Maternal depressive symptom trajectories and associations with child feeding.

BACKGROUND: Responsive feeding, when caregivers attend to children's signals of hunger and satiation and respond in an emotionally supportive and developmentally appropriate way, is associated with the development of healthy eating behaviors, improved diet quality, and healthy weight status for children. However, gaps in the literature remain on how factors, such as maternal depressive symptoms and child temperament, influence feeding interactions. METHODS: This longitudinal secondary data analysis explored the association between maternal depressive symptom trajectory and child temperament with maternal feeding practices in women with obesity who participated in a prenatal lifestyle intervention trial. Mothers self-reported depressive symptoms at baseline, 35 weeks gestation, and 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum. At 18- and 24-months postpartum, mothers completed self-reported assessments of feeding practices and child temperament and completed in-home video-recorded meals with their child, coded using the Responsiveness to Child Feeding Cues Scale. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms and generalized regressions to assess the association between symptom trajectory group and feeding. We also explored interactions between depressive symptoms and child temperament. RESULTS: Three distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: No-Minimal and Decreasing, Mild-Moderate and Stable, and Moderate-Severe and Stable. At 18-months, when compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Moderate-Severe and Stable group was associated with higher observed responsiveness to child satiation cues ([Formula: see text] =2.3, 95%CI = 0.2, 4.4) and lower self-reported pressure to eat ([Formula: see text]=-0.4, 95%CI= -0.7, 0.0). When compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Mild-Moderate and Stable group was associated with higher self-reported restriction ([Formula: see text] =0.4, 95%CI = 0.0,0.7). The associations between trajectory group membership and feeding practices did not reach statistical significance at 24 months. Associations between depressive symptoms and restriction were moderated by child effortful control at 18 months [Formula: see text]) and surgency at 24 months [Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION: A Moderate-Severe and Stable depressive symptom trajectory was associated with more responsive feeding practices and a Mild-Moderate and Stable trajectory was associated with higher restrictive feeding. Preliminary evidence suggests that depressive symptoms impact mothers' ability to match their use of restriction to the temperamental needs of their child.

Fluid transitions.

Water is critical for survival and thirst is a powerful way of ensuring that fluid levels remain in balance. Overconsumption, however, can have deleterious effects, therefore optimization requires a need to balance the drive for water with the satiation of that water drive. This review will highlight our current understanding of how thirst is both generated and quenched, with particular focus on the roles of angiotensin II, glucagon like-peptide 1, and estradiol in turning on and off the thirst drive. Our understanding of the roles these bioregulators play has benefited from modern behavioral analyses, which have improved the time resolution of intake measures, allowing for attention to the details of the patterns within a bout of intake. This has led to behavioral interpretation in ways that are helpful in understanding the many controls of water intake and has expanded our understanding beyond the dichotomy that something which increases water intake is simply a "stimulator" while something that decreases water intake is simply a "satiety" factor. Synthesizing the available information, we describe a framework in which thirst is driven directly by perturbations in fluid intake and indirectly modified by several bioregulators. This allows us to better highlight areas that are in need of additional attention to form a more comprehensive understanding of how the system transitions between states of thirst and satiety.

Beyond words: Semantic satiation and the mental accessibility of the concept of suicide.

Disrupting the accessibility of the mental representation of suicide may be a possible pathway to a strategy for suicide prevention. Our study aims to theoretically evaluate this perspective by examining the impact of temporarily disrupting the concept of suicide on perceptions of suicide. Using a within-subject design, we tested the effects of semantic satiation targeting the word "suicide" on the perceptual judgment of suicide-relevant pictures in 104 young adults. On each trial, participants repeated aloud one of the three words (i.e., "accident," "murder," or "suicide") either three times (priming) or 30 times (satiation) and indicated whether a subsequent picture matched with the word. Results indicated that satiation of the word "suicide" slowed the accurate categorization of pictures related to all three words, and satiation of "murder" and "accident" delayed participants' judgment of suicide-relevant pictures. Our findings support that semantic satiation can render the suicide concept temporarily less accessible, thereby providing preliminary support for the strategy of concept disruption in suicide prevention.

