The fitness landscape of a community of Darwin's finches.

Divergent natural selection should lead to adaptive radiation-that is, the rapid evolution of phenotypic and ecological diversity originating from a single clade. The drivers of adaptive radiation have often been conceptualized through the concept of "adaptive landscapes," yet formal empirical estimates of adaptive landscapes for natural adaptive radiations have proven elusive. Here, we use a 17-year dataset of Darwin's ground finches (Geospiza spp.) at an intensively studied site on Santa Cruz (Galápagos) to estimate individual apparent lifespan in relation to beak traits. We use these estimates to model a multi-species fitness landscape, which we also convert to a formal adaptive landscape. We then assess the correspondence between estimated fitness peaks and observed phenotypes for each of five phenotypic modes (G. fuliginosa, G. fortis [small and large morphotypes], G. magnirostris, and G. scandens). The fitness and adaptive landscapes show 5 and 4 peaks, respectively, and, as expected, the adaptive landscape was smoother than the fitness landscape. Each of the five phenotypic modes appeared reasonably close to the corresponding fitness peak, yet interesting deviations were also documented and examined. By estimating adaptive landscapes in an ongoing adaptive radiation, our study demonstrates their utility as a quantitative tool for exploring and predicting adaptive radiation.

O sindicalismo rural na região de Santa Cruz do Sul ­ RS / Rural syndicalism in the Santa Cruz do Sul region ­ RS / Sindicalismo rural en la región de Santa Cruz do Sul - RS

Este artigo resulta da dissertação de mestrado, defendida junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional da UNISC, que teve como objetivo analisar a representatividade dos agricultores familiares pelo Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Agricultores Familiares (STR), vinculado à Federação dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura no Rio Grande do Sul (FETAG), e pelo Sindicato Rural, vinculado à Federação da Agricultura do Rio Grande do Sul (FARSUL). Para a realização da pesquisa delimitou-se a região de Santa Cruz do Sul, composta de oito municípios, cuja economia está vinculada à produção do tabaco, realizada em regime de agricultura familiar. Tendo em vista que as duas entidades representam concepções divergentes sobre o significado de desenvolvimento rural, optou-se pela dialética como método de abordagem, uma vez que são abordadas as contradições inerentes à representatividade dos agricultores familiares pelas duas frentes sindicais na região. Concluiu-se que o STR apresenta maior legitimidade na representação dos agricultores familiares da região, tendo em vista a sua trajetória histórica, seus propósitos e sua atuação em defesa das necessidades e dos desafios do segmento da Agricultura Familiar.(AU)

This article is the result of a master's thesis, defended by the Postgraduate Program in Regional Development at UNISC, which aimed to analyze the representation of family farmers by the Union of Family Farmers Workers (STR), linked to the Federation of Agricultural Workers in Rio Grande do Sul (FETAG), and by the Rural Union, linked to the Federation of Agriculture of Rio Grande do Sul (FARSUL). In order to carry out the research, the region of Santa Cruz do Sul was delimited, composed of eight municipalities, whose economy is linked to the production of tobacco, carried out in a family farming regime. Bearing in mind that the two entities represent divergent conceptions about the meaning of rural development, dialectics was chosen as a method of approach, since the inherent contradictions in the representation of family farmers by the two union fronts in the region are addressed. It was concluded that the STR has greater legitimacy in the representation of family farmers in the region, in view of its historical trajectory, its purposes and its performance in defense of the needs and challenges of the Family Agriculture segment.(AU)

Este artículo es resultado de una tesis de maestría, defendida en el Programa de Postgrado en Desarrollo Regional de la UNISC, que tuvo como objetivo analizar la representación de los agricultores familiares por el Sindicato de los Agricultores Familiares (STR), vinculado a la Federación de Trabajadores Agrícolas de Rio Grande do Sul (FETAG), y por el Sindicato Rural, vinculado a la Federación de Agricultura de Rio Grande do Sul (FARSUL). Para realizar la investigación, se delimitó la región de Santa Cruz do Sul, compuesta por ocho municipios, cuya economía está ligada a la producción de tabaco, realizada en régimen de agricultura familiar. Teniendo en cuenta que las dos entidades representan concepciones divergentes sobre el significado del desarrollo rural, se optó por la dialéctica como método de abordaje, ya que se abordan las contradicciones inherentes a la representación de los agricultores familiares por parte de los dos frentes gremiales de la región. Se concluyó que el STR tiene mayor legitimidad en la representación de los agricultores familiares de la región, en vista de su trayectoria histórica, sus propósitos y su actuación en defensa de las necesidades y desafíos del segmento Agricultura Familiar.(AU)

Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture Practices through Participatory Research: A Case Study on Galapagos Islands Farmers Using Water-Saving Technologies.

