Síndrome de apnea del sueño en población colombiana con epilepsia empleando la escala de apnea del sueño del cuestionario de trastornos del sueño / Sleep apnea syndrome in a Colombian population with epilepsy using the Sleep Apnea Scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire

Introducción: La epilepsia es un desorden caracterizado por la predisposición a generar crisis epilépticas, mientras que el síndrome de apnea del sueño (SAOS) ha sido reconocido como un desorden crónico de colapso intermitente de la vía aérea que genera hipoxia recurrente. En este trabajo se aplicó la escala de trastornos del sueño (Sleep Apnea Scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire SA-SDQ), previamente validada en inglés para pacientes con epilepsia, a fin de determinar su capacidad para detectar apnea de sueño en nuestra población. Materiales y métodos: En una primera etapa se realizó la adaptación transcultural de la escala SA-SDQ en castellano, provista por los autores, al español colombiano. Luego se recopiló la información de los pacientes en quienes se realizó polisomnografía entre mayo y agosto del 2022 y se determinó el valor de corte para diagnosticar SAOS con la escala SA-SDQ. Resultados: Cuarenta pacientes pudieron realizarse la polisomnografía, de los cuales 30 (75 %) tuvieron índices de apnea-hipopnea superiores a 5, lo que indica SAOS. El área bajo la curva fue 0,790 y la puntuación SA-SDQ de 21 proporcionó una sensibilidad del 73,3 % (IC 53,83-87,02 %) y una especificidad del 80 % (IC 44,2-96,5 %). La consistencia interna fue aceptable (α = 0,713). Conclusiones: La escala SA-SDQ es un instrumento útil para tamizar SAOS en la población colombiana que padece epilepsia. Nuestros resultados indican que los puntos de corte sugeridos anteriormente (2936 para hombres y 26-32 para mujeres) pueden ser demasiado altos para nuestra población. Sugerimos un punto de corte de 21 para ambos.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by a predisposition to have epileptic seizures, while sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been recognized as a chronic disorder of intermittent collapse of the airway that generates recurrent hypoxia. In this work, the sleep disorders scale (SA-SDQ) previously validated in English for patients with epilepsy was applied to determine its ability to detect sleep apnea in our population. Materials and methods: In the first stage, the cross-cultural adaptation of the SA-SDQ scale in Spanish provided by the authors was carried out into Colombian Spanish. then the information of the patients in whom polysomnography was performed between May and August 2022 was collected and the cut-off value was determined to diagnose OSAS with the SA-SDQ scale. Results: 40 patients were able to undergo polysomnography, of which 30 (75 %) had apnea-hypopnea indices greater than five, indicating OSAS. The area under the curve was 0.790 and the SA-SDQ score of 21 provided a sensitivity of 73.3 % (CI 53.83-87.02 %) and a specificity of 80 % (CI 44.2-96, 5 %). The internal consistency was acceptable (α = 0.713). Conclusions: The SA-SDQ scale is a useful instrument for screening OSAS in the Colombian population suffering from epilepsy. Our results indicate that the previously suggested cut-off points (29-36 for men and 26-32 for women) may be too high in our population. We suggest a cutoff of 21 for both.

Prevalencia del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño infantil en una unidad de sueño de referencia / Prevalence of childhood obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in a referral sleep unit

Introducción: El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) afecta a entre el 1 y el 6% de la población infantil. En su diagnóstico, se incluyen: a) ronquidos y/o apneas; y b) un índice de apneas e hipopneas >3/hora obtenido en la polisomnografía (PSG). El objetivo principal de este trabajo es determinar la prevalencia del SAOS en nuestra población de estudio. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo con una muestra de 151 niños con edades comprendidas entre 1 y 12 años, remitidos a la unidad de sueño del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón para la realización de una PSG. Se analizaron las variables demográficas sexo y edad; las variables clínicas ronquidos, apneas e hipertrofia amigdalar; y la presencia de SAOS basada en el criterio diagnóstico polisomnográfico de un índice de apneas e hipopneas >3/hora. Resultados: La edad media de la muestra fue de 5,37 años (desviación estándar: 3,05) y el 64,9% eran varones. En el 90,1% de los casos, el motivo de consulta fue sospecha de SAOS. Los ronquidos, las apneas y la hipertrofia amigdalar se observaron en el 73,5, el 48,7 y el 60% de los casos, respectivamente. Se diagnosticó SAOS en 19 (12,6%) niños; en el 13,5% de los roncadores; en el 15,1% de los niños con apneas; y en el 15,6% de los niños con hipertrofia amigdalar. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, la prevalencia del SAOS en niños fue del 12,6%, superior a la descrita en la mayoría de los estudios epidemiológicos, pero similar a la observada en los que incluyen la PSG para el diagnóstico del SAOS.(AU)