Not feeling the heat? Effects of dietary protein on satiation and satiety in mice are not due to its impact on body temperature.

Dietary protein modulates food intake (FI) via unclear mechanism(s). One possibility is that higher protein leads to greater post-ingestive heat production (Specific dynamic action: SDA) leading to earlier meal termination (increased satiation), and inhibition of further intake (increased satiety). The influence of dietary protein on feeding behaviour in C57BL/6J mice was tested using an automated FI monitoring system (BioDAQ), simultaneous to body temperature (Tb). Total FI, inter meal intervals (IMI, satiety) and meal size (MS, satiation) were related to changes in Tb after consuming low (5%, LP), moderate (15%, MP) and high (30%, HP) protein diets. Diets were tested over three conditions: 1) room temperature (RT, 21 ± 1 °C), 2) room temperature and running wheels (RTRW) and 3) low temperature (10 °C) and running wheels (LTRW). The differences between diets and conditions were also compared using mixed models. Mice housed at RT fed HP diet, reduced total FI compared with LP and MP due to earlier meal termination (satiation effect). FI was lowered in RTRW conditions with no differences between diets. FI significantly increased under LTRW conditions for all diets, with protein content leading to earlier meal termination (satiation) but not the intervals between feeding bouts (satiety). Tb fell immediately after feeding in all conditions. Despite a reduction in total FI in mice fed HP, mediated via increased satiation, this effect was not linked to increased Tb during meals. We conclude effects of dietary protein on intake are not mediated via SDA and Tb.

Oxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus activate widespread brain regions predominantly involved in fluid satiation.

Fluid satiation is an important signal and aspect of body fluid homeostasis. Oxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons (OxtrPBN) in the dorsolateral subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (dl LPBN) are key neurons which regulate fluid satiation. In the present study, we investigated brain regions activated by stimulation of OxtrPBN neurons in order to better characterise the fluid satiation neurocircuitry in mice. Chemogenetic activation of OxtrPBN neurons increased Fos expression (a proxy marker for neuronal activation) in known fluid-regulating brain nuclei, as well as other regions that have unclear links to fluid regulation and which are likely involved in regulating other functions such as arousal and stress relief. In addition, we analysed and compared Fos expression patterns between chemogenetically-activated fluid satiation and physiological-induced fluid satiation. Both models of fluid satiation activated similar brain regions, suggesting that the chemogenetic model of stimulating OxtrPBN neurons is a relevant model of physiological fluid satiation. A deeper understanding of this neural circuit may lead to novel molecular targets and creation of therapeutic agents to treat fluid-related disorders.

Metabolic Effects of Selected Conventional and Alternative Sweeteners: A Narrative Review.

Sugar consumption is known to be associated with a whole range of adverse health effects, including overweight status and type II diabetes mellitus. In 2015, the World Health Organization issued a guideline recommending the reduction of sugar intake. In this context, alternative sweeteners have gained interest as sugar substitutes to achieve this goal without loss of the sweet taste. This review aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature and establish a reference tool for selected conventional sweeteners (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and alternative sweeteners (sucralose, xylitol, erythritol, and D-allulose), specifically focusing on their important metabolic effects. The results show that alternative sweeteners constitute a diverse group, and each substance exhibits one or more metabolic effects. Therefore, no sweetener can be considered to be inert. Additionally, xylitol, erythritol, and D-allulose seem promising as alternative sweeteners due to favorable metabolic outcomes. These alternative sweeteners replicate the benefits of sugars (e.g., sweetness and gastrointestinal hormone release) while circumventing the detrimental effects of these substances on human health.

Chronic pramlintide decreases feeding via a reduction in meal size in male rats.