Agriculture in the populated islands of the Galapagos Archipelago, a protected area due to its unique biodiversity, has been detrimental to its conservation but highly required to meet food necessities. A potential solution to make agricultural farming more sustainable is adopting water-saving technologies (WSTs). Therefore, this study aimed to test the effectiveness of using WSTs such as Groasis Waterboxx® in three of the most valuable crops in the islands through participatory research with the involvement of a group of farmers from the Floreana and Santa Cruz islands and explore a possible transition to more sustainable agricultural practices. Capsicum annuum, Cucumis sativus and Solanum lycopersicum were cultivated using Groasis Waterboxx® and compared to conventional irrigation practices (drip-irrigated controls) to assess the variability of productivity, the number of fruits and individual fruit weight (IFW). In addition, differences in plant traits were analyzed by crop, and island. Results suggested that WSTs such as Groasis Waterboxx® may provide on-farm benefits regarding the yields of the studied traits. From this study, it is difficult to determine whether participation in such a research study will permanently change irrigation practices. However, the participant's responses to the study suggest an increase in their understanding of the use and benefits of WST.

Length structure analysis of the Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum) captured in the Santa Cruz Channel (Pernambuco, Brazil), using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape / Análise da estrutura do comprimento da manjuba (Opisthonema oglinum) capturada no canal de Santa Cruz (Pernambuco, Brasil) com base nos modelos aditivos generalizados para locação, escala e forma

The Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum) is the most common sardine in Santa Cruz Chan-nel landings, which is located on the Northern coast of Pernambuco state, in Brazil. The species spends part of its life cycle at sea and enters estuaries at strategic times. Its high exploitation and importance to the economy in the municipalities surrounding the channel led us to reflect on the need for investi-gations to promote sustainable fishing and a better understanding of its behavior in that place. In this study, the standard length of the specimens was estimated using generalized additive models for loca-tion, scale, and shape, and the factors that drive the length pattern along the estuary were discussed. It was identified the presence of larger individuals in the rainy season and greater concentration in the Center-South region of the channel. The smaller sardines were concentrated near the outflow of the Botafogo River, an area of secondary channels with greater mangrove coverage. Few adults enter the channel and the vast majority of specimens captured were young. Thus, it would be pertinent to explore specimens that have at least reached sexual maturity, since the capture of young individuals can cause an imbalance of species sustainability.(AU)

A manjuba (Opisthonema oglinum) é a sardinha mais frequente nos desembarques do Canal de Santa Cruz, localizado no litoral norte de Pernambuco, no Brasil. A espécie vive parte de seu ciclo de vida no mar e penetra nos estuários em períodos estratégicos. Sua elevada exploração e relevância para a economia dos municípios no entorno provocaram-nos reflexões acerca da necessidade de investiga-ções que promovam a pesca sustentável e que ampliem a compreensão a respeito da manjuba naquele local. A investigação foi realizada por meio de estimativas do comprimento padrão, com a utilização de modelos aditivos generalizados para locação, escala e forma, e os fatores que impulsionam o padrão de comprimento ao longo do estuário foram discutidos. Identificou-se a presença de indivíduos maio-res no período chuvoso e maior concentração na região centro-sul do canal. Já os de menor tamanho concentraram-se próximo à desembocadura do rio Botafogo, área de canais secundários e com maior cobertura de manguezal. Poucos adultos ingressam no canal, e a grande maioria dos exemplares cap-turados era jovem. Assim, seria pertinente a exploração de exemplares que já completaram ao menos a maturidade sexual, uma vez que a captura de indivíduos jovens pode provocar desequilíbrio na sustentabilidade da espécie.(AU)

Fecal bacterial communities of wild black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) from the Atlantic Forest biome in Southern Brazil are divergent from those of other non-human primates.