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) affects between 1% and 6% of children. Its diagnosis includes: a) snoring and/or apnoea; and b) an apnoea and hypopnoea index >3/hour obtained by polysomnography (PSG). The main aim of this work is to determine the prevalence of OSAS in our study population. Patients and methods: We conducted a descriptive study with a sample of 151 children aged between 1 and 12 years, who had been referred to the sleep unit of the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón for a PSG. We analysed the demographic variables sex and age; the clinical variables snoring, apnoeas and tonsillar hypertrophy; and the presence of OSAS based on the polysomnographic diagnostic criterion of an apnoea and hypopnoea index >3/hour. Results: The mean age of the sample was 5.37 years (standard deviation: 3.05) and 64.9% were males. In 90.1% of cases, the reason for the visit was suspected OSAS. Snoring, apnoeas and tonsillar hypertrophy were observed in 73.5, 48.7 and 60% of cases, respectively. OSAS was diagnosed en 19 children (12.6%); in 13.5% of snorers; in 15.1% of those with apnoeas; and in 15.6% of the children with tonsillar hypertrophy. Conclusions: In our study, the prevalence of OSAS in children was 12.6%, which is higher than that reported in most epidemiological studies that include PSG for the diagnosis of OSAS.(AU)

Pharyngoplasty for obstructive sleep apnea: The influence of surgical technique.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea is the most frequent sleep disorder worldwide, with rising incidence. Pharyngoplasty is an alternative treatment in patients not suitable to continuous positive airway pressure devices (CPAP). The aim of this study is to compare different surgical techniques of pharyngoplasty for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and evaluate its influence in surgical success. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 92 patients that underwent pharyngoplasty for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea from 2001 to 2020. Included patients performed classic uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), radiofrequency assisted uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (RF-UPPP) or barbed reposition pharyngoplasty (BRP). Surgical success was defined and outcomes and complications assessed for each procedure. RESULTS: Most patients were male, with a mean age of 49.36±9.6 years and a mean apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of 29.14±2.94events/h. Thirty-six patients performed classic UPPP, thirty-one underwent RF-UPPP and the remaining twenty-five performed BRP. BRP achieved the highest success rate (66%) in comparison with UPPP (57%) and RF-UPPP (54%) (p=0.032). Mean relative AHI reduction after surgery was not statistically different between three procedures (p=0.098), although there was a tendency for greater reduction with BRP. Most symptoms improved after surgery and snoring was the most recurrent symptom. BRP had less foreign body sensation after surgery, however, it was the procedure with highest rate of post-operative tonsillar bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: In our department, the introduction of recent techniques of velopharyngeal surgery, focused in functional and lateral muscular collapse, has translated into an increase in success rate after surgery. The relative ease of the procedure and reduction of long term complications make BRP an attractive alternative option for CPAP in OSA, in carefully selected patients.

Pharyngoplasty for obstructive sleep apnea: The influence of surgical technique

Introduction and objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea is the most frequent sleep disorder worldwide, with rising incidence. Pharyngoplasty is an alternative treatment in patients not suitable to continuous positive airway pressure devices (CPAP). The aim of this study is to compare different surgical techniques of pharyngoplasty for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and evaluate its influence in surgical success.Material and methodsRetrospective study of 92 patients that underwent pharyngoplasty for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea from 2001 to 2020. Included patients performed classic uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), radiofrequency assisted uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (RF-UPPP) or barbed reposition pharyngoplasty (BRP). Surgical success was defined and outcomes and complications assessed for each procedure.ResultsMost patients were male, with a mean age of 49.36±9.6 years and a mean apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of 29.14±2.94events/h. Thirty-six patients performed classic UPPP, thirty-one underwent RF-UPPP and the remaining twenty-five performed BRP. BRP achieved the highest success rate (66%) in comparison with UPPP (57%) and RF-UPPP (54%) (p=0.032). Mean relative AHI reduction after surgery was not statistically different between three procedures (p=0.098), although there was a tendency for greater reduction with BRP. Most symptoms improved after surgery and snoring was the most recurrent symptom. BRP had less foreign body sensation after surgery, however, it was the procedure with highest rate of post-operative tonsillar bleeding.ConclusionsIn our department, the introduction of recent techniques of velopharyngeal surgery, focused in functional and lateral muscular collapse, has translated into an increase in success rate after surgery. The relative ease of the procedure and reduction of long term complications make BRP an attractive alternative option for CPAP in OSA, in carefully selected patients. (AU)

Introducción y objetivos: La apnea obstructiva del sueño es el trastorno del sueño más frecuente en todo el mundo, con una incidencia creciente. La faringoplastia es una alternativa de tratamiento en pacientes no aptos para dispositivos de presión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP). El objetivo de este estudio es comparar diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas de faringoplastia para el tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva del sueño y evaluar su influencia en el éxito quirúrgico.Material y métodosEstudio retrospectivo de 92 pacientes que fueron sometidos a faringoplastia para el tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva del sueño desde 2001 hasta 2020. Los pacientes incluidos se sometieron a uvulopalatoplastia clásica (UPPP), uvulopalatoplastia asistida por radiofrecuencia (RF-UPPP) o faringoplastia de reposición con sutura barbada (BRP). Se definió el éxito quirúrgico y se evaluaron los resultados y las complicaciones de cada procedimiento.ResultadosLa mayoría de los pacientes fueron varones, con una edad media de 49,36±9,6 años y un índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH) medio de 29,14±2,94 eventos/hora. Treinta y seis pacientes realizaron UPPP clásica, 31 se sometieron a RF-UPPP y los 25 restantes realizaron BRP. La BRP obtuvo la mayor tasa de éxito (66%) en comparación con la UPPP (57%) y la RF-UPPP (54%) (p=0,032). La reducción relativa media del IAH tras la cirugía no fue estadísticamente diferente entre los 3 procedimientos (p=0,098), aunque hubo una tendencia a una mayor reducción con la BRP. La mayoría de los síntomas mejoraron tras la cirugía y el ronquido fue el síntoma más recurrente. La BRP tuvo menos sensación de cuerpo extraño después de la cirugía, sin embargo, fue el procedimiento con mayor tasa de hemorragia postoperatoria. (AU)

