[Current issues related to education in the five core disciplines of public health at the school of public health in a private university].

Objectives　In Japan, schools of public health (SPH) have engaged in professional education focusing on five core disciplines: epidemiology, biostatistics, social and behavioral science, health policy and management, and occupational and environmental health. However, empirical information is lacking regarding the current state of this education and its associated challenges in Japan. In this article, we showcase this issue, using the master of public health (MPH) course at Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health (Teikyo SPH) as an example.Methods　We summarized the current objectives and classes required to complete the MPH course at Teikyo SPH, using the course guideline published in 2022. Current issues and possible future directions in the course were summarized based on the opinions of Teikyo SPH faculty members.Results　For epidemiology, lectures and exercises were designed to focus on how to formulating public health issues, collecting and evaluating data, and causal inference. Issues related to the design included ensuring that students had the necessary skills to apply epidemiology to emerging issues, and catching the course up with evolving techniques. For biostatistics, lectures and exercise classes focused on understanding data and statistics, as well as performing analyses. Issues included the understanding of theories, setting the course level, and a lack of appropriate education materials for emerging analytical methods. For social and behavioral science, lectures and exercise classes focused on understanding human behaviors and actions for problem solving. Issues included learning various behavioral theories in a limited timeframe, the gap between the lectures and various needs, and nurturing professionals who had the skills to perform in practical settings. For health policy and management, lectures, exercise classes, and practical training classes focused on identifying and solving problems in the community and around the world, and on integrating the disparate viewpoints of health economics and policy. Issues included few alumni who actually found work globally, a lack of students working in local or central administrations, and insufficient perspectives on rational/economic thinking and macro-economic transitions. For occupational and environmental health, lectures, exercise classes, and practical training classes focused on learning the occupational and environmental impacts of public health issues, and their countermeasures. Challenges included enriching the topics with regard to advanced technologies, environmental health, and socially vulnerable populations.Conclusion　Through these reflections on MPH education at Teikyo SPH, the following recommendations are considered essential in order to prepare improvements to the program: reorganizing the curriculum to meet the needs of the day, accepting students with various backgrounds, addressing the increasing knowledge and skills that need to be acquired by the students, and enhancing the powers of professors to implement changes.

As escolas de saúde do SUS: razões de ser e contribuições / Health schools of SUS: reasons of existence and contributions

Resumo Neste artigo procura-se conhecer a percepção dos secretários estaduais de saúde, de seus docentes e dirigentes sobre as contribuições das escolas estaduais de saúde pública para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Sendo uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, foram entrevistados os secretários estaduais de saúde, além dos dirigentes e docentes dessas escolas. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi analisado à luz do referencial de Bardin. Foram ressaltadas as contribuições das escolas para o SUS, demonstrando o papel estratégico que elas desempenham, destacando-se a provisão de profissionais formados nessas escolas e que ocupam cargos de gestão do SUS; o apoio técnico ofertado aos municípios e o reconhecimento dos trabalhadores pelo trabalho desenvolvido por essas escolas. No entanto, é necessário observar que essas instituições enfrentam dificuldades, em especial a insuficiência de recursos financeiros e humanos. As escolas são estratégicas para o SUS, sendo instrumentos fundamentais para manter a política de educação permanente em saúde e para qualificar a força de trabalho em saúde. As dificuldades relatadas indicam a necessidade de priorizar de fato as políticas de educação permanente e de qualificação profissional voltadas para o trabalhador da saúde.

Abstract This article seeks to know the perception of state health secretaries, their professors, and their directors on the contributions of state schools of Public Health to the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Being a qualitative research, the state health secretaries were interviewed, as well as the directors and professors of these schools. The content of the interviews was analyzed in the light of Bardin's framework. The contributions of the schools to SUS were highlighted, showing the strategic role they play, emphasizing the provision of professionals trained in these schools and who occupy management positions in the SUS; the technical support offered to municipalities; and the recognition of workers for the work developed by these schools. However, one must note that these institutions face difficulties, especially insufficient financial and human resources. Schools are strategic for SUS, being fundamental instruments to maintain the policy of permanent health education and to qualify the health workforce. The difficulties reported indicate the need to prioritize policies of permanent education and professional qualification aimed at health workers.