Gut microbiota are influenced by factors such as diet, habitat, and social contact, which directly affect the host's health. Studies related to gut microbiota in non-human primates are increasing worldwide. However, little remains known about the gut bacterial composition in wild Brazilian monkeys. Therefore, we studied the fecal microbiota composition of wild black capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus) (n=10) populations from two different Atlantic Forest biome fragments (five individuals per fragment) in south Brazil. The bacterial community was identified via the high-throughput sequencing and partial amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (V4 region) using an Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGMTM) System. In contrast to other studies involving monkey microbiota, which have generally reported the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as predominant, black capuchin monkeys showed a high relative abundance of Proteobacteria ( χ ¯ = 80.54%), followed by Firmicutes ( χ ¯ = 12.14%), Actinobacteria ( χ ¯ = 4.60%), and Bacteriodetes ( χ ¯ = 1.31%). This observed particularity may have been influenced by anthropogenic actions related to the wild habitat and/or diet specific to the Brazilian biome's characteristics and/or monkey foraging behavior. Comparisons of species richness (Chao1) and diversity indices (Simpson and InvSimpson) showed no significant differences between the two groups of monkeys. Interestingly, PICRUSt2 analysis revealed that metabolic pathways present in the bacterial communities were associated with xenobiotic biodegradation and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which may suggest positive effects on monkey health and conservation in this anthropogenic habitat. Infectious disease-associated microorganisms were also observed in the samples. The present study provides information about the bacterial population and metabolic functions present in fecal microbiota, which may contribute to a better understanding of the ecology and biology of black capuchin monkeys living in forest fragments within the Atlantic Forest biome in southern Brazil. Additionally, the present study demonstrates that the fecal bacterial communities of wild black capuchin monkeys in this area are divergent from those of other wild non-human primates.

Relato e transformação: o processo de reconhecimento da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul / Reporting and transformation: the recognition process of the University of Santa Cruz Do Sul

O texto, além de uma pequena apresentação, compreende uma republicação de um artigo publicado inicialmente no número zero da Revista BARBARÓI. Naquele artigo, o seu autor, professor Wilson Kniphoff da Cruz, resgata aspectos do seu comprometimento com o ensino superior comunitário em Santa Cruz do Sul, registrando os diferentes momentos que antecederam à criação da UNISC, em 1993: a mobilização da comunidade acadêmica, as dificuldades burocráticas no encaminhamento do projeto Universidade, a formação de uma Comissão Interna para encaminhar o projeto, as visitas da Comissão de Acompanhamento do Conselho Federal de Educação, as mudanças acadêmica, o esforço na qualificação dos professores, as necessárias mudanças de mentalidade a partir da criação da Universidade. Ao apresentar esse resgate, o artigo é um convite à reflexão sobre as dinâmicas políticas que compreenderam a mobilização coletiva (especialmente da comunidade acadêmica) visando à criação de uma Universidade Comunitária em Santa Cruz do Sul. (AU)

The text, in addition to a short presentation, comprises a republication of an article initially published in number zero of magazine BARBARÓI. In that article, its author, Professor Wilson Kniphoff da Cruz, rescues aspects of his commitment to community higher education in Santa Cruz do Sul, recording the different moments that preceded the creation of UNISC in 1993: the mobilization of the academic community, the bureaucratic difficulties in forwarding the University project, the formation of an Internal Commission to forward the project, visits by the Monitoring Commission of the Federal Council of Education, organizational and political changes in the Institution, the repercussions of these changes in the academic community, the effort in the qualification of teachers, the necessary changes in mentality from the creation of the University. By presenting this rescue, the article is an invitation to reflect on the political dynamics that comprised the collective mobilization (especially of the academic community) aiming at the creation of a Community University in Santa Cruz do Sul.(AU)

Núcleo de Pesquisa Social (NUPES): uma reflexão sobre a história de um espaço de pesquisa nas ciências sociais na UNISC / Social Research Center (NUPES): a reflection on the history of a social science research space at UNISC

Retoma-se neste artigo a experiência histórica do NUPES (Núcleo de Pesquisa Social) ­ um setor de pesquisa vinculado ao Departamento de Ciências Humanas da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (DCH/UNISC). Desde o seu surgimento, em 1993, o NUPES desenvolve e assessora diversos tipos de pesquisa, atendendo a demandas acadêmicas, de mercado e de diferentes segmentos sociais da região do Vale do Rio Pardo, demais regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e de outros estados brasileiros. O objetivo principal é analisar a importância desse setor como um espaço de produção de pesquisa social numa Universidade Comunitária, por meio da construção do conhecimento e da oferta de suportes teóricos e metodológicos para pesquisas de interesse local e regional. Nesse sentido, o NUPES representa uma experiência exitosa de integração entre a pesquisa e a extensão universitárias.(AU)

This article takes up the historical experience of NUPES (Social Research Center) - a research sector linked to the Department of Human Sciences at the University of Santa Cruz do Sul (DCH / UNISC). Since its emergence in 1993, NUPES has developed and advises several types of research, meeting the academic, market and different social demands of the Vale do Rio Pardo region, other regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and others Brazilian states. The main objective is to analyze the importance of this sector as a space for the production of social research in a Community University, through the construction of knowledge and the offer of theoretical and methodological supports for research of local and regional interest. In this sense, NUPES represents a successful experience of integration between university research and extension.(AU)

New record of a Mesozoic gondwanatherian mammaliaform from Southern Patagonia.