Narcolepsia na infância: a atuação multidisciplinar com a psicologia do sono do diagnóstico ao tratamento em um relato de caso / Child narcolepsy: the multidisciplinary approach with sleep psychology from diagnostics to treatment in a case report / Narcolepsia en la infancia: actuación multidisciplinar con la psicología del sueño desde el diagnóstico hasta el tratamiento en un caso clínico

A narcolepsia, distúrbio neurológico crônico caracterizado pela sonolência diurna excessiva, pode ser associada à cataplexia, fragmentação do sono, alucinações relacionadas ao sono e paralisia do sono. Frequentemente, é confundida com outros transtornos, como Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH), epilepsia e até esquizofrenia, assim, por vezes, é diagnosticada inadequadamente. Objetiva-se relatar o diagnóstico diferencial bem-sucedido da narcolepsia na infância e suas dificuldades, realizado por uma equipe multidisciplinar, enfocando a atuação da psicologia do sono em avaliação e intervenção. Um menino de 10 anos foi recebido no Ambulatório de Narcolepsia e Apneia do Sono Infantil (AMBNAP), alocado no Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) com queixas de sonolência diurna excessiva, sono fragmentado e episódios de perda de tônus muscular. Foi submetido a entrevistas psiquiátrica e psicológica pormenorizadas, a exames, aplicação de escalas específicas para rastreio e diagnóstico de transtornos de sono e diário de sono, solicitação de recursos de mídia e de relatório escolar e avaliação neurológica. A partir da investigação multidisciplinar, o diagnóstico foi de Narcolepsia e Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS). O paciente foi submetido a técnicas da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) e segue em acompanhamento, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. Este estudo evidencia que uma equipe multidisciplinar especializada na área de sono atuando em conjunto com a Psicologia do Sono oportuniza o diagnóstico e intervenções precoces eficazes para o tratamento do distúrbio do sono na infância.(AU)

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness which can be associated with cataplexy, sleep fragmentation, sleep-related hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. This sleep disorder is often confused with other disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and even schizophrenia, and is, thus, misdiagnosed. This study aims to report the successful differential diagnosis for childhood narcolepsy carried out by a multidisciplinary team and its challenges, with a focus on the role of sleep psychology in assessment and intervention. A 10-year-old child was received at the Child Narcolepsy and Sleep Apnea Clinic (AMBNAP), located at the Onofre Lopes University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), with complaints of hypersomnolence, fragmented sleep, and episodes of loss of muscle tone. He underwent detailed psychiatric and psychological interviews, analysis of exams, application of specific scales for screening and diagnosis of sleep disorders and sleep diary, request of media resources and school report, and neurological assessment. From the multidisciplinary investigation, excluding of other neurological diagnoses, the diagnosis was Narcolepsy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). The patient was submitted to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) techniques, such as psychoeducation, scheduled naps, cognitive therapy for dysfunctional beliefs, and sleep hygiene strategies, and continues to be followed up, with satisfactory results since the first two months of intervention. The findings presented in this study show that a multidisciplinary team specialized in the sleep area, acting alongside Sleep Psychology provides early diagnosis and interventions for the sleep disorder treatment in childhood.(AU)

La narcolepsia es un trastorno neurológico crónico caracterizado por somnolencia diurna excesiva que puede asociarse con cataplejía, fragmentación del sueño, alucinaciones relacionadas con el sueño y parálisis del sueño. El trastorno del sueño a menudo se confunde con otros trastornos como el TDAH, la epilepsia e incluso la esquizofrenia, y se diagnostica erróneamente. El objetivo es presentar el diagnóstico diferencial exitoso de la narcolepsia en la infancia y sus dificultades, realizado por un equipo multidisciplinario, con foco en el papel de la psicología del sueño en la evaluación e intervención. El estudiante de 10 años fue recibido en la Clínica de Narcolepsia Infantil y Apnea del Sueño (AMBNAP), ubicada en el Hospital Universitario Onofre Lopes de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte, con quejas de hipersomnolencia, sueño fragmentado y episodios de pérdida de tono muscular. Se sometió a entrevistas psiquiátricas y psicológicas detalladas, análisis de exámenes, aplicación de escalas específicas para la detección y diagnóstico de trastornos del sueño y el diario del sueño, solicite recursos de medios y informe escolar y evaluación neurológica. La investigación multidisciplinaria, el diagnóstico fue Narcolepsia y SAOS. El paciente fue sometido a técnicas de terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC), como psicoeducación, siestas programadas, terapia cognitiva por creencias disfuncionales y estrategias de higiene del sueño, y se le dio seguimiento con resultados satisfactorios. Los resultados demostraron que un equipo multidisciplinario especializado en el campo del sueño, actuando en conjunto con la psicología del sueño, proporciona el diagnóstico y las intervenciones tempranas para el trastorno del sueño de la narcolepsia en la infância.(AU)