Amylin, a pancreatic hormone, is well-established to suppress feeding by enhancing satiation. Pramlintide, an amylin analog that is FDA-approved for the treatment of diabetes, has also been shown to produce hypophagia. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying the ability of pramlintide to suppress feeding are unresolved. We hypothesized that systemic pramlintide administration in rats would reduce energy intake, specifically by reducing meal size. Male rats were given b.i.d. administration of intraperitoneal pramlintide or vehicle for 1 week, and chow intake, meal patterns, and body weight were monitored throughout the test period. Consistent with our hypothesis, pramlintide decreased chow intake mainly via suppression of meal size, with corresponding reductions in meal duration on several days. Fewer effects on meal number or feeding rate were detected. Pramlintide also reduced weight gain over the 1-week study. These results highlight that the behavioral mechanisms by which pramlintide produces hypophagia are similar to those driven by amylin itself, and provide important insight into the ability of this pharmacotherapy to promote negative energy balance over a period of chronic administration.

The estrogenic reduction in water intake stimulated by dehydration involves estrogen receptor alpha and a potential role for GLP-1.

It is well documented that estrogens inhibit fluid intake. Most of this research, however, has focused on fluid intake in response to dipsogenic hormone and/or drug treatments in euhydrated rats. Additional research is needed to fully characterize the fluid intake effects of estradiol in response to true hypovolemia. As such, the goals of this series of experiments were to provide a detailed analysis of water intake in response to water deprivation in ovariectomized female rats treated with estradiol. In addition, these experiments also tested if activation of estrogen receptor alpha is sufficient to reduce water intake stimulated by water deprivation and tested for a role of glucagon like peptide-1 in the estrogenic control of water intake. As expected, estradiol reduced water intake in response to 24 and 48 h of water deprivation. The reduction in water intake was associated with a reduction in drinking burst number, with no change in drinking burst size. Pharmacological activation of estrogen receptor alpha reduced intake. Finally, estradiol-treatment caused a leftward shift in the behavioral dose response curve of exendin-4, the glucagon like peptide-1 agonist. While the highest dose of exendin-4 reduced 10 min intake in both oil and estradiol-treated rats, the intermediate dose only reduced intake in rats treated with estradiol. Together, this series of experiments extends previous research by providing a more thorough behavioral analysis of the anti-dipsogenic effect of estradiol in dehydrated rats, in addition to identifying the glucagon like peptide-1 system as a potential bioregulator involved in the underlying mechanisms by which estradiol reduces water intake in the female rat.

Masting, fire-stimulated flowering, and the evolutionary ecology of synchronized reproduction.

Synchronized episodic reproduction among long-lived plants shapes ecological interactions, ecosystem dynamics, and evolutionary processes worldwide. Two active scientific fields investigate the causes and consequences of such synchronized reproduction: the fields of masting and fire-stimulated flowering. While parallels between masting and fire-stimulated flowering have been previously noted, there has been little dialogue between these historically independent fields. We predict that the synthesis of these fields will facilitate new insight into the causes and consequences of synchronized reproduction. Here we briefly review parallels between masting and fire-stimulated flowering, using two case studies and a database of 1870 plant species to facilitate methodological, conceptual, geographical, taxonomic, and phylogenetic comparisons. We identify avenues for future research and describe three key opportunities associated with synthesis. First, the taxonomic and geographic complementarity of empirical studies from these historically independent fields highlights the potential to derive more general inferences about global patterns and consequences of synchronized reproduction in perennial plants. Second, masting's well developed conceptual framework for evaluating adaptive hypotheses can help guide empirical studies of fire-stimulated species and enable stronger inferences about the evolutionary ecology of fire-stimulated flowering. Third, experimental manipulation of reproductive variation in fire-stimulated species presents unique opportunities to empirically investigate foundational questions about ecological and evolutionary processes underlying synchronized reproduction. Synthesis of these fields and their complementary insights offers a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of synchronized reproduction in perennial plants.

Reasons for meal termination, eating frequency, and typical meal context differ between persons with and without a spinal cord injury.

