Metformin treatment of juvenile mice alters aging-related developmental and metabolic phenotypes.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the influence on developmental traits might have long-term effects on aging and health later in life. Metformin is a widely used drug for treating type 2 diabetes and is also used for delaying sexual maturation in girls with precocious puberty. The current report focuses on investigating the effects of metformin on development and metabolic traits. Heterogeneous mice (UM-HET3) were treated with i.p. metformin between the ages of 15 and 56 days. Our results show that body weight and food consumption were increased in both sexes, and sexual maturation was delayed in females. Tail length and circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were significantly increased in both sexes. No significant difference was found in insulin tolerance test, but glucose tolerance was significantly reduced in the males. Circulating adiponectin and insulin levels were altered by metformin treatment in a sex-specific manner. Analysis of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) suggests that metformin treatment increased insulin sensitivity in female pups, but had opposite effect in male pups. This study revealed that early life metformin treatment alters development and metabolism of mice in both sex-specific and non-specific manners. These effects of metformin may have long-term impacts on aging-related traits.

Gene expression patterns of novel visual and non-visual opsin families in immature and mature Japanese eel males.

This study was carried out to identify and estimate physiological function of a new type of opsin subfamily present in the retina and whole brain tissues of Japanese eel using RNA-Seq transcriptome method. A total of 18 opsin subfamilies were identified through RNA-seq. The visual opsin family included Rh2, SWS2, FWO, DSO, and Exo-Rhod. The non-visual opsin family included four types of melanopsin subfamily (Opn4x1, Opn4x2, Opn4m1, and Opn4m2), peropsin, two types of neuropsin subfamily (Opn5-like, Opn5), Opn3, three types of TMT opsin subfamily (TMT1, 2, 3), VA-opsin, and parapinopsin. In terms of changes in photoreceptor gene expression in the retina of sexually mature and immature male eels, DSO mRNA increased in the maturation group. Analysis of expression of opsin family gene in male eel brain before and after maturation revealed that DSO and SWS2 expression in terms of visual opsin mRNA increased in the sexually mature group. In terms of non-visual opsin mRNA, parapinopsin mRNA increased whereas that of TMT2 decreased in the fore-brain of the sexually mature group. The mRNA for parapinopsin increased in the mid-brain of the sexually mature group, whereas those of TMT1 and TMT3 increased in the hind-brain of the sexually mature group. DSO mRNA also increased in the retina after sexual maturation, and DSO and SWS2 mRNA increased in whole brain part, suggesting that DSO and SWS2 are closely related to sexual maturation.

Effects of gonadotropin inhibitory hormone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone on reproduction-related genes in the protandrous cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus.

Hypothalamic peptide neurohormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) play pivotal roles in the control of reproduction and gonadal maturation in teleost fish. To study the effects of GnIH on fish reproduction, we investigated the influence of seabream GnRH (sbGnRH) and GnIH (both alone and in combination) on levels of reproductive genes (GnIH, GnIH-receptor [GnIH-R], melatonin receptor [MT3], sbGnRH, and gonadotropic hormones [GTHs]) during different stages of gonadal maturation in male, female, and immature cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus. The results showed that the expression levels of GnIH, GnIH-R, and MT3 genes increased after the GnIH injection, but decreased after the sbGnRH injection. In addition, these gene expression levels gradually lowered after GnIH3 and sbGnRH combination treatment, as compared to the MT3 mRNA levels of GnIH treatment alone. However, the expression levels of the HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis genes (sbGnRH and GTHs) decreased after the GnIH injection, but increased after the sbGnRH injection. In all cinnamon clownfish groups, HPG axis gene mRNA levels gradually decreased after mixed GnIH3 and sbGnRH treatment, compared to GnIH treatment alone. The present study provides novel information on the effects of GnIH and strongly supports the hypothesis that GnIH plays an important role in the negative regulation of the HPG axis in the protandrous cinnamon clownfish.

Effect of long-after glow phosphorescent pigment on reproductive parameters and ovarian maturation in the yellowtail damselfish, Chrysiptera parasema.

Photoperiod is considered the most important factor that entrains animal rhythms, including the reproductive cycle. The present study tested differences in sex maturation and sex steroid hormones of yellowtail damselfish (Chrysiptera parasema) exposed to a white fluorescent bulb (12L:12D and 14L:10D) or long-afterglow phosphorescent pigment (LumiNova sheet) for 4 months. At the end of the experiment, in the phosphorescent group, mRNA expressions of gonadotropin hormones [(GTHs, including gonadotropin (GTH) α and luteinizing hormone (LH) ß)], estrogen receptor (ER), and vitellogenin were significantly higher than in the photoperiod groups (12L:12D and 14L:10D), and these results are consistent with those of Western blotting for protein expression. Furthermore, in the phosphorescent group, plasma FSH, LH, and estradiol-17ß (E2) levels were significantly higher than in the photoperiod groups. However, plasma melatonin levels were significantly lower than in the photoperiod groups. Because LumiNova sheets continue to emit green light (520 nm) for approximately 2h after sunset, the extended light conditions probably contributed to reproductive ability in the experimental fish. In conclusion, long-afterglow phosphorescent pigment can be used for energy-efficient aquaculture to regulate the reproduction of fish, although its effect needs to be evaluated in other species.