Impacto del síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño en accidentes de tránsito en Chile

Resumen Introducción: Existe abundante evidencia para considerar al síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) como un factor de riesgo significativo en la ocurrencia de accidentes de tránsito. En el año 2018, los accidentes de tránsito en Chile provocaron 1.507 muertes, 60 mil lesionados, y generaron un costo país de US $5.985 millones al año (2,1% PIB). Sin embargo, se desconoce la prevalencia de SAOS en conductores, ni su impacto en la accidentabilidad a nivel nacional. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de SAOS en conductores nacionales, y su importancia relativa en el número de accidentes, lesionados, muertes y costos asociados. Material y Método: Revisión de la literatura, análisis descriptivo con bases de datos secundarias. Estimación de prevalencia de riesgo de SAOS en conductores nacionales, profesionales, y cálculo de costos asociados a accidentabilidad. Resultados: Se estima prevalencia de SAOS moderado a severo en un 28,6% para conductores nacionales y 30,2% para conductores profesionales. Utilizando un odds ratio de 2,52 (IC 1,84-3,35) como estimador de riesgo, se obtiene un riesgo atribuible porcentual poblacional de 30,28%, que se traduce en que SAOS sería responsable de 27.046 accidentes, 17.545 lesionados, 456 muertes, y un costo país de US $1.812,4 millones al año atribuibles a SAOS para las cifras de accidentabilidad 2018. Conclusión: El presente trabajo es la primera aproximación al tema a nivel chileno. Se requieren estudios de prevalencia de SAOS en conductores para realizar estimaciones más precisas. Impresiona necesario colocar este tema en la agenda pública, por la posible reducción de riesgos.

Abstract Introduction: There is abundant evidence to consider obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) as a significant risk factor in the occurrence of traffic accidents. In 2018, traffic accidents in Chile caused 1,507 deaths, 60 thousand injured, and generated a country cost of US $ 5,985 million per year (2.1% GDP). However, the prevalence of OSAS in national drivers, nor its impact on accident rate level is unknown. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of OSAS in Chilean drivers, and their relative importance in the number of accidents, injuries, deaths and associated costs. Material and Method: Literature review, descriptive analysis with secondary databases. Estimation of risk prevalence of OSAS in Chilean drivers, professional drivers, and calculation of costs associated with accident rates. Results: The prevalence of moderate to severe OSAS is estimated at 28,6% for national drivers, 30,2% for professional drivers. Using an OR of 2.52 (CI 1.84-3.35) as a risk estimator), a population attributable risk percentage of 30,28% is obtained, which translates to 27,046 accidents, 17,545 injured, 456 deaths, and a country cost of US $ 1,812.4 million per year attributable to OSAS for accidents in 2018. Conclusion: This paper is the first approach to the subject at the Chilean level. OSAS prevalence studies in drivers are required to make more accurate estimates. It is necessary to place this topic on the public agenda, due to the possible risk reduction.

Frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes consíndromede apnea obstructiva del sueño / Frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in patients withobstructive sleep apnea syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN: La apnea obstructiva del sueño afecta al 14% de los hombres y al 5% de las mujeres. Diversosestudios han demostrado la asociación entre el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) yenfermedades cardiovasculares. Los pacientes con SAOS tienen aproximadamente cinco vecesmás riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular asiete años. OBJETIVO: Estimar la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una muestra de pacientes con Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (AOS). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo. Se incluyeron pacientes consecutivosmayores de 18 años diagnosticados con SAOS en el laboratorio de sueño de la Clínica UniversitariaReina Fabiola, durante el periodo comprendido entre el entre el 1 de junio de 2018 y 30 dediciembre de 2018. Se registraronlas siguientes variables: edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal(IMC), hipertensión arterial (HTA), hábito tabáquico, diabetes, dislipemia, enfermedadcardiovascular aterosclerótica clínica y evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) a 10 añoscalculado a través del Cardiovascular Risk Calculator PAHO/WHO. Se realizó una descripción delas variables cuantitativas mediante medidas de posición y dispersión. Las variables cualitativas seexpresaron en porcentajes. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 99 pacientes. El 79,8% fueron hombres, con una media (desviación estándar, DE) deedad de 44,84±13,55 años y el 20,20% fueron mujeres, con una media (DE) de edad de46,15±11,54 años.El principal factor de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) encontrado fue dislipemia (77,78%), seguido deHTA (38,38%) y obesidad (56,56%) o sobrepeso (34,34%). El 64,27% de los pacientes con AOSleve, el 84% de los pacientes con AOS moderada y el 95% de los pacientes con AOS grave,tuvieron dos o más factores de RCV.Al calcular el RCV global a 10 años, el 91,92% de los pacientes tuvieron un RCV bajo, el 2,02%moderado y el 6,06% muy alto. Ningún paciente tuvo RCV alto. El 87,88% de los pacientes teníandos o más factores de RCV CONCLUSIONES:Destacamos la relación, ya descrita en la literatura, entre los factores de RCV y la AOS. La misma fue más notoria al observar la cantidad de pacientes que además de AOS presentaron HTA, diabetes y obesidad, condiciones altamente prevalentes en nuestra sociedad. La mayoría de los pacientes con AOSpresentó dos o más factores de RCV. (AU)