Overeating associated with neurogenic obesity after spinal cord injury (SCI) may be related to how persons with SCI experience satiation (processes leading to meal termination), their eating frequency, and the context in which they eat their meals. In an online, cross-sectional study, adults with (n = 688) and without (Controls; n = 420) SCI completed the Reasons Individuals Stop Eating Questionnaire-15 (RISE-Q-15), which measures individual differences in the experience of factors contributing to meal termination on five scales: Physical Satisfaction, Planned Amount, Decreased Food Appeal, Self-Consciousness, and Decreased Priority of Eating. Participants also reported weekly meal and snack frequency and who prepares, serves, and eats dinner with them at a typical dinner meal. Analysis revealed that while Physical Satisfaction, Planned Amount, and Decreased Food Appeal were reported as the most frequent drivers of meal termination in both groups, scores for the RISE-Q-15 scales differed across the groups. Compared to Controls, persons with SCI reported Physical Satisfaction and Planned Amount as drivers of meal termination less frequently, and Decreased Food Appeal and Decreased Priority of Eating more frequently (all p < 0.001). This suggests that persons with SCI rely less on physiological satiation cues for meal termination than Controls and instead rely more on hedonic cues. Compared to Controls, persons with SCI less frequently reported preparing and serving dinner meals and less frequently reported eating alone (all p < 0.001), indicating differences in meal contexts between groups. Individuals with SCI reported consuming fewer meals than Controls but reported a higher overall eating frequency due to increased snacking (p ≤ 0.015). A decrease in the experience of physical fullness, along with a dependence on a communal meal context and frequent snacking, likely contribute to overeating associated with neurogenic obesity after SCI.

Meat- and plant-based products induced similar satiation which was not affected by multimodal augmentation.

Little is known about how plant-based products influence satiation compared to corresponding meat-based products. As augmented reality (AR) intensifies sensory experiences, it was hypothesized to improve satiation. This study compared satiation between intake of meatballs and plant-based balls and plant-based balls intensified with AR for visual, olfactory, and haptic sensory properties. Intake order of the meatballs, plant-based balls, and augmented plant-based balls, eaten on separate days, was randomized. Satiation was measured from twenty-eight non-obese adults as ad libitum intake of the balls and extra snacks, and as subjective appetite sensations. Liking and wanting to eat the products were also investigated. There were no differences between the products in satiation. Before tasting the augmented plant-based balls were less liked than the meatballs (p = 0.002) or plant-based balls (p = 0.046), but after eating the first ball or eating the ad libitum number of balls the differences in liking disappeared. Wanting evaluations were similar for each product and decreased during eating (p < 0.001). A group of participants susceptible to AR was found (n = 11), described by decreased intake when augmentation was applied. Among the sub-group, wanting to eat the augmented balls was lower before tasting (p = 0.019) and after eating the first ball (p = 0.002) and appetite was less suppressed after eating the balls ad libitum (p = 0.01), when compared to non-susceptible participants. We conclude that meatballs and plant-based balls were equal in inducing satiation, and multisensory augmentation did not influence satiation. However, the augmentation decreased liking evaluations before tasting. Further studies are needed to explore differences between consumer groups in susceptibility to augmentation.

Changes in Growth and Feeding Characteristics during Early Ontogenesis in Threadsail Filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the growth and feeding characteristics of threadsail filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer, during early ontogenesis. METHODS: The growth indices of hatchlings fed compound feed were measured from 0 to 50 days post hatching (dph). The absorption time of the yolk sac and oil globule, as well as the rate of first feeding were measured to characterise the early growth stage and determine the point-of-no-return (PNR). Feeding characteristics and rhythms were investigated under a light/dark cycle and under continuous light. RESULTS: Growth indices increased significantly at 24, 28, 30, 40, 45, and 50 dph. The yolk sac and oil globules were completely absorbed before 4 dph, indicative of a short mixed-nutrition period at 3-4 dph. Under starvation conditions, the first feeding rate was highest (86%) at 0.5 dph and then decreased to 53.3% at 1.5 dph and 26.2% at 2 dph, suggesting that the PNR occurs at 1.5-2 dph. The feeding peak appeared at 15:00-18:00 and under light conditions, while the feeding trough appeared at 0:00-3:00. CONCLUSIONS: Compound feed supplied adequate nutrition for early growth and development. The peaks and troughs of feeding times were indicative of daytime feeding behaviour. These results provide guidance for successful rearing of filefish seedlings and juveniles.

