Spatial analysis to identify unauthorized municipal solid waste disposal sites in rural areas of southern Mexico.

The management of solid waste in rural areas of developing countries faces significant challenges due to economic constraints and irregular human settlements. These factors often lead to the creation of unauthorized disposal sites, which pose risks to human health, ecosystems and the economy. Remote sensing and geographic information system techniques provide a means to understand the complex issues associated with inadequate municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal. This study aimed to identify unauthorized disposal sites in the rural areas of southern Quintana Roo, Mexico, by examining land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation indices as potential indicators of unauthorized final disposal sites (FDSs). The findings reveal that 13% of the study areas have a high, moderate or low probability of hosting unauthorized disposal sites. Additionally, 3 authorized final disposal sites (FDSs) were confirmed, and 20 unauthorized sites were identified. LST and the normalized difference vegetation index were effective in detecting unauthorized sites, as these areas exhibited higher temperatures and less vigorous vegetation compared to adjacent areas. The results provide valuable insights into the issues associated with inadequate waste disposal in rural areas and offer information that can help optimize MSW management and mitigate its environmental and health impacts.

Environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA) and social impact assessment (SIA) of small-scale biorefineries implemented in rural zones: the avocado (Persea Americana var. Americana) case in Colombia.

The objective of this study is to compare the environmental and social performance of two small-scale avocado biorefineries implanted in a rural zone in the North of Colombia. Two small-scale biorefineries were proposed. Small-B1 addressed to produce avocado oil and animal feed, and Small-B2 focused on the guacamole production. The environmental analysis was done by applying the life cycle assessment methodology. Then, agronomic information and process simulation were required to complete the analysis. Moreover, the water footprint of the avocado crops was estimated. Both biorefineries were compared with the direct avocados production and commercialization. The social assessment was achieved by the estimation of quantitative indicators related to wages, jobs, and working hours. The agricultural carbon and water footprints of the creole avocado crop were 0.59 kg CO2-eq/kg and 2.13 m3/kg. In the same way, Small-B1 and Small-B2 obtained a carbon and water footprints of 8.99 kg CO2-eq/kg and 6.63 m3/kg and 0.72 kg CO2-eq/kg and 1.38 m3/kg, respectively. The hotspots of the creole avocado crop are related to the use of fertilizers and fungicides. Then, new strategies should be implemented to reduce the farmer's dependency. The social analysis exhibit a high resilience of the Small-B1 biorefinery since a salary increase to worker about 50% can be proposed. In addition, the installation of this biorefinery can create more than ten jobs. A disjunction was found between the economic, environmental, and social analyses. Thus, the need to establish a multidimensional strategy to design sustainable biorefineries is presented.

Influence of products portfolio and process contextualization on the economic performance of small- and large-scale avocado biorefineries.

This research paper seeks to evaluate the influence of the context, processing scale, and portfolio of products on the economic performance of different avocado-based biorefineries. For this, two scenarios in small and large-scale biorefineries were compared. The case of scenario 1 (avocado oil, animal feed, and electricity production) was the best small-scale alternative to be implemented in rural zones than scenario 2 (guacamole and electricity production). The minimum Processing Scale for Economic Feasibility was 0.85 and 1.1 ton/day for scenarios 1 and 2. Compared to lactic acid and xylitol production, the large-scale process addressed to produce levulinic acid, furfural, and lignin (scenario 1) was the best option (scenario 2). In scenario 1, the minimum Processing Scale for Economic Feasibility was 15.50 ton/day compared with scenario 2 of 41.95 ton/day. Based on these values, scenario 1 has the highest feasibility of being implemented in countries such as Colombia.