INTRODUCTION: The frequency of obstructive sleep apnea is 14% in men and 5% in women. Several studies have shown the association between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and cardiovascular diseases. Patients with OSAS have approximately five times the risk of developing cardiovascular disease at seven years.OBJECTIVE: To estimate de frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of patients with OSAS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study. We included consecutivepatients over 18 years of age diagnosed with OSA during the period between June 1, 2018 andDecember 30, 2018. The following variables were recorded: age, sex, body mass index (BMI),arterial hypertensión (AHT), smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, clinical atherosclerotic cardiovasculardisease and 10-year cardiovascular risk assessment (CVR) calculated through the CardiovascularRisk PAHO / WHO calculator. We used descriptive statistics. RESULTS: We included 99 patientes, fo them, 79.8% were men, with a mean (standard deviation, SD) age of 44.84 ± 13.55 years and 20.20% were women, with a mean age of 46.15 ± 11.54 years.The main cardiovascular risk factor (CVR) found was dyslipidemia (77.78%), followed by AHT (38.38%) and obesity (56.56%) or overweight (34.34%). Sixty-fourpecent of patients with mild OSA, 84% of patients with moderate OSA and 95% of patients with severe OSA, had 2 or more CVR factors.When calculating the global CVR at 10 years, 91.92% of the patients had a low CVR, 2.02% moderate and 6.06% very high. No patient had high CVR. The majority of the patients (87.88%) hadtwo or more CVR factors. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the high frequency, as already described in the literature, of CVR factors and AOS.The mostfrequent CVR factors were hypertension, diabetes and obesity, highly prevalent conditions in our society. The majority of the patients showed 2 or more CVR factors.(AU)

Recomendaciones analgésicas en pacientes con obesidad y SAOS / Analgesic recommendations in patients with obesity and OSAS

Resumen: El manejo del dolor agudo en paciente obeso plantea dos problemas: la elección de las técnicas analgésicas más eficaces y el monitoreo requerido para garantizar su seguridad. Las barreras para lograr eficacia y seguridad se deben a las alteraciones fisiopatológicas y anatómicas descritas a continuación: 1) las modificaciones farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas que originan una dosificación incorrecta, 2) síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño, 3) dolor musculoesquelético crónico, 4) trastornos psiquiátricos, 5) estado hiperalgésico por proceso proinflamatorio crónico. Las recomendaciones para la elección de una terapia analgésica se basan en la edad, el índice de masa corporal, el tipo de cirugía, las comorbilidades asociadas, la intensidad del dolor y la clase de fármaco. Estos esquemas pueden ser dosificados por peso, área de superficie corporal y dosis ajustadas.

Abstract: The management of acute pain in obese patients poses two problems: choosing the most effective analgesic techniques and the monitoring required to guarantee their safety. The barriers to achieve efficacy and safety are due to the pathophysiological and anatomical alterations described below. 1) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modifications cause incorrect dosing, 2) obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 3) chronic musculoskeletal pain, 4) psychiatric disorders, 5) hyperalgesic state due to chronic proinflammatory process. Recommendations for choosing an analgesic therapy are based on: age, body mass index, type of surgery, associated morbidities, pain intensity and drug class. These strategies can be dosed by weight, body surface area and adjusted doses.

[Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome]. / Síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is highly prevalent in children and a major public health problem. An attempt is made to determine the clinical and polysomnographic presentation of paediatric OSA in our area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of sleep tests conducted on children up to 14 years-old from 1999 to 2012 in the Sleep Unit of the University Hospital of Albacete. Age, gender, anthropometric, clinical data, indication and variables of sleep study, treatment, and outcomes were collected. RESULTS: The study included 234 children. OSA was found in 71.8%, with 42.3% moderate and 44.6% severe. The majority were male (60.7%) and the mean age 5 was years, of whom 78% were pre-school or school age. There was overweight/obesity in 44%, with 93.4% snoring, apnoea 84.5%, and 5.4% daytime sleepiness. There were 23 polysomnographies and 145 polygraphies, with a median apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) of 10, Sat.O2 minimum 84%, desaturation index 8, and mean sleep supine 53.65% and supine events 57.61%. Treatment was lifestyle modifications 29.2%, CPAP 6%, and surgery 42.9%. Improved snoring and/or apnoea 69.4%, and weight 32.4% of overweight/obesity children. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the studied children had a pathological AHI. Almost half were overweight/obese, and a high percentage had moderate-severe OSA. Most frequent treatment was surgery. The clinical outcome was favourable in almost 70%. Less than a third with OSA and overweight/obesity improved weight.

Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en personas atendidas en consulta externa de psiquiatría: serie de casos / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients attending a psychiatry outpatient service: a case series

Resumen El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) se asocia a múltiples desenlaces negativos. Se ha propuesto que las personas con enfermedad mental están en mayor riesgo, en parte por sobrepeso y por las alteraciones del sueño asociadas con algunos medicamentos. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios en esta población. Objetivo: Describir a la población y el resultado de las polisomnografías solicitadas ante sospecha clínica en pacientes de consulta externa de una clínica psiquiátrica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de una muestra de pacientes consecutivos atendidos entre 2012 y 2014. Resultados: De los 58 pacientes de los que se solicitó polisomnografía, 52 (89%) presentaban SAOS. De estos, el 16% cursaba con obesidad y el19% tomaba benzodiacepinas. Conclusiones: Esta es una enfermedad que se debe tener en cuenta durante la evaluación clínica de los pacientes con enfermedad mental, dado que su presencia implica precaución al plantear el tratamiento farmacológico y hacer el seguimiento.

Abstract Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition associated with multiple negative outcomes. People with mental illness might be at increased risk of having it, given that medication given has adverse effects on weight and there are alterations in sleep associated with them; however, there are few studies in this population. Objective: Describe the patients and the results of polysomnography ordered based on clinical symptoms in a psychiatric outpatient clinic between 2012 and 2014. Methods: A case series in which medical records were evaluated. Results: 58 patients who underwent polysomnography, 89% of them had OSAS, 16% were obese and 19% were been treated with benzodiazepines. Conclusions: This is a condition that must be considered during the clinical evaluation of patients with mental illness, since its presence should make clinicians think about drug treatment and follow up.

[Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients attending a psychiatry outpatient service: a case series]. / Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en personas atendidas en consulta externa de psiquiatría: serie de casos.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition associated with multiple negative outcomes. People with mental illness might be at increased risk of having it, given that medication given has adverse effects on weight and there are alterations in sleep associated with them; however, there are few studies in this population. OBJECTIVE: Describe the patients and the results of polysomnography ordered based on clinical symptoms in a psychiatric outpatient clinic between 2012 and 2014. METHODS: A case series in which medical records were evaluated. RESULTS: 58 patients who underwent polysomnography, 89% of them had OSAS, 16% were obese and 19% were been treated with benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS: This is a condition that must be considered during the clinical evaluation of patients with mental illness, since its presence should make clinicians think about drug treatment and follow up.

Trastorno por déficit atencional e hiperactividad (TDAH) y su relación con el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) en pediatría / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its relationship with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in pediatrics

La importancia de la patología psiquiátrica en la infancia y la adolescencia ha ido en ascenso, debido al aumento en su diagnóstico y a sus implicancias socioculturales. El Trastorno por Déficit Atencional e Hiperactividad es el trastorno neurobiológico más diagnosticado en la práctica clínica infanto-juvenil, tanto así que debe ser conocido y manejado en la Atención Primaria por los médicos generales. Se ha descrito cierto grado de sobrediagnóstico influenciado, entre otros motivos, por las altas expectativas sociales respecto del rendimiento escolar/conductual de los niños, así como la presencia de otras patologías que se pueden manifestar con síntomas TDAH-like. En este sentido, la relación entre SAOS y TDAH, cobra gran relevancia, puesto que ambas patologías presentan una amplia prevalencia en nuestro país y un alto nivel de comorbilidad psiquiátrica/médica, además de relacionarse a través de una compleja y aún no muy bien conocida interacción neuropsicológica.

The importance of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence has been increasing due to the increase in its diagnosis and its cultural implications. The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is the neurobiological disorder most commonly diagnosed in the child-adolescent clinical practice, so much so that must be managed in primary care. It described some degree of overdiagnosis influenced by high school-social expectations and behavioral performance of children, and the presence of other conditions. In this sense, the relationship between OSA and ADHD, is very relevant, because both disorders share a wide prevalence in our country and a high level of psychiatric and medical comorbidity. In adittion, these interact through a complex and still not well known neuropsychological mechanism.

Epidemiología de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño en pediatría / Epidemiology of pediatric respiratory sleep disorders

Pediatric sleep medicine has shown a considerable development during the last decades; however, sleep disorders epidemiology is varied and limited, mainly by the various definitions used. This articucle refers to prevalence data obtained by studies that include medical history, questionnaires and/or sleep studies. It includes the analysis of factors that may influence its epidemiology: age, gender, obesity, prenatal factores, ethnicity, socieconomic status and influence of some respiratory diseses susch as asthma and rhinitis. In addiction, aspects related to the natural evolution of respiratorty sleep disorders are described

La medicina del sueño pediátrica ha avanzado considerablemente durante las últimas décadas; sin embargo la evidencia epidemiológica es variada y limitada, principalmente por las diversas definiciones empleadas. El presente artículo profundiza sobre aspectos de prvalencia mediante estudios de anamnesis, cuestionarios y/o estudios de sueño; se incluye el análisis de factores que pueden influir en su epidemiología; edad, género, obesidad, factores prenatales, etnia genética, nivel socioeconómico e influencia de algunas enfermedades respiratorias como asma y rinitis. Adicionalmente, se describen aspectos relacionados con la evolución natural de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño

Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en niños con síndrome de Down / Sleep disorder breathing in children with Down syndrome

Respiratory sleep disorders in children with Down syndrome (DS) have a high prevalence and are related to anatomical and functional characteristics of this syndrome. In this children we should have a high index of suspicion of sleep breathing disorders, diagnose and treat them in order to achieve their full potential in terms of physical and cogntive health