Chronic nicotine exposure influences learning and memory in the honey bee.

In insects, nicotine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are expressed throughout the central nervous system. However, little work has been done to investigate the effects of chronic nicotine treatment on learning or other behaviors in non-herbivorous insects. To examine the effects of long term nicotine consumption on learning and memory, honey bees were fed nicotine containing solutions over four days. Bees were able to detect nicotine at 0.1 mM in sucrose solutions, and in a no choice assay, bees reduced food intake when nicotine was 1 mM or higher. Treatment with a low dose of nicotine decreased the proportion of bees able to form an associative memory when bees were conditioned with either a massed or spaced appetitive olfactory training paradigm. On the other hand, higher doses of nicotine increased memory retention and the proportion of bees responding to the odor during 10 min and 24 h recall tests. The reduction in nicotine containing food consumed may also impact response levels during learning and recall tests. These data suggest that long term exposure to nicotine has complex effects on learning and memory.

A preliminary evaluation of habituation and dishabituation of operant responding in mice.

Previous research has suggested that operant response decrements within experimental sessions are due in part to habituation to the repeated presentation of reinforcers. One way to assess the role of habituation in within-session response decrements is to conduct a test for dishabituation, a phenomenon in which a habituated response to a given stimulus recovers following the presentation of some strong or novel stimulus other than the habituated stimulus. Dishabituation of operant responding has been demonstrated on several occasions in the literature, but studies with non-human subjects have thus far been limited to those using rats and pigeons. Two experiments attempting to replicate these findings with mice were conducted. Two groups of mice nose-poked for a sweetened condensed milk/water reinforcer on either a fixed-ratio 4 or variable-interval 15 s schedule of reinforcement. During testing, baseline sessions were then alternated with two test conditions and a control condition. Test conditions included a 5 s auditory stimulus or flashing of the house light presented mid-session. Control conditions were identical to baseline. Dishabituation was not observed for either group in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, dishabituation was not observed for the fixed-ratio 4 group but was observed for the variable interval 15 s group. Considerations for further study of operant dishabituation in mice are discussed.

Slc12a2 loss in insulin-secreting ß-cells links development of overweight and metabolic dysregulation to impaired satiation control of feeding.

Male mice lacking the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter Slc12a2 (Nkcc1) specifically in insulin-secreting ß-cells (Slc12a2ßKO) have reduced ß-cell mass and mild ß-cell secretory dysfunction associated with overweight, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and metabolic abnormalities. Here, we confirmed and extended previous results to female Slc12a2ßKO mice, which developed a similar metabolic syndrome-like phenotype as males, albeit milder. Notably, male and female Slc12a2ßKO mice developed overweight without consuming excess calories. Analysis of the feeding microstructure revealed that young lean Slc12a2ßKO male mice ate meals of higher caloric content and at a relatively lower frequency than normal mice, particularly during the night. In addition, overweight Slc12a2ßKO mice consumed significantly larger meals than lean mice. Therefore, the reduced satiation control of feeding precedes the onset of overweight and is worsened in older Slc12a2ßKO mice. However, the time spent between meals remained intact in lean and overweight Slc12a2ßKO mice, indicating conserved satiety responses to ad libitum feeding. Nevertheless, satiety was intensified during and after refeeding only in overweight males. In lean females, satiety responses to refeeding were delayed relative to age- and body weight-matched control mice but normalized in overweight mice. Since meal size did not change during refeeding, these data suggested that the satiety control of eating after fasting is impaired in lean Slc12a2ßKO mice before the onset of overweight and independently of their reduced satiation responses. Therefore, our results support the novel hypothesis that reduced satiation precedes the onset of overweight and the development of metabolic dysregulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obesity, defined as excess fat accumulation, increases the absolute risk for metabolic diseases. Although obesity is usually attributed to increased food intake, we demonstrate that body weight gain can be hastened without consuming excess calories. In fact, impaired meal termination control, i.e., satiation, is detectable before the development of overweight in an animal model that develops a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype.