Gondwanatheria is an enigmatic mammaliaform clade distributed in the Cretaceous and Paleogene of South America, Africa, Madagascar, India and Antarctica. The Mesozoic record in South America is restricted to the Latest Cretaceous of Río Negro and Chubut provinces, Argentina and Magallanes Region of southern Chile. The aim of the present contribution is to describe a new specimen of gondwanatherian mammaliaforms from beds belonging to the Maastrichtian Chorrillo Formation, cropping out 30 km SW of El Calafate, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. It is represented by a single molariform referable to the species Magallanodon baikashkenke with which it shares a unique combination of characters. Analysis of the unique combination of characters exhibited by Magallanodon shed doubts on the monophyly of Ferugliotheriidae and suggest that South American taxa may be closely related to each other. The wide geographical distribution and occurrence of gondwanatherians on geological units of diverse origins suggest that they were capable of facing disparate environmental conditions.

A new species of the genus Oxycheila (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) from Bolivia.

The new species Oxycheila alenatiki sp. nov. (Cicindelidae: Megacephalini) is described from central Bolivia and compared to related species. Colour photographs of habitus and male genitalia of O. alenatiki sp.nov. and related species O. gracillima Bates, 1872 and O. oberthueri Horn, 1897 are compared. A modified taxonomic key to the gracillima species group is provided.

A New Species of Ancylostoma (Nemata: Strongylida: Ancylostomatidae) from Two Species of Ctenomys in Lowland Bolivia.

From the small intestines of both Ctenomys boliviensis and Ctenomys steinbachi collected from August 1984 through June 1990 from the eastern lowlands of the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia a total of 36 specimens of Ancylostoma were recovered. Morphological investigation and comparisons with known species described and reported from mammals in the Neotropical Region show that this is an undescribed species, herein described as new. These nematans were collected from individuals of C. steinbachi collected from near a locality called Caranda (northwest of Santa Cruz de la Sierra) and from C. boliviensis from near Santa Rosa de la Roca (northeast of Santa Cruz de la Sierra) and from cajuchis collected from 3 km west of Estación El Pailón, 30 km east of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The new species of Ancylostoma differs from all other species of Ancylostoma known from the Neotropical Region in the presence of paired sub-terminal papillae on the dorsal ray of males.

Methodology proposed for photogrammetric monitoring of the exotic species Hovenia dulcis Thunb. in the Green Belt area surrounding the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.

The spread of the exotic species Hovenia dulcis known as Japanese raisin tree, coming from Asia, detected in a protected area of 465.0 ha surrounding the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil, named "Green Belt." In this context, this research aimed at developing an aerial monitoring system able to identify and quantify the extension in the Green Belt area that this species invaded, as well as describing the impacts caused on the local forest community. We collected data from an ultralight Flyer GT aircraft equipped with a vertical camera. The images were taking in June and July 2015, when H. dulcis trees have shed their leaves, displaying a gray color, and September and October 2015, when the leaves are young and with a light green color. Based on the methodology proposed trough aerial monitoring by photogrammetry, the results indicated that the total invaded area by H. dulcis in the Green Belt of Santa Cruz do Sul County, RS, was 131.8 ha, corresponding to 20.9% of the total area. To validate this method, a quantitative comparison between the result from a terrestrial fieldwork carried out and the proposed method showed no significant differences in the estimated area occupied by H. dulcis. We concluded that these results validate the proposed aerial assessment method.

Assessing the blood meal hosts of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes taeniorhynchus in Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos.

BACKGROUND: Blood meal host selection by mosquito vectors is an important component in understanding disease dynamics of pathogens that threaten endemic fauna in isolated islands such as Galápagos. Research on the feeding behavior of mosquitoes can provide clues to the hosts and vectors involved in disease transmission. This information is particularly critical for endemic wildlife fauna in island systems that have evolved without resistance to novel diseases such as avian malaria. The aims of this study were to determine the blood-feeding patterns of two species of mosquitoes found in Galápagos and discuss how their feeding behavior may influence the transmission of pathogens such as avian malaria. METHODS: In the summer of 2015, we sampled two mosquito species (Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus) across 18 different sites on Isla Santa Cruz, which is the second largest island in Galápagos and has the largest human population. We trapped mosquitoes using CDC light traps and CDC gravid traps and identified sources of blood meals for engorged mosquitoes by sequencing a portion of the vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. RESULTS: Out of 947 female mosquitoes captured, 320 were blood-fed, and PCR amplifications were successful for 301 of the blood meals. Results revealed that both Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus feed from a variety of vertebrate taxa, numerically dominated by humans on Isla Santa Cruz. CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of mammalian blood meals could represent locally available and abundant hosts on Santa Cruz. However, host surveys and estimates of relative abundances of vertebrate species will need to accompany mosquito trapping studies on non-inhabited and inhabited islands in Galápagos to further validate this.