Integration of Renewable Energy Sources to Operate in Microgrids in Rural Zones in Brazil

Abstract In a world where technology is even more essential, quality and reliability of electrical system are fundamental. In Brazil, country where most of the energy is produced thought power plants, the existing distribution network is overwhelmed and the needs for the consolidation of distributed generation is growing. Wind and Solar power generation from biomass and another renewable sources are one alternative to power plants, which requires large areas and massive investment. The renewable energy sources mentioned may be assembled in a way to generate reliable energy to properties far from the cities, such as rural zones, where often energy from power plants doesn't gets to. Distributed generation allows quick development of Brazilian farming and guarantees to the farmer independence from the energy dealerships. Microgrids assembled with renewable sources are one sustainable option and benefits Brazilian economy and society.

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en perros de dos centros de bienestar animal de Medellín y el oriente antioqueño (Colombia), 2014 / Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs from Two Centers of Animal Welfare from Medellín and eastern Antioquia (Colombia), 2014 / Prevalência de parasitas intestinais em cachorros de dois centros de bem-estar animal de Medellín e do oriente da região de Antioquia (na Colômbia), 2014

En Colombia poco se han estudiado las parasitosis intestinales en caninos, y los perros de la calle constituyen un grupo de elevado riesgo para la adquisición de enfermedades zoonóticas parasitarias. Por medio de un estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en 2014 se determinó la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal en 68 caninos de ambos sexos de dos centros de bienestar animal de Medellín y el oriente antioqueño (Colombia) y sus factores asociados. El diagnóstico parasitológico se realizó por examen directo con solución salina al 0,8 % y lugol, y el método de flotación de Sheather. La prevalencia global de enteroparásitos fue 72,1 % (49), helmintos 58,8 % (40), protozoos 33,8 % (23) y poliparasitismo en el 45,6 % (31). Se identificaron 11 agentes parasitarios, de los cuales los más prevalentes fueron Uncinaria stenocephalia, con el 39,7 % (27); Ancylostoma caninum, con el 20,6 % (14); Trichuris vulpis, con el 16,2 % (11), y Toxocara spp., con el 11,8 % (8). Estos fueron estadísticamente mayores en el oriente antioqueño (valor p chi² < 0,05). Taenia spp. presentó una prevalencia de 4,4 % (3) y fue mayor en Medellín. No hubo asociación entre la prevalencia de cada taxón con el sexo ni la edad (valor p > 0,05). Se evidenció una alta prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal en caninos de Medellín y del oriente antioqueño, y gran diversidad en las prevalencias de los subgrupos estudiados. Esta información pone de manifiesto la necesidad de fomentar investigaciones tendientes a conocer la magnitud y los factores asociados en poblaciones específicas como base para la orientación de acciones en salud veterinaria y la salud pública, dado el potencial zoonótico de algunas parasitosis de caninos.

In Colombia, there are very few studies about intestinal parasitosis in dogs, and street dogs constitute a high-risk group for the acquisition of parasitic zoonotic diseases. Through a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in 2014, the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and its associated factors were determined in 68 dogs of both sexes from two animal welfare centers in Medellin and eastern Antioquia (Colombia). The parasitological diagnosis was made by direct examination with saline solution at 0.8% and iodine, and the Sheather flotation method. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 72.1% (49), helminths 58.8% (40), protozoa 33.8% (23) and parasitism in 45.6% (31). 11 parasitic agents, of which the most prevalent were Uncinaria stenocephala with 39.7% (27), were identified; Ancylostoma caninum, with 20.6% (14); Trichuris vulpis, with 16.2% (11) and Toxocara spp., with 11.8% (8). These were statistically higher in eastern Antioquia (p value chi² < 0,05). Taenia spp. presented a prevalence of 4.4% (3) and it was higher in Medellin. There was no association between the prevalence of each taxon to sex or age (p value > 0.05). A high prevalence of intestinal parasitism in dogs from Medellin and eastern Antioquia was evidenced, as well as a great diversity in the prevalence of the subgroups studied. This information highlights the need to promote research in order to determine the magnitude and associated factors in specific populations as the foundation for targeting actions on veterinary health and public health, given the zoonotic potential of some parasitosis of dogs.