Feeding signals inhibit fluid-satiation signals in the mouse lateral parabrachial nucleus to increase intake of highly palatable, caloric solutions.

Chemogenetic activation of oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (OxtrPBN neurons) acts as a satiation signal for water. In this research, we investigated the effect of activating OxtrPBN neurons on satiation for different types of fluids. Chemogenetic activation of OxtrPBN neurons in male and female transgenic OxtrCre mice robustly suppressed the rapid, initial (15-min) intake of several solutions after dehydration: water, sucrose, ethanol and saccharin, but only slightly decreased intake of Ensure®, a highly caloric solution (1 kcal/mL; containing 3.72 g protein, 3.27 g fat, 13.42 g carbohydrates, and 1.01 g dietary fibre per 100 mL). OxtrPBN neuron activation also suppressed cumulative, longer-term (2-h) intake of lower caloric, less palatable solutions, but not highly caloric, palatable solutions. These results suggest that OxtrPBN neurons predominantly control initial fluid-satiation responses after rehydration, but not longer-term intake of highly caloric, palatable solutions. The suppression of fluid intake was not because of anxiogenesis, but because OxtrPBN neuron activation decreased anxiety-like behaviour. To investigate the role of different PBN subdivisions on the intake of different solutions, we examined FOS as a proxy marker of PBN neuron activation. Different PBN subdivisions were activated by different solutions: the dorsolateral PBN similarly by all fluids; the external lateral PBN by caloric but not non-caloric solutions; and the central lateral PBN primarily by highly palatable solutions, suggesting PBN subdivisions regulate different aspects of fluid intake. To explore the possible mechanisms underlying the minimal suppression of Ensure® after OxtrPBN neuron activation, we demonstrated in in vitro slice recordings that the feeding-associated agouti-related peptide (AgRP) inhibited OxtrPBN neuron firing in a concentration-related manner, suggesting possible inhibition by feeding-related neurocircuitry of fluid satiation neurocircuitry. Overall, this research suggests that although palatable beverages like sucrose- and ethanol-containing beverages activate fluid satiation signals encoded by OxtrPBN neurons, these neurons can be inhibited by hunger-related signals (agouti-related peptide, AgRP), which may explain why these fluids are often consumed in excess of what is required for fluid satiation.

Exploring the precision redox map during fasting-refeeding and satiation in C. elegans.

Fasting is a popular dietary strategy because it grants numerous advantages, and redox regulation is one mechanism involved. However, the precise redox changes with respect to the redox species, organelles and tissues remain unclear, which hinders the understanding of the metabolic mechanism, and exploring the precision redox map under various dietary statuses is of great significance. Twelve redox-sensitive C. elegans strains stably expressing genetically encoded redox fluorescent probes (Hyperion sensing H2O2 and Grx1-roGFP2 sensing GSH/GSSG) in three organelles (cytoplasm, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)) were constructed in two tissues (body wall muscle and neurons) and were confirmed to respond to redox challenge. The H2O2 and GSSG/GSH redox changes in two tissues and three organelles were obtained by confocal microscopy during fasting, refeeding, and satiation. We found that under fasting condition, H2O2 decreased in most compartments, except for an increase in mitochondria, while GSSG/GSH increased in the cytoplasm of body muscle and the ER of neurons. After refeeding, the redox changes in H2O2 and GSSG/GSH caused by fasting were reversed in most organelles of the body wall muscle and neurons. In the satiated state, H2O2 increased markedly in the cytoplasm, mitochondria and ER of muscle and the ER of neurons, while GSSG/GSH exhibited no change in most organelles of the two tissues except for an increase in the ER of muscle. Our study systematically and precisely presents the redox characteristics under different dietary states in living animals and provides a basis for further investigating the redox mechanism in metabolism and optimizing dietary guidance.

Longitudinal patterns of breastfeeding and its association with adiposity and subjective indicators of satiety/appetite in the first 2 years of life.