On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina.

The first known Interatheriinae (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata) were described by Florentino Ameghino based on fossils collected by his brother Carlos in diverse Argentinean early Miocene outcrops in the Santa Cruz Province, which are housed at different institutions. In order to perform a systematic study of the subfamily, it is essential to revise as much specimens as possible, but first of all the type material of the species under study. Due to the fact that Florentino Ameghino never referred to any type specimens with a collection number in any of his publications, their identification becomes a complex task. In consequence, when studying the species erected by Ameghino within the genera Interatherium and Icochilus, we identified a lack of correspondence between some materials catalogued as type specimens and the original descriptions. In this contribution, we present the type specimens of 18 out of the 21 Santacrucian species of Interatherium (4) and Icochilus (14) within the paleontological collection of the Museo de La Plata and Ameghino National Collection at the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Four case studies are presented: a) specimens correctly identified; b) materials erroneously catalogued as type specimens; c) specimens catalogued as type, whose status cannot be evaluated because they are lost; and d) specimens not catalogued as types, but herein recognised as such. As the selection of the type species of Icochilus was pending, Ic. extensus is herein designated as such. The lectotypes of Ic. extensus and Ic. multidentatus are selected among their identified syntypes.

Assessing the natural circulation of canine vector-borne pathogens in foxes, ticks and fleas in protected areas of Argentine Patagonia with negligible dog participation.

We collected blood and/or ectoparasites from 49 South American grey foxes (Lycalopex griseus) and two Andean foxes (L. culpaeus) caught in two National Parks of southern Argentine Patagonia (Bosques Petrificados, BPNP; and Monte León, MLNP) where dogs are nearly absent (density < 0.01 dog/km2). Common ectoparasites were the flea Pulex irritans (88% prevalence) and the tick Amblyomma tigrinum (29%). Conventional PCR and sequencing of 49 blood samples, 299 fleas analysed in 78 pools, and 21 ticks revealed the presence of DNA of the following canine vector-borne pathogens: in grey foxes, Rickettsia sp. (3%), hemoplasmas (8%), including Mycoplasma haemocanis, and Hepatozoon sp. (50%); in P. irritans, Bartonella spp. (72% of flea pools from 76% of foxes), mostly B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii but also B. rochalimae, Anaplasmataceae (Wolbachia sp.; 60% and 54%), and M. haemocanis/haemofelis (29% and 18%); and in A. tigrinum, Hepatozoon sp. (33% of ticks in 4 of 7 foxes). No piroplasmid DNA was detected in any sample. Andean foxes were negative for all tested pathogens. Two different Hepatozoon haplotypes were detected: the most prevalent was phylogenetically associated with H. felis, and the other with H. americanum and related sequences. Amblyomma tigrinum and Hepatozoon sp. were more abundant and/or prevalent in BPNP than in colder MLNP, 300 km southwards, perhaps located close to the limit for tick suitability. Bartonella v. berkhoffii was also significantly more prevalent in fleas of foxes in BPNP than in MLNP. This study provides novel information about natural host-pathogen associations in wildlife, markedly extends the distribution area in South America of arthropods and vector-borne pathogens of veterinary and public health interest, and contributes preliminary evidence about the potential role of A. tigrinum and P. irritans as vectors, respectively, for potentially new species of Hepatozoon from Lycalopex spp. and for M. haemocanis that should be further investigated.

HTLV-1/2 prevalence in two Amazonian communities.