Los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en niños con síndrome de Down (SD) tienen una alta prevalencia y estan relacionados con características estructurales y funcionales propias de la enfermedad. En el SD se debe mantener un alto índice de sospecha de los TRS, diagnosticarlos y tratarlos con el fin que los pacientes puedan alcanzar su pleno potencial en términos de salud física y cognitiva

Trastornos respiratorios en niños con síndrome de Down / Respiratory disorders in children with down syndrome

Respiratory disorders in children with Down syndrome (DS) are common, and frequently undiagnosed. They often present sleep disordered breathing, respiratory tract infections and recurrent wheezing. Children with DS also have associated conditions that contribute to recurrent respiratory problems, such as hypotonia, immune disorders, congenital heart disease and gastroesophageal reflux. An adequate knowledge of all possible causes of respiratory pathology in children with DS is necessary, in order to allow a proper diagnosis, management and prevention of complications.

Los problemas respiratorios en niños con Síndrome de Down (SD) son frecuentes y muchos de ellos subdiagnosticados siendo los más habituales los trastornos respiratorios del sueño, infecciones respiratorias y sibilancias recurrentes. Los niños con SD, además, tienen condiciones asociadas que contribuyen a sus problemas respiratorios recurrentes, como hipotonía, alteraciones inmunes, cardiopatías congénitas y reflujo gastroesofágico. Se debe tener un adecuado conocimiento de todas las posibles causas de patología respiratoria en niños con SD, para hacer un adecuado diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de las complicaciones.

Heat Shock Proteins, L-Arginine, and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Levels in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Vascular endothelial inflammation and enhanced oxidative stress are important factors in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The aim of this study was to determine the levels of heat shock protein (HSP) 27, HSP70, HSP90, L-arginine, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in patients with OSAS and determine their relationship with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients with OSAS, comprising 26 with and 14 without traditional CV risk factors (obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking), and 20 control subjects without OSAS were included. All patients underwent a full polysomnographic evaluation, and blood samples were obtained in the morning after the night the diagnostic study was performed. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in serum HSP27 and HSP70 levels between the groups. HSP90 and ADMA levels increased significantly, whereas L-arginine levels decreased significantly in patients with OSAS, both with and without CV risk factors, compared with controls, but were not different among the subgroups. In all patients with OSAS, serum HSP70 levels were positively correlated with a percent time with saturation<90% (r=.349, P=.027). Serum L-arginine levels were negatively correlated with desaturation number (r=-.360, P=.022) and apnea-hypopnea index (r=-.354, P=.025) and positively correlated with mean oxygen saturation (r=.328, P=.039). CONCLUSION: Serum levels of HSP90 and ADMA increased, whereas those of L-arginine decreased in patients with OSAS regardless of CV risk factors. These findings indicate the presence of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with OSAS.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: An important piece in the puzzle of cardiovascular risk factors.

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is a clinical entity characterized by recurring episodes of apnea and/or hypopnea during sleep, due to a total or partial collapse, respectively, of the upper airway. This collapse originates a set of pathophysiological changes that determine the appearance of several cardiovascular complications. OSA contributes for the development of hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias and coronary heart disease. Nowadays it is recognized to be an important public health problem, taking into account not just its repercussions but also its prevalence, since the main risk factor for the disease is obesity, a growing problem worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about OSA, as regards its definition, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, cardiovascular effects and treatment.

Monitoreo grabado de oximetría de pulso en niños con hipertrofia adenoidea/amigdalina: su utilidad en el diagnóstico del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Pulse oximetry recording in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy: usefulness in the diagnostic of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) es la consecuencia más grave de la hipertrofia adenoidea/amigdalina (HAA). El método diagnóstico de referencia es la polisomnografía nocturna con oximetría (PSG), pero se requiere un equipamiento costoso, gran consumo de tiempo, y un técnico y un médico especializados, lo que dificulta su realización. La grabación del monitoreo de oximetría durante el sueño podría servir como método diagnóstico. En pediatría se han publicado aislados trabajos con resultados contradictorios. Objetivo. Estimar el valor diagnóstico del análisis visual de la grabación del monitoreo de oximetría nocturna en relación con la PSG. Población. Niños con sospecha clínica de SAOS secundario a HAA derivados para realización de PSG. Se excluyeron los niños con otro diagnóstico asociado (miopatía, malformación craneofacial, etc.). Métodos. 1) Se realizó el análisis visual (según un algoritmo propio) de la oximetría grabada simultáneamente con la realización de la PSG; 2) se estimó el valor diagnóstico de esta en comparación con la PSG. Los análisis de ambos registros fueron efectuados a ciegas y en orden aleatorio por dos médicos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 167 PSG; 75 niños presentaban SAOS en la PSG y 92, ronquido simple; 65 oximetrías se consideraron patológicas y coincidieron con SAOS en la PSG; 10 niños con SAOS leve en la PSG presentaron una oximetría normal. La oximetría mostró una sensibilidad del 86,6% y una especificidad del 98,9% para detectar el síndrome. Conclusiones. El análisis del monitoreo grabado de oximetría durante el sueño resulta un elemento de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes.