Assessment of pubertal development in Iranian girls.

OBJECTIVE: We estimated pubertal development of 7,493 normal Iranian girls aged 6 to 20 years in a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Pubertal stages were assessed according to Tanner. The mean ages to achieve secondary sexual characteristics as well as the mean age at menarche were estimated. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Reference curves for different breast stages and menarche were constructed. The percentiles for attaining each stage were compared to data proposed by Tanner. FINDINGS: The mean age at breast bud stage (B2) was 10.10, pubic hair stage (P2) was 9.83, and menarche age was 12.55 years. The anthropometric variables were interpreted in different maturity stages. The mean age at attainment of puberty was compared with those of other populations. CONCLUSION: Not only the onset of puberty in Iranian girls but also the duration of puberty is similar to data from most other countries. A lower age limit for the definition of precocious puberty than the traditional 8 years is documented for Iranian girls. However, it should be noted that considering the rate of evolution of pubertal findings is more important than the age of their appearance.

The Association between Bone Density at Os Calcis and Body Composition in Healthy Children Aged 9-12 Years.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study aimed to quantify the relationship between the bone mineral density at the os calcis and the body mass composition in healthy children. METHODS: The areal bone mineral density was measured at the os calcis with peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The fat free mass, fat mass and percentage fat mass were measured using bioelectric impedance, in 237 Korean children, aged 9 to 12 years. The sexual maturity was determined by self assessment, using standardized series of the 5 Tanner stage drawings, accompanied by explanatory text. RESULTS: From multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sexual maturity and height, the fat free mass was found to be the best predictor of the calcaneal bone mineral density in both sexes. About 15 and 20% variabilities were found in the calcaneal bone mineral densities of the boys and girls, respectively, which can be explained by the fat free mass. After weight adjustment, the percentage fat mass was negatively associated with the calcaneal bone mineral density in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the fat free mass, among the body compositions, is the major determinant of bone mineral density at the os calcis in Korean children aged 9 to 12 years. Obesity, defined as the percentage fat mass, is assumed to have a negative effect on the calcaneal bone density in children of the same weight.

The Association between Bone Density at Os Calcis and Body Composition in Healthy Children Aged 9-12 Years / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study aimed to quantify the relationship between the bone mineral density at the os calcis and the body mass composition in healthy children. METHODS: The areal bone mineral density was measured at the os calcis with peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The fat free mass, fat mass and percentage fat mass were measured using bioelectric impedance, in 237 Korean children, aged 9 to 12 years. The sexual maturity was determined by self assessment, using standardized series of the 5 Tanner stage drawings, accompanied by explanatory text. RESULTS: From multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sexual maturity and height, the fat free mass was found to be the best predictor of the calcaneal bone mineral density in both sexes. About 15 and 20% variabilities were found in the calcaneal bone mineral densities of the boys and girls, respectively, which can be explained by the fat free mass. After weight adjustment, the percentage fat mass was negatively associated with the calcaneal bone mineral density in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the fat free mass, among the body compositions, is the major determinant of bone mineral density at the os calcis in Korean children aged 9 to 12 years. Obesity, defined as the percentage fat mass, is assumed to have a negative effect on the calcaneal bone density in children of the same weight.

Adiposidad: factor de riesgo aterosclerótico. Su estudio en el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño obeso

Con el propósito de estudiar la obesidad en la niñez con fines pronósticos y preventivos, se investiga su influencia en el crecimiento y desarrollo utilizando métodos antropométricos. Estos métodos se interpretaron como de mayor utilidad para valorar la composición corporal según el estado nutricional que los métodos de peso para la talla, correlacionando la adiposidad (porcentaje de peso en grasa) con la estatura del niño obeso. Se estudiaron 174 niños obesos de uno y otro sexos con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 14 años, los cuales fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico, aleatorio simple, de zona urbana. Se tomó la talla, el peso y 5 pliegues de grasa subcutánea. El desarrollo sexual valorado según los estadios de Tanner se correspondió con la edad cronológica. La maduración ósea fue significativamente normal (p < 0,01)en 34 pacientes estudiados. Existió mayor talla en las niñas con un mayor porcentaje de peso corporal en grasa (p < 0,05); no ocurrió así en los niños, en los que no existió diferencia significativa (p < 0,28). Al realizar el test de la mediana el porcentaje de niños por arriba de la esperada (50 percentil) no fue significativo en las edades de 13-14 años; en las niñas no fue significativo en las edades de 11-12 años (nivel de significación 5 %). En lo esencial, el análisis estadístico sugiere que, en efecto, no sólo el factor de intensidad del porcentaje de peso en grasa corporal actúa de forma favorecedora de la talla en los niños obesos.