INTRODUCTION: The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is aetiologically linked to myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukaemia (ATL) besides other less incident pathologies, while the type 2 has not been definitively linked to any diseases. OBJECTIVES: To determine the HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence in two Brazilian communities in northern Brazil. METHODS: In 2010 and 2015, HTLV-1/2 serological surveys were carried out in the Oiapoque county at the Brazilian border with French Guiana and in Santa Cruz do Arari, Marajó Island. Serum and breast-milk samples from 317 women (pregnant, lactating and non-pregnant non-lactating) resident in the Oiapoque county, together with serum samples from 217 females and 70 males living in Santa Cruz do Arari county, were twice screened by two distinct commercial immunoassay methods for antibodies to HTLV-1/2. Seroreactivity was confirmed by a commercial Western blot technique. Participants were interviewed for data concerning their health, socioeconomic and educational status. RESULTS: None of the Oiapoque women, mostly young and descendants of migrants, had antibodies to HTLV-1/2, despite the high HTLV-1 prevalence in neighbouring French Guiana and Caribbean Islands, while five females and three males living in Santa Cruz do Arari county were HTLV-1 infected as confirmed by Western blot testing. In contrast, the Santa Cruz do Arari community lives in relative isolation and is descended mostly from black African people with high consanguinity. CONCLUSION: Despite the proximity between Oiapoque and Santa Cruz do Arari counties, ethnic, age differences, community isolation and consanguinity may explain the distinct HTLV-1/2 epidemiology in these areas of northern Brazil.

Las representaciones sociales en la crisis de octubre y noviembre de 2019

El presente trabajo busca, a través de las Representaciones Sociales, comprender las razones por las que el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia confrontó una grave crisis política después de las elecciones realizadas el 20 de octubre de 2019. Crisis política que obligó a anular las elecciones, elegir una nueva Corte Nacional Electoral y llamar a nuevas elecciones. El trabajo postula que para entender esta problemática, es necesario revisar las Representaciones Sociales de los grupos que conforman el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, pues estas generan visiones diferentes de país, que podrían estar influyendo en la vida política del mismo.

This work seeks, through the Social Representations, understand the reasons why the Plurinational State of Bolivia faced a serious political crisis after the elections held on October 20, 2019. Political crisis forced the cancel out of the elections, chose new members of his electoral college and called for new elections. The work point out that in order to understand this problem, it is necessary to review the Social Representations of different groups, that make up the Plurinational State of Bolivia; these different visions of the country, may be influencing his political life.

O presente trabalho procura, por meio das Representações Sociais, entender as razões pelas quais o Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia enfrentou uma grave crise política após as eleições realizadas em 20 de outubro de 2019. Crise política que forçou a anulação das eleições, escolhendo um novo Tribunal Nacional Eleitoral e convocar novas eleições. O trabalho postula que, para entender esse problema, é necessário rever as Representações Sociais dos grupos que compõem o Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia, uma vez que geram visões diferentes do país, o que pode estar influenciando sua vida política.

Estrutura trófica da ictiofauna em um reservatório do semiárido brasileiro / Trophic structure of the ichthyofauna in a Brazilian semiarid reservoir

The establishment of the trophic structure of fish provides information on species autoecology and their role in the ecosystem, in addition to supporting conservation and management practices for sustainable use of native species. In the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte there are few studies of the natural diet of fish. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the trophic structure of the fish assemblage of the Santa Cruz reservoir, Apodi, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Fish were collected quarterly (February, May, August and November) in eight points in the reservoir in 2011. After screening, biometric identification and analysis, stomach or intestinal contents were analyzed and food items identified were used for the calculation of the frequency of occurrence and volumetric whose association gives the Alimentary Index (IAi). The highest consumption of a particular item grouped the species into five trophic guilds, and the detritivore/iliophagous, insectivore and carcinophagous the most abundant in the months and collection points, compared to herbivorous and piscivorous. The high abundance of individuals in these guilds can be explained by opportunistic species and the capture facility and intake of resources, since detritus/sediment, insects and shrimp are abundant in the environment studied. Thus, this study provided information about the items that contribute to the diet species, making it possible to infer about the interactions, allowing in the future to understand the complexity of trophic relationships and to assist the management practices and conservation of environment.