Evidence about the association between breastfeeding and its duration with growth, appetite and satiety indicators, and adiposity in low and middle-income countries facing nutritional transition is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between longitudinal patterns of breastfeeding (exclusive [EBF] and continued [CBF]) with adiposity and growth, and the mediating role of appetite and satiety indicators in these associations in Mexican children during the first 2 years of life. Information from 378 mother-child pairs from the MAS-Lactancia birth cohort was analysed. Information was collected at birth and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 of life. Duration of EBF and CBF was computed. Linear mixed models were used to assess the association of EBF and CBF with growth and adiposity. Path analysis was used for mediation analysis. Compared with the reference group (EBF duration <1 month), males with >3 to ≤6 months of EBF had less abdominal circumference (ß = -0.66, p = 0.05), Z-score weight-for-length (ß = -0.17, p = 0.19) and length-for-age (ß = -0.49, p < 0.01). Participants without CBF beyond 6 months had higher BMI Z-score (ß = 0.19, p < 0.01), abdominal circumference (ß = 0.62, p < 0.01) and skinfold sum (ß = 0.80, p = 0.09), and o difference in length-for-age. For EBF, mediation was confirmed for satiety responsiveness on the association with BMI Z-Score, for food fussiness for the association with abdominal circumference and length-for-age Z-score, and enjoyment of food on the association with length-for-age Z-score. For CBF, mediation was confirmed for food fussiness in the association with length-for-age. This study suggests that a longer exposure to EBF and CBF is associated with lower adiposity in children under 2 years of age, and that this association could be partially mediated by appetite and satiety indicators.

Preliminary data that psychological treatment and baseline anxiety are associated with a decrease in postprandial fullness and early satiation for individuals with bulimia nervosa and related other specified feeding or eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly postprandial fullness, are frequently reported in eating disorders. Limited data exist evaluating how these symptoms change in response to outpatient psychological treatment. The current study sought to describe the course of postprandial fullness and early satiation across psychological treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa and related other specified feeding or eating disorders and to test if anxiety moderates treatment response. METHODS: Secondary data analysis was conducted on questionnaire data provided by 30 individuals (80% white, M(SD)age = 31.43(13.44) years; 90% female) throughout treatment and six-month follow-up in a pilot trial comparing mindfulness and acceptance-based treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa. Participants completed items from the Rome IV Diagnostic Questionnaire for Adult Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: Postprandial fullness and early satiation both significantly decreased over time (ds = 1.23-1.54; p's < .001). Baseline trait anxiety moderated this outcome, such that greater decreases were observed for those with higher baseline anxiety (p = .02). DISCUSSION: Results extend prior work in inpatient samples by providing preliminary data that postprandial fullness and early satiation decrease with outpatient psychological treatment for bulimia nervosa. Baseline anxiety moderated this effect for postprandial fullness. Future work should replicate findings in a larger sample and test anxiety as a mechanism underlying postprandial fullness in eating disorders. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: The current study found that common gastrointestinal symptoms (postprandial fullness and early satiation) decrease over the course of outpatient psychotherapy for adults with full and subthreshold bulimia nervosa. Postprandial fullness decreased more across time for those high in anxiety.

Semantic satiation of emotional words impedes facial expression processing in two stages.

To explore the mechanism of emotional words semantic satiation effect on facial expression processing, participants were asked to judge the facial expression (happiness or sadness) after an emotional word ((cry) or (smile)) or a neutral word ((Ah), baseline condition) was presented for 20 s. The results revealed that participants were slower in judging valence-congruent facial expressions and reported a more enlarged (Experiment 1) and prolonged (Experiment 2) N170 component than the baseline condition. No significant difference in behavior and N170 appeared between the valence-incongruent and the baseline condition. However, the amplitude of LPC (Late Positive Complex) under both valence-congruent/incongruent conditions was smaller than the baseline condition. It indicates that, in the early stage, the impeding effect of satiated emotional words is specifically constrained to facial expressions with the same emotional valence; in the late stage, such an impeding effect might spread to facial expressions with the opposite valence of the satiated emotional word.