Na Colômbia são poucos os estudos realizados sobre as parasitoses intestinais em caninos, e os cachorros da rua constituem um grupo de elevado risco para a aquisição de doenças zoonótico parasitárias. Através de um estudo descritivo transversal realizado em 2014 se determinou a prevalência de parasitose intestinal em 68 caninos de ambos os sexos de dois centros de bem-estar animal de Medellín e do oriente da região de Antioquia (na Colômbia) e seus fatores associados. O diagnóstico parasitológico se realizou por exame direto com solução salina ao 0,8 % e lugol, e o método de flotação de Sheather. A prevalência global de enteroparasitas foi 72,1 % (49), helmintos 58,8 % (40), protozoários 33,8 % (23) e poli parasitismo em 45,6 % (31). Identificaram-se 11 agentes parasitários, dos quais os mais prevalentes foram Uncinaria stenocephala, com o 39,7 % (27); Ancylostoma caninum, com o 20,6 % (14); Trichuris vulpis, com 16,2 % (11), e Toxocara spp., com 11,8 % (8). Estes foram estatisticamente maiores no oriente da região de Antioquia (valor p chi² < 0,05). Taenia spp. Apresentou uma prevalência de 4,4 % (3) e foi maior em Medellín. Não houve associação entre a prevalência de cada táxon com o sexo nem a idade (valor p > 0,05). Evidenciou-se uma alta prevalência de parasitismo intestinal em caninos de Medellín e no oriente da região de Antioquia, e grande diversidade nas prevalências dos subgrupos estudados. Esta informação manifesta a necessidade de fomentar as pesquisas tendentes a conhecer a magnitude e os fatores associados em populações específicas como base para a orientação de ações em saúde veterinária e em saúde pública, devido o potencial zoonótico de algumas parasitoses de caninos.

Comparative serology techniques for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a rural population from the state of Querétaro, Mexico

Immunological diagnostic methods for Trypanosoma cruzi depend specifically on the presence of antibodies and parasitological methods lack sensitivity during the chronic and “indeterminate” stages of the disease. This study performed a serological survey of 1,033 subjects from 52 rural communities in 12 of the 18 municipalities in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. We detected anti-T. cruzi antibodies using the following tests: indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), ELISA and recombinant ELISA (rELISA). We also performed Western blot (WB) analysis using iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD), a detoxifying enzyme excreted by the parasite, as the antigen. Positive test results were distributed as follows: ELISA 8%, rELISA 6.2%, IFA and IHA 5.4% in both cases and FeSOD 8%. A comparative study of the five tests was undertaken. Sensitivity levels, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, concordance percentage and kappa index were considered. Living with animals, trips to other communities, gender, age, type of housing and symptomatology at the time of the survey were statistically analysed using SPSS software v.11.5. Detection of the FeSOD enzyme that was secreted by the parasite and used as an antigenic fraction in WBs showed a 100% correlation with traditional ELISA tests.

Prevalência de acidentes de trânsito auto-referidos em Rio Branco, Acre / Prevalence of self-reported traffic accidents in Rio Branco, Northern Brazil / Prevalencia de accidentes de tránsito auto-referidos en Rio Branco, Norte de Brasil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de acidentes de trânsito auto-referidos e identificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado de setembro de 2007 a agosto de 2008, nas zonas urbana e rural de Rio Branco, AC. Foram analisados dados referentes aos adultos (18 a 96 anos, n = 1.516) do inquérito Saúde e Nutrição de Adultos e Crianças de Rio Branco, obtidos em entrevistas domiciliares. As relações entre acidente de trânsito auto-referido e variáveis socioeconômicas e comportamentais foram analisadas por meio de razões de prevalência e intervalos de 95 por cento de confiança; foi efetuada análise de regressão múltipla de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de acidente de trânsito auto-referido foi de 36 por cento. Na análise de Poisson, os indivíduos do sexo masculino (RP=1,45 e IC95 por cento: 1,12;1,87), que relatavam consumo de bebida alcoólica (RP=1,25 e IC95 por cento: 0,97;1,62), com renda acima de cinco salários mínimos (RP=1,88 e IC95 por cento: 1,25;2,83), idade entre 18 e 25 anos (RP=1,45 e IC95 por cento: 1,02;2,05) apresentaram maior probabilidade de referir envolvimento em acidente de trânsito. As variáveis idade e escolaridade mostraram associação inversa com o desfecho, enquanto renda apresentou associação positiva, todas elas com tendência significativa. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência dos acidentes de trânsito auto-referidos aponta risco mais elevado para homens, com renda mais elevada, menor escolaridade e que ingerem bebida alcoólica, os quais devem ser alvo das campanhas preventivas.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported traffic accidents and identify associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based study carried out from September 2007 to August 2008, in the urban and rural zones of Rio Branco (Northern Brazil). Data referring to adults (aged 18 to 96 years, n = 1,516) of the inquiry Health and Nutrition of Adults and Children of Rio Branco, obtained in home interviews, were analyzed. The relations between self-reported traffic accident and socioeconomic and behavior variables were analyzed by means of prevalence ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals; Poisson regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported traffic accident was 36 percent. In the Poisson analysis, male individuals (PR= 1.45 and 95 percent CI: 1.12;1.87) who reported alcohol consumption (PR= 1.25 and 95 percentCI: 0.97;1.62), with income above five minimum wages (PR= 1.88 and 95 percentCI: 1.25;2.83), aged between 18 and 25 years (PR= 1.45 and 95 percentCI: 1.02;2.05), presented higher probability of reporting involvement in traffic accidents. The variables age and level of schooling had inverse association with the outcome, while income had a positive association, all of them with significant tendency. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of self-reported traffic accidents shows higher risk for men with higher income, lower level of schooling and who ingest alcoholic beverages. They should be the target of prevention campaigns.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de accidentes de tránsito auto-referidos e identificar factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de base poblacional realizado de septiembre de 2007 a agosto de 2008, en las zonas urbana y rural de Rio Branco, Norte de Brasil. Se analizaron datos referentes a los adultos (18 a 96 años, n=1.516) de la Pesquisa Salud y Nutrición de Adultos y Niños de Rio Branco, obtenidos en entrevistas domiciliares. Las relaciones entre accidente de tránsito auto-referido y variables socioeconómicas y conductuales fueron analizadas por medio de tasas de prevalencia e intervalos de 95 por ciento de confianza. El análisis multivariado fue efectuado por medio de la regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de accidente de tránsito auto-referido fue de 36 por ciento. En el análisis multivariado, los individuos del sexo masculino (RP 1,45 e IC95 por ciento: 1,12;1,87), que relataban consumo de bebida alcohólica (RP 1,25 e IC95 por ciento: 0,97;1,62), con renta superior a cinco salarios mínimos (RP 1,88 e IC95 por ciento: 1,25;2,83), edad entre 18 y 25 años (RP 1,45 e IC95 por ciento: 1,02;2,05) presentaron mayor probabilidad de referir envolvimiento en accidente de tránsito. Las variables edad y escolaridad mostraron asociación inversa con el resultado, mientras que renta presentó asociación positiva, todas ellas con tendencia significativa. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de los accidentes de tránsito auto-referidos, señalan riesgo más elevado para hombres, con renta más elevada, menor escolaridad y que ingieren bebida alcohólica, siendo ellos el blanco de las campañas preventivas.

Trabajadores de salud de nivel intermedio: un recurso prometedor / Mid-level health providers: a promising resource

Los trabajadores de salud de nivel intermedio (TSNI) son trabajadores capacitados en una institución de educación superior durante al menos dos a tres años, quienes son autorizados y regulados para trabajar de forma autónoma para el diagnóstico, control y tratamiento de dolencias, enfermedades y discapacidades, así como participar en la prevención y promoción de la salud. Su papel se ha ampliado progresivamente y ha recibido atención en particular en países de ingresos bajos y medios, como parte de una estrategia para superar los desafíos del personal sanitario, mejorar el acceso a servicios básicos de salud y lograr objetivos relacionados con los Objetivos del Desarrollo del Milenio. La evidencia, aunque limitada e imperfecta, muestra que donde los TSNI están debidamente capacitados, apoyados y coherentemente integrados en el sistema de salud, tienen el potencial para mejorar la distribución de los trabajadores de la salud y el acceso equitativo a los servicios de salud, manteniendo -si no sobrepasando- los estándares de calidad comparables a los servicios prestados por el personal médico. Sin embargo, existen desafíos importantes en términos de la marginación y el limitado apoyo a la gestión de los TSNI en los sistemas de salud. La expansión de los TSNI debe tener prioridad entre las opciones de política consideradas por países que enfrentan problemas de escasez y desigualdad en la distribución de recursos humanos. Una mejor educación, supervisión, administración y regulación de las prácticas y la integración en el sistema de salud tienen el potencial de maximizar los beneficios de la utilización de este personal.

Mid-level health providers (MLP) are health workers trained at a higher education institution for at least a total of 2-3 years, and authorized and regulated to work autonomously to diagnose, manage and treat illness, disease and impairments, as well as engage in preventive and promotive care. Their role has been progressively expanding and receiving attention, in particular in low- and middle-income countries, as a strategy to overcome health workforce challenges and improve access to essential health services and achieve the health related targets of the Millennium Development Goals. Evidence, although limited and imperfect, shows that, where MLP are adequately trained, supported and integrated coherently in the health system, they have the potential to improve distribution of health workers and enhance equitable access to health services, while retaining quality standards comparable to, if not exceeding, those of services provided by physicians. Significant challenges however exist in terms of the marginalization and more limited management support of MLP in health systems. The expansion of MLP should have priority among the policy options considered by countries facing shortage and maldistribution challenges. Improved education, supervision, management and regulation practices and integration in the health system have the potential to maximize the benefits from the use of these cadres.

Experiencia de interacción en trabajo decampo en una zona rural colombiana / Experiência de interação em trabalho de campo numa zona rural colombiana / Interaction experience in field work in a Colombian rural zone

Se describe la experiencia de trabajo de campo de la investigadora con indígenas Embera Chamí en el municipio de Jardín Antioquia, Colombia, las implicaciones de las relaciones de campo, el acercamiento a los participantes, ya sean individuos, grupos o comunidades y sociedades; y, narra, específicamente, la introducción y orientación en el campo, la interacción con las personas, la observación de normas, la organización de la vida diaria, semanal y mensual, así como los roles y las relaciones de reciprocidad en el campo.

The field work experience as a researcher with Ember Chamí Indians in the city of Jardín Antioquia, Colombia is shared. Work field implications, participants’ approach as individuals, groups or communities and societies. It tells specifically the introduction, field orientation, interaction with people, rule observation, daily, weekly and monthly life organization, as well as the roles and reciprocity relationships in the field.

É descrita a experiência de trabalho de campo como pesquisadora com indígenas Embera Chamí no município de Jardim Antioquia, Colômbia, os envolvimentos das relações do campo, a aproximação aos participantes, já sejam indivíduos, grupos ou comunidades e sociedades; e, narra, especificamente, a introdução e orientação no campo, a interação com as pessoas, a observação de normas, a organização da vida diária, semanal e mensal, bem como os papéis e as relações de reciprocidade no campo.

Distribuição de Lutzomyia whitmani em fitorregiões do estado do Maranhão, Brasil / Distribution of Lutzomyia whitmani in phytoregions of the state of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil

O estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar a distribuição geográfica de Lutzomyia whitmani s.l. no estado do Maranhão. De 1992 a 2005, foram capturados 9.600 espécimes (machos: 65,1 por cento e fêmeas: 34,9 por cento) nas zonas rurais e urbanas de 35 municípios situados em áreas de floresta, cerrado e vegetação mista com cocal, restinga e caatinga. A abundância foi maior no peridomicílio (91,6 por cento) do que no intradomicílio (8,4 por cento). A ocorrência do vetor em diferentes fitorregiões e nas áreas rurais e urbanas favorece a transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar nesses ambientes. É possível que esse táxon constitua um complexo de espécies no Maranhão, o que poderá ser confirmado mediante estudos de biologia molecular.