O estabelecimento da estrutura trófica de peixes fornece informações sobre a autoecologia das espécies e seu papel no ecossistema, além de subsidiar práticas de conservação e manejo visando o uso sustentável das espécies nativas. Na região semiárida do Rio Grande do Norte existem poucos trabalhos sobre a alimentação natural de peixes. Neste contexto, o presente estudo visou caracterizar a estrutura trófica da assembleia de peixes do reservatório de Santa Cruz, Apodi, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Os peixes foram coletados em oitos pontos, nos meses de fevereiro, maio, agosto e novembro de 2011. Após triagem, identificação e análise biométrica, os conteúdos estomacais ou intestinais foram analisados e, os itens alimentares identificados, utilizados para o cálculo das frequências de ocorrência e volumétrica cuja associação origina o Índice Alimentar (IAi). O maior consumo de um determinado item agrupou as espécies em cinco guildas tróficas, sendo os detritívoros/iliófagos, insetívoros e carcinófagos os mais abundantes entre os meses e pontos de coletas, em relação aos herbívoros e piscívoros. A elevada abundância de indivíduos nessas guildas pode ser explicada pelo caráter oportunista das espécies e, pela facilidade de captura e ingestão dos recursos, uma vez que detrito/sedimento, insetos e camarão são abundantes no ambiente estudado. Assim, o presente estudo forneceu informações sobre os itens que contribuem para as dietas das espécies, o que possibilitará inferir sobre as interações existentes, possibilitando no futuro entender a complexidade das relações tróficas e dar subsídios a práticas de manejo e conservação deste ambiente.

Estrutura trófica da ictiofauna em um reservatório do semiárido brasileiro

ABSTRACT The establishment of the trophic structure of fish provides information on species autoecology and their role in the ecosystem, in addition to supporting conservation and management practices for sustainable use of native species. In the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte there are few studies of the natural diet of fish. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the trophic structure of the fish assemblage of the Santa Cruz reservoir, Apodi, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Fish were collected quarterly (February, May, August and November) in eight points in the reservoir in 2011. After screening, biometric identification and analysis, stomach or intestinal contents were analyzed and food items identified were used for the calculation of the frequency of occurrence and volumetric whose association gives the Alimentary Index (IAi). The highest consumption of a particular item grouped the species into five trophic guilds, and the detritivore/iliophagous, insectivore and carcinophagous the most abundant in the months and collection points, compared to herbivorous and piscivorous. The high abundance of individuals in these guilds can be explained by opportunistic species and the capture facility and intake of resources, since detritus/sediment, insects and shrimp are abundant in the environment studied. Thus, this study provided information about the items that contribute to the diet species, making it possible to infer about the interactions, allowing in the future to understand the complexity of trophic relationships and to assist the management practices and conservation of environment.

RESUMO O estabelecimento da estrutura trófica de peixes fornece informações sobre a autoecologia das espécies e seu papel no ecossistema, além de subsidiar práticas de conservação e manejo visando o uso sustentável das espécies nativas. Na região semiárida do Rio Grande do Norte existem poucos trabalhos sobre a alimentação natural de peixes. Neste contexto, o presente estudo visou caracterizar a estrutura trófica da assembleia de peixes do reservatório de Santa Cruz, Apodi, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Os peixes foram coletados em oitos pontos, nos meses de fevereiro, maio, agosto e novembro de 2011. Após triagem, identificação e análise biométrica, os conteúdos estomacais ou intestinais foram analisados e, os itens alimentares identificados, utilizados para o cálculo das frequências de ocorrência e volumétrica cuja associação origina o Índice Alimentar (IAi). O maior consumo de um determinado item agrupou as espécies em cinco guildas tróficas, sendo os detritívoros/iliófagos, insetívoros e carcinófagos os mais abundantes entre os meses e pontos de coletas, em relação aos herbívoros e piscívoros. A elevada abundância de indivíduos nessas guildas pode ser explicada pelo caráter oportunista das espécies e, pela facilidade de captura e ingestão dos recursos, uma vez que detrito/sedimento, insetos e camarão são abundantes no ambiente estudado. Assim, o presente estudo forneceu informações sobre os itens que contribuem para as dietas das espécies, o que possibilitará inferir sobre as interações existentes, possibilitando no futuro entender a complexidade das relações tróficas e dar subsídios a práticas de manejo e conservação deste ambiente.

Estrutura trófica da ictiofauna em um reservatório do semiárido brasileiro / Trophic structure of the ichthyofauna in a Brazilian semiarid reservoir

The establishment of the trophic structure of fish provides information on species autoecology and their role in the ecosystem, in addition to supporting conservation and management practices for sustainable use of native species. In the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte there are few studies of the natural diet of fish. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the trophic structure of the fish assemblage of the Santa Cruz reservoir, Apodi, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Fish were collected quarterly (February, May, August and November) in eight points in the reservoir in 2011. After screening, biometric identification and analysis, stomach or intestinal contents were analyzed and food items identified were used for the calculation of the frequency of occurrence and volumetric whose association gives the Alimentary Index (IAi). The highest consumption of a particular item grouped the species into five trophic guilds, and the detritivore/iliophagous, insectivore and carcinophagous the most abundant in the months and collection points, compared to herbivorous and piscivorous. The high abundance of individuals in these guilds can be explained by opportunistic species and the capture facility and intake of resources, since detritus/sediment, insects and shrimp are abundant in the environment studied. Thus, this study provided information about the items that contribute to the diet species, making it possible to infer about the interactions, allowing in the future to understand the complexity of trophic relationships and to assist the management practices and conservation of environment.(AU)