With the purpose of studying childhood obesity from the preventive and predictive viewpoints, the impact of adiposity on the growth and development of the obese child is researched using anthropometric methods. These methods were considered more useful than the weight by height methods in assessing the body composition according to the nutritional condition since they relate the adiposity (percentage of body weight composed of fat) to the obese child height. 174 male and female obese children aged 8 to 14 years were examined, who were assigned by a simple randomized probability sampling in an urban area. Height, weight and 5 subcutaneous folds were taken for the study. The assessed sexual development matched the chronological age according to Tanner stages. The bone maturation was significantly normal in 34 patients (p < 0.01). Girls with a higher percentage of body weight composed of fat (p < 0.05) were taller whereas boys did not show any significant difference (p < 0.28). When the test of median was carried out, the percentage of boys who were above the expected value (50th percentile) was not significant in 13-14 age group; neither was it significant in 11-12 years-old girls (significance level, 5 %). In the main, the statistical analysis suggests that not only the intensity factor of body weight percentage composed of fat positively affects the obese children height.

Concepciones y comportamiento sexual en un grupo de adolescentes atendidos por el médico de la familia*

Se estudiaron 89 adolescentes entre 10 y 19 años de edad del consultorio "Los Carritos" del Policlínico Docente "Ramiro Betancourt" de Palma Soriano, con el propósito de indagar acerca de sus concepciones y comportamiento en la esfera sexual. Entre los principales hallazgos figuran que las primeras manifestaciones de actividad sexual en hembras y varones aparecieron en mayor proporción en edades anteriores a la maduración sexual; en la selección de la pareja primaron los criterios morales y aquéllos que respondieron a sus gustos, aunque existió un grupo significativo en el que se constató superficialidad en su elección; las prácticas sexuales más realizadas en el sexo masculino fueron la masturbación y el intercambio de besos y caricias y en el femenino, esta última y las manipulaciónes recíprocas en las zonas más excitables del cuerpo. Resultó interesante el hecho de que estos adolescentes tuvieran un nivel bajo de conocimiento relacionado con las enfermedades de transmisión sexual y su prevención, así como de los métodos anticonceptivos y su utilización.

89 adolescents between 10 and 19 years from "Los Carritos" family physician's office of the "Ramiro Betancourt" Teaching Polyclinic, in Palma Soriano, were studied aimed at knowing about their conceptions and behavior in the sexual sphere. Among the main findings it is the fact that the first manifestations of sexual activities in females and males appeared mostly at ages previous to sexual maturity. The moral criteria and likes predominated at the time of selecting a date. The most used sexual practices in the male sex were masturbation and the exchange of kisses and caresses. This latter and the reciprocal manipulations in the most excitable zones of the body were the most common among females. It was interesting to observe that these adolescents had a poor knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases and their prevention, as well as of the contraceptive methods and their utilization.

Maduración sexual en una muestra de niños asmáticos

Con el objetivo de evaluar la repercusión del asma bronquial sobre la maduración sexual, se estudiaron en un corte transversal 180 niños asmáticos de uno y otro sexos, entre 7 y 15 años de edad, procedentes de la consulta externa del Hospital Pediátrico Docente de Centro Habana. A todos los niños se les evaluó el peso, la talla, los pliegues grasos y la maduración sexual y esquelética. Las medias de peso, talla y pliegues grasos se correspondieron con valores reportados en niños sanos. No se encontró retardo en la maduración sexual; la mayoría de los niños con estadios puberales avanzados se agruparon en los canales más altos de edad ósea.

With the aim of assessing the effects of bronchial asthma on sex maturation, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 180 asthmatic children of both sexes, between 7 and 15 years old, outpatients coming from the Educational Pediatric Hospital at Centro Habana. An evaluation was made to all the children, and it included body weight, body height, skinfold thickness, bone development and sex maturation. Means in weight, height, and skinfold thickness were correspondent with the values reported for healthy children. No retardation was found in sex maturation; most part of the children with advanced pubertal stages were gathered in the highest channels of skeletal age.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR THE KIDNEY REINFORCING AND KIDNEYYANG INVIGORATING ACTION OF SHENEBUTIAN ORAL LIQUID / 中药新药与临床药理

Through the sexual activity test in Drosophila melanogaster,the antistress test in mice,the influence on sexual gland development of young mice model with yang-deficiency and the Vc content of adrenal gland in rats, the kidney reinforcing and kidney-yang invigorating action of Shen'ebutin oral liquid(SBOL)was evaluated and compared with Guilinji(GLJ),a traditional tonic prescription recorded in Chinese pharmacopocia(1990 edition).The results showed that the therapeutic effects of SBOL were evident and were stronger than GLJ in some aspects.