The impact of partner autonomy constraints on women's health-seeking across the maternal and newborn continuum of care.

Background: Gendered health inequities impede women's reproductive autonomy over the life course. Pregnancy is a critical time point for assessing inequities and partners are integral actors in the achievement or impediment of women's and children's health during this time. Methods: Among a nationally representative cohort of Ethiopian women 5-9 weeks postpartum with data collected from October 2019-September 2020, this study aimed to 1) understand the prevalence and interplay of partner-related autonomy constraints (intimate partner violence (IPV), reproductive coercion (RC), lack of encouragement from seeking antenatal care (ANC), and lack of encouragement from seeking postnatal care (PNC), and 2) examine the impact of autonomy constraints on the maternal and newborn health (MNH) continuum of care. Findings: Sixty percent of women experienced a partner-related autonomy constraint prior to or during pregnancy. Approximately 20% of women were not encouraged to seek antenatal care and postpartum care, respectively, whereas fewer women experienced IPV during pregnancy (12.3%) and RC (11.0%). Less than one in five women completed the MNH continuum of care. Lack of encouragement of ANC and PNC were associated with decreased care-seeking at every point across the MNH continuum of care. Lack of encouragement of ANC (aOR = 0.45; p = 0.05) and of PNC (aOR = 0.16; p < 0.001) were associated with reductions in completing the continuum. Interpretation: Partner engagement, interventions, and messaging are critical to enhance MNH care-seeking behaviors. Funding: This work was supported, in whole, by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [INV 009466]. Under the grant conditions of the Foundation, a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission.

A Escola Estadual de Saúde Pública no contexto do Programa Mais Médicos pelo Brasil: base pedagógica institucional do SUS-BA / The Bahia School of Public Health within the Mais Médicos Program: institutional pedagogical basis of SUS / La Escola Estadual de Saúde Pública en el Programa Más Médicos para Brasil: base pedagógica institucional del SUS-BA

Este relato tem como objetivo destacar a experiência da Escola de Saúde Pública da Bahia (ESPBA) diante das demandas de acompanhamento, monitoramento e formulação de estratégias político-pedagógicas de formação de profissionais no âmbito do Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil (PMMB), nos primeiros anos do programa no SUS-BA. São apresentadas as ações realizadas pela escola, que, a partir da instituição da comissão estadual do programa, passa a atuar em cooperação com os entes federativos, instituições de ensino e organismos internacionais. Como principais resultados desse processo, destacam-se: credenciamento dos supervisores, monitoramento e acompanhamento das atividades realizadas pelos médicos participantes, supervisores e tutores acadêmicos; oferta dos módulos de acolhimento; realização do curso para formação dos tutores; contribuição para a realização e programação das oficinas locorregionais; construção de um espaço virtual para acompanhamento pedagógico; acompanhamento da avaliação aos médicos intercambistas e realização do apoio técnico-pedagógico às atividades presenciais do curso de especialização a distância. Ressalta-se, assim, o papel importante de uma escola do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no seu perfil de ensino, investigação, capacidade de articulação inter e intrainstitucional, bem como de estrutura capaz de sustentar o projeto político-cultural da reforma sanitária. Para isso, foi fundamental a experimentação do cotidiano de trabalho enquanto princípio educativo.

This paper reports on the experience of the Bahia School of Public Health (ESPBA) regarding the demands for monitoring, follow-up and formulation of political-pedagogical strategies for professional training within the More Doctors for Brazil Program (PMM), in its first years in the Unified Health System (SUS). It presents the actions taken by the school, which, after establishing a state commission for the program, began to work in cooperation with federal entities, educational institutions and international organizations. The main results of this process are: accreditation of supervisors; monitoring and follow-up of activities carried out by participating physicians, supervisors, and academic tutors; offer of user embracement modules; courses for tutor training; contribution to the implementation and programming of local and regional workshops; construction of a virtual space for pedagogical monitoring; monitoring the evaluation of exchange doctors; and provision of technical-pedagogical support to the on-site activities of the distance learning specialization course. These findings highlight the important role played by the SUS School in terms of its teaching profile, research, inter and intra-institutional articulation capacity, as well as its structure capable of sustaining the political-cultural project of the health reform. For which the experimentation of daily work as an educational principle was essential.

