida ruminal (TMR2) e o tempo médio de retenção ruminal total (TMRR) foram ajustados para a cinética de passagem e estimados com o procedimento NLIN do SAS. A partir dos resultados observados, pode-se sugerir que a taxa de transferência possui comportamento inverso à taxa de escape.

Kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles of signal grass silage, maize and intercropped

p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles from the subsequent associations: corn and signal grass; corn, signal grass and Calopogônio; corn, signal grass and Macrotiloma; and corn, signal grass and Estilosantes. It was used four crossbred holstein-zebu cattle with the rumen tubed in order to determine the the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles. The feces were collected at the times zero (immediately after addition of fibers complexed with chromium), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56 , 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, 132, 144 and 192 hours. The profile parameters of passage rate estimative were adjusted according to robust regression procedures. The average time of particles retention in the raft (ATPR1); the average time in the rumen liquid phase (ATRLP2) and the average time of total ruminal retention (ATTRR) were adjusted for the passage kinetics and estimated with the NLIN procedure of SAS. From the observed results, may be suggested that the transference rate italic> /italic> has an inverse behavior to the escape rate italic> /italic>, the italic> /italic> average values, the average retention time and average particles retention time in the rumen liquid phase (ATRLP2) were not statistically different. The feed characteristics after the raft escape and reach to ATRLP2, were very similar; (ATTRR), related to treatments, were not statistically different (P 0,05). There were observed small TMRR numerical differences in different foods. The corn and signal grass; corn, signal grass and calopogônio; corn, signal grass and macrotiloma, corn, signal grass and estilosantes silage fibers had similar rates of italic> /italic>, k, ATPR1, ATRLP2 and ATTRR. Therefore, the the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles is similar. Thus, the choice of the system should be based on other factors, such as viability of the management ease and silage cost. /p>

p>Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a cinética da taxa de passagem ruminal de partículas das silagens oriundas dos consórcios: milho e capim-braquiária; milho, capim-braquiária e calopogônio; milho, capim-braquiária e macrotiloma; e milho, capim-braquiária e estilosantes. Foram usados quatro bovinos mestiços holandês-zebu, fistulados no rúmen. As fezes foram coletadas nos tempos zero (imediatamente após a administração da fibra complexada com cromo), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, 132, 144 e 192 horas. As estimativas dos parâmetros dos perfis de taxa de passagem foram ajustadas de acordo com procedimentos de regressão robusta. O tempo médio de retenção de partículas no italic>raft /italic> ( italic>TMR1 /italic>); o tempo médio de retenção de partículas na fase líquida ruminal ( italic>TMR2 /italic>) e o tempo médio de retenção ruminal total ( italic>TMRR /italic>) foram ajustados para a cinética de passagem e estimados com o procedimento NLIN do SAS. A partir dos resultados observados, pode-se sugerir que a taxa de transferência italic> /italic> possui comportamento inverso à taxa de escape italic> /italic>; os valores médios de italic> /italic>, os tempos médios de retenção e os tempos médios de retenção de partículas na fase líquida ruminal ( italic>TMR2 /italic>) não diferiram estatisticamente. As características cinéticas dos alimentos, após escaparem do italic>raft /italic>e chegarem à fase líquida, foram equivalentes. Os italic>TMRR /italic> das fibras das diferentes silagens não diferiram entre si ( italic>p 0,05 /italic>). Observaram-se pequenas diferenças numéricas dos italic>TMRR /italic> nos diferentes alimentos. As fibras das silagens em estudo tiveram taxas semelhantes de italic> /italic>, k, TMR1,TMR2 e TMRR. Portanto, a cinética da taxa de passagem ruminal de partículas das silagens dos consórcios é semelhante. Assim, a tomada de decisão pelo tipo de consórcio a ser utilizado deve ser baseada em outros fatores, tais como viabilidade do manejo de culturas e custo da silagem. /p>

Kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles of signal grass silage, maize and intercropped

p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles from the subsequent associations: corn and signal grass; corn, signal grass and Calopogônio; corn, signal grass and Macrotiloma; and corn, signal grass and Estilosantes. It was used four crossbred holstein-zebu cattle with the rumen tubed in order to determine the the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles. The feces were collected at the times zero (immediately after addition of fibers complexed with chromium), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56 , 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, 132, 144 and 192 hours. The profile parameters of passage rate estimative were adjusted according to robust regression procedures. The average time of particles retention in the raft (ATPR1); the average time in the rumen liquid phase (ATRLP2) and the average time of total ruminal retention (ATTRR) were adjusted for the passage kinetics and estimated with the NLIN procedure of SAS. From the observed results, may be suggested that the transference rate italic> /italic> has an inverse behavior to the escape rate italic> /italic>, the italic> /italic> average values, the average retention time and average particles retention time in the rumen liquid phase (ATRLP2) were not statistically different. The feed characteristics after the raft escape and reach to ATRLP2, were very similar; (ATTRR), related to treatments, were not statistically different (P 0,05). There were observed small TMRR numerical differences in different foods. The corn and signal grass; corn, signal grass and calopogônio; corn, signal grass and macrotiloma, corn, signal grass and estilosantes silage fibers had similar rates of italic> /italic>, k, ATPR1, ATRLP2 and ATTRR. Therefore, the the kinetics of ruminal passage rate of particles is similar. Thus, the choice of the system should be based on other factors, such as viability of the management ease and silage cost. /p>

p>Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a cinética da taxa de passagem ruminal de partículas das silagens oriundas dos consórcios: milho e capim-braquiária; milho, capim-braquiária e calopogônio; milho, capim-braquiária e macrotiloma; e milho, capim-braquiária e estilosantes. Foram usados quatro bovinos mestiços holandês-zebu, fistulados no rúmen. As fezes foram coletadas nos tempos zero (imediatamente após a administração da fibra complexada com cromo), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, 132, 144 e 192 horas. As estimativas dos parâmetros dos perfis de taxa de passagem foram ajustadas de acordo com procedimentos de regressão robusta. O tempo médio de retenção de partículas no italic>raft /italic> ( italic>TMR1 /italic>); o tempo médio de retenção de partículas na fase líquida ruminal ( italic>TMR2 /italic>) e o tempo médio de retenção ruminal total ( italic>TMRR /italic>) foram ajustados para a cinética de passagem e estimados com o procedimento NLIN do SAS. A partir dos resultados observados, pode-se sugerir que a taxa de transferência italic> /italic> possui comportamento inverso à taxa de escape italic> /italic>; os valores médios de italic> /italic>, os tempos médios de retenção e os tempos médios de retenção de partículas na fase líquida ruminal ( italic>TMR2 /italic>) não diferiram estatisticamente. As características cinéticas dos alimentos, após escaparem do italic>raft /italic>e chegarem à fase líquida, foram equivalentes. Os italic>TMRR /italic> das fibras das diferentes silagens não diferiram entre si ( italic>p 0,05 /italic>). Observaram-se pequenas diferenças numéricas dos italic>TMRR /italic> nos diferentes alimentos. As fibras das silagens em estudo tiveram taxas semelhantes de italic> /italic>, k, TMR1,TMR2 e TMRR. Portanto, a cinética da taxa de passagem ruminal de partículas das silagens dos consórcios é semelhante. Assim, a tomada de decisão pelo tipo de consórcio a ser utilizado deve ser baseada em outros fatores, tais como viabilidade do manejo de culturas e custo da silagem. /p>