O estabelecimento da estrutura trófica de peixes fornece informações sobre a autoecologia das espécies e seu papel no ecossistema, além de subsidiar práticas de conservação e manejo visando o uso sustentável das espécies nativas. Na região semiárida do Rio Grande do Norte existem poucos trabalhos sobre a alimentação natural de peixes. Neste contexto, o presente estudo visou caracterizar a estrutura trófica da assembleia de peixes do reservatório de Santa Cruz, Apodi, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Os peixes foram coletados em oitos pontos, nos meses de fevereiro, maio, agosto e novembro de 2011. Após triagem, identificação e análise biométrica, os conteúdos estomacais ou intestinais foram analisados e, os itens alimentares identificados, utilizados para o cálculo das frequências de ocorrência e volumétrica cuja associação origina o Índice Alimentar (IAi). O maior consumo de um determinado item agrupou as espécies em cinco guildas tróficas, sendo os detritívoros/iliófagos, insetívoros e carcinófagos os mais abundantes entre os meses e pontos de coletas, em relação aos herbívoros e piscívoros. A elevada abundância de indivíduos nessas guildas pode ser explicada pelo caráter oportunista das espécies e, pela facilidade de captura e ingestão dos recursos, uma vez que detrito/sedimento, insetos e camarão são abundantes no ambiente estudado. Assim, o presente estudo forneceu informações sobre os itens que contribuem para as dietas das espécies, o que possibilitará inferir sobre as interações existentes, possibilitando no futuro entender a complexidade das relações tróficas e dar subsídios a práticas de manejo e conservação deste ambiente.(AU)

Diagnóstico da pesca artesanal em um reservatório do semiárido brasileiro / Diagnosis of the artisanal fisheries in a Brazilian semiarid reservoir

The Brazilian Northeast has numerous small and medium reservoirs where the artisanal fisheries is one the main activities performed and with great socioeconomic importance. The objectives of this study were: report, evaluate the composition of catches, yield and productivity, and investigate the relationship of fishery yield with fishing effort and rainfall in Santa Cruz reservoir (RN). The data were obtained from January to December 2012, through monthly questionnaires, filled by 16 fishermen, totalizing 1,344 trips fishing. The number of fishermen in activity ranged from 4 to 12 per month, and density from 0.117 to 0,351 fishermen km2; the number of fishing trips ranged from 65 to 175 per month and the mean per month ranged from 12.4 to 22.8 trips per fishermen. The fishery yield was 10,335.07 kg, the productivity was 3.03 kg ha-1 year-1 and mean Catch-per-uniteffort (CPUE) of 7.45 kg fishermen-1 day-1 and the peacock cichlid (6,142.40 kg) was the main fish caught. Cluster analysis indicated differences in the composition of fishing through the year. The fishery yield was correlated with fishing effort; however there was no correlation with rainfall. The reservoir showed low fishery yield and fishing was sustained for introduced species.

O Nordeste brasileiro possui inúmeros reservatórios pequenos e médios, onde a pesca artesanal é uma das principais atividades exercidas e com grande importância socioeconômica. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: descrever a pesca artesanal, avaliar a composição da captura, rendimento e produtividade dos recursos pesqueiros, e a possível existência de relação entre esforço de pesca e pluviosidade com a produção da pesca artesanal no reservatório de Santa Cruz (RN). Os dados foram obtidos de janeiro a dezembro de 2012, por meio de questionários preenchidos por 16 pescadores, totalizando 1.344 viagens pesqueiras. O número de pescadores em atividade por mês variou entre 4 e 12, com densidade entre 0,117 a 0,351 pescadores km2; o número de viagens pesqueiras variou entre 65 e 175 por mês, com média entre 12,4 e 22,8 viagens por pescador por mês. A produção pesqueira anual foi de 10.337,05 kg, com produtividade de 3,03 kg ha-1 ano-1 e captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) média de 7,45 kg pescador-1 dia-1, sendo o tucunaré (6.142,40 kg) o principal pescado. A análise de cluster indicou diferenças na composição da pesca ao longo do ano. A produção pesqueira apresentou correlação com o esforço de pesca, porem não houve correlação com a pluviosidade. O reservatório apresentou baixa produção pesqueira, sendo sustentada por espécies introduzidas.