Este informe tiene como objetivo presentar la vivencia de la Escola de Saúde Pública da Bahia (ESPBA) frente a las demandas de seguimiento, monitoreo y formulación de estrategias político-pedagógicas para la formación de profesionales en el ámbito del Programa Más Médicos para Brasil (PMMB), en los primeros años del programa en el SUS-BA. Se presentarán las acciones realizadas por la escuela que, a partir de la creación de la comisión estadual del programa, pasa a trabajar en cooperación con las entidades federativas, instituciones educativas y organismos internacionales. Como principales resultados de este proceso se destacan: la acreditación de supervisores, el monitoreo y seguimiento de las actividades realizadas por los médicos participantes, supervisores y tutores académicos; la oferta de módulos de acogida; la realización del curso para la formación de tutores; la contribución en la realización y programación de talleres locales y regionales; la construcción de un espacio virtual de seguimiento pedagógico; el seguimiento a la evaluación de los médicos en intercambio y la realización del apoyo técnico-pedagógico a las actividades presenciales del curso de especialización a distancia. Así, se destaca el importante rol que desempeña una institución del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en su plan de enseñanza, investigación, articulación inter- e intrainstitucional, así como una estructura capaz de sustentar el proyecto político-cultural de reforma sanitaria. Para ello, fue fundamental la experimentación del trabajo cotidiano como principio educativo.

Strategic scientific research management of Harvard School of Public Health and its enlightenment / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To introduce the scientific research management strategies and measurements of T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard, and explore possible reflections for the research management of Chinese medical universities.Methods:Identify the administrative measurements of scientific research management of Harvard School of Public Health by typical case analysis.Results:Harvard School of Public Health used strategic management tools to draw long-term vision for the development of public health, formulate strategic objectives and implementation paths, different functional departments of scientific research management conducted concerted work to provide high-quality scientific research management services which aimed to serve the institutional strategic development.Conclusions:In order to improve the scientific research management in medical universities in China, it is important to develop appropriate strategy of scientific research development, cooperation among related departments, as well as professional support and training for scientific research management personnel.

COVID-19 and Distance Learning: Effects on Georgia State University School of Public Health Students.

On March 11, 2020, the World Health organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Following the speed with which COVID-19 spread to all parts of the world, and to contain the spread of the disease, most governments around the world, including the US, authorized unprecedented social containment measures to stem the tide. These measures among others required social distancing and the temporary physical closure of educational institutions. The Georgia State University School of Public Health, like all other institutions of higher learning, had to create distance-learning opportunities to enable students to complete the 2019-2020 academic year. The unplanned, rapid, and uncertain duration of the approach presented challenges at all academic levels. Not much information on best practices was available to guide such abrupt transitions to college education. The purpose of the study was to collect data on how the transition to distance learning impacted undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in public health at GSU. The goal was to identify student academic challenges and the unforeseen benefits of distance learning, and to use that information to inform practices that can be implemented during crises that impact university education.

Charles Edward Smith: Coccidioidomycologist and public health leader.

Although Charles Edward Smith did not discover coccidioidomycosis, he defined the disease through his infatigueable studies of the epidemiology, clinical findings, and immunology of this infection. He became its preeminent authority. He also had an important role in the development of public health, and for the last 16 years of his life he was the Dean of the School of Public Health at the University of California at Berkeley, where he was a revered and energetic leader.

Factors affecting engagement between academic faculty and decision-makers: learnings and priorities for a school of public health.

BACKGROUND: Schools of public health (SPHs) are increasingly being recognised as important contributors of human, social and intellectual capital relevant to health policy and decision-making. Few studies within the implementation science literature have systematically examined knowledge exchange experiences within this specific organisational context. The purpose of this study was therefore to elicit whether documented facilitators and barriers to engaging with government decision-makers resonates within an academic SPH context. We sought to understand the variations in such experiences at four different levels of government decision-making. Furthermore, we sought to elicit intervention priorities as identified by faculty. METHODS: Between May and December 2016, 211 (34%) of 627 eligible full-time faculty across one SPH in the United States of America participated in a survey on engagement with