The study had the aim of characterizing the geographical distribution of Lutzomyia whitmani s.l. in the state of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. Between 1992 and 2005, 9,600 specimens (65.1 percent males and 34.9 percent females) were caught in the rural and urban zones of 35 municipalities in regions consisting of forests, savanna and mixed vegetation with coconut plantations, sandbanks and heath. Greater abundance was observed in areas surrounding dwellings (91.6 percent) than inside the dwellings (8.4 percent). The presence of the vector in different phytoregions and in rural and urban areas favors the transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis in these environments. This taxon may constitute a complex of species in Maranhão, which can be confirmed by molecular biology studies.

Deficiência de ferro e anemia em escolares da área rural de Novo Cruzeiro (Minas Gerais) Brasil / Iron deficiency and anemia in students from the rural área in Novo Cruzeiro (Minas Gerais) Brazil

O reconhecimento da relação existente entre a deficiência de ferro e a presença ou ausência de anemia, comprometendo diversas funções do organismo humano, tem sido tema de debates na área de nutrição em âmbito internacional, especialmente por ser uma das deficiências mais prevalentes no mundo. Objetivo: este estudo descreve a ocorrência de deficiência de ferro e busca elucidar a frequência de anemia ferropriva em escolares de área rural. Casuística e Métodos: foram avaliados níveis de hemoglobina, ferro sérico (Fe), capacidade total de ligação de ferro (CTLF) e saturação de transferrina (IST) de 439 escolares da zona rural de Novo Cruzeiro (Minas Gerais) - município situado no Vale do Jequitinhonha. A população estudada foi de escolares na faixa etária de sete a 15 anos,sendo 50,1% do gênero masculino. Resultados: a frequência de anemia nos escolares foi de 12,1% e os parâmetros indicativos de deficiência em ferro mostraram ferro sérico em 17,1%, CTLF em 31,7% e diminuição do IST em 36,2% dos indivíduos. Relacionando as dosagens de ferro sérico, IST, CTLF elevada, indicativos de deficiência e hemoglobina baixa, verificou-se que 41,5% dos escolares anêmicos apresentavam anemia ferropriva. Os demais casos de anemia (58,5%) podem ser explicados por outras causas, como hemoglobinopatias e outras deficiências nutricionais. Dos indivíduos com deficiência de ferro pela CTLF, 26,7% não apresentaram anemia. Conclusão: existe significativa frequência de anemia ferropriva e de deficiência de ferro nessa população rural.

The recognition of the existing relationship between iron deficiency and the presence or not of anemia has been subject of debate worldwide in the area of nutrition, especially because this deficiency is one of the most prevalent in the world. Objective: The present study aims at describing the occurrence of iron deficiency among students in a rural area and the frequency of anemia due to this deficiency. Methods and Casuistry: Hemoglobin, serum iron (Fe), transferring saturation (TS)and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were evaluated in 479 school children from the rural area of Novo Cruzeiro (Minas Gerais), in the valley of the Jequitinhonha river. The population under study comprised 7 to 15 year-old students, 50,1% being males. Results: The frequency of anemia was 12.1%, and the indicative parameters of iron deficiency showed Fe deficiency in 17.1%, TIBC in 31.7% and decreased TS in 36.2% of them. When relating serum iron and TS with increased TIBC (indicative of deficiency) and low hemoglobin level it was verified that 41.5% of the anemic students had anemia due to iron deficiency. The other cases of anemia (58,5%) can be explained by other causes such as nutritional deficiencies and hemoglobinopatias. Anemia hasn?t occurred among the subjects with increased TIBC 26.7%. Conclusion: There is a significant frequency of iron deficiency and anemia due to iron deficiency among this population.