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is the most serious consequence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH). The gold standard diagnostic method is polysomnography (PSG) with nocturnal oximetry, but it requires expensive equipment, the presence of a technician and a specialized doctor, and is very time consuming, making the procedure difficult. The recording of pulse oximetry monitoring during sleep may serve as a diagnostic approach. In pediatrics, few studies have been published, and their results have been controversial. Objective. To establish the diagnostic value of the visual analysis of the recorded nocturnal oximetry monitoring vs. the PSG. Population. Children with clinical suspicion of OSAS secondary to ATH referred to PSG. Children with other associated diagnoses (myopathy, craniofacial malformations, etc.) were excluded. Methods. 1) A visual analysis (using our own algorithm) of the oximetry recorded simultaneously with the PSG was performed; 2) the diagnostic value of the pulse oximetry vs. the PSG was established. Both tests were conducted in a blinded and random fashion by two doctors. Results. A total of 167 PSGs were included; the PSG showed OSAS in 75 children and simple snoring in 92; 65 oximetries were considered pathological and in agreement with the PSG in relation to OSAS; 10 children with mild OSAS in the PSGs had normal oximetries. The recorded pulse oximetry showed a sensitivity of 86.6% and a specificity of 98.9% for detecting OSAS. Conclusions. The visual analysis of recorded pulse oximetry monitoring during sleep is highly useful for the diagnosis and management of these patients.

Monitoreo grabado de oximetría de pulso en niños con hipertrofia adenoidea/amigdalina: su utilidad en el diagnóstico del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Pulse oximetry recording in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy: usefulness in the diagnostic of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) es la consecuencia más grave de la hipertrofia adenoidea/amigdalina (HAA). El método diagnóstico de referencia es la polisomnografía nocturna con oximetría (PSG), pero se requiere un equipamiento costoso, gran consumo de tiempo, y un técnico y un médico especializados, lo que dificulta su realización. La grabación del monitoreo de oximetría durante el sueño podría servir como método diagnóstico. En pediatría se han publicado aislados trabajos con resultados contradictorios. Objetivo. Estimar el valor diagnóstico del análisis visual de la grabación del monitoreo de oximetría nocturna en relación con la PSG. Población. Niños con sospecha clínica de SAOS secundario a HAA derivados para realización de PSG. Se excluyeron los niños con otro diagnóstico asociado (miopatía, malformación craneofacial, etc.). Métodos. 1) Se realizó el análisis visual (según un algoritmo propio) de la oximetría grabada simultáneamente con la realización de la PSG; 2) se estimó el valor diagnóstico de esta en comparación con la PSG. Los análisis de ambos registros fueron efectuados a ciegas y en orden aleatorio por dos médicos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 167 PSG; 75 niños presentaban SAOS en la PSG y 92, ronquido simple; 65 oximetrías se consideraron patológicas y coincidieron con SAOS en la PSG; 10 niños con SAOS leve en la PSG presentaron una oximetría normal. La oximetría mostró una sensibilidad del 86,6% y una especificidad del 98,9% para detectar el síndrome. Conclusiones. El análisis del monitoreo grabado de oximetría durante el sueño resulta un elemento de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes.(AU)

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is the most serious consequence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH). The gold standard diagnostic method is polysomnography (PSG) with nocturnal oximetry, but it requires expensive equipment, the presence of a technician and a specialized doctor, and is very time consuming, making the procedure difficult. The recording of pulse oximetry monitoring during sleep may serve as a diagnostic approach. In pediatrics, few studies have been published, and their results have been controversial. Objective. To establish the diagnostic value of the visual analysis of the recorded nocturnal oximetry monitoring vs. the PSG. Population. Children with clinical suspicion of OSAS secondary to ATH referred to PSG. Children with other associated diagnoses (myopathy, craniofacial malformations, etc.) were excluded. Methods. 1) A visual analysis (using our own algorithm) of the oximetry recorded simultaneously with the PSG was performed; 2) the diagnostic value of the pulse oximetry vs. the PSG was established. Both tests were conducted in a blinded and random fashion by two doctors. Results. A total of 167 PSGs were included; the PSG showed OSAS in 75 children and simple snoring in 92; 65 oximetries were considered pathological and in agreement with the PSG in relation to OSAS; 10 children with mild OSAS in the PSGs had normal oximetries. The recorded pulse oximetry showed a sensitivity of 86.6% and a specificity of 98.9% for detecting OSAS. Conclusions. The visual analysis of recorded pulse oximetry monitoring during sleep is highly useful for the diagnosis and management of these patients.(AU)

Síndrome de Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño como factor de riesgo para otras enfermedades / Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome as a Risk Factor for other diseases

El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño es una enfermedad caracterizada por ciclos de apneas e hipopneas y microdespertares frecuentes durante la noche y así mismo hipersomnolencia diurna. Esta enfermedad conlleva altas incidencias en accidentes de tránsito como en el campo laboral, últimos estudios de esta patología se acompaña de complicaciones y desarrollo de diversas enfermedades tanto cardiovasculares como metabólicas y oftalmológicas entre otras.

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a disease characterized by cycles of apnea and hypopnea and frequent arousals during the night and same day hipersomnolencia as well. This disease entails high incidences in traffic accidents in the workplace, recent studies of this pathology is accompanied by complications, and development of various cardiovascular, metabolic and ophthalmological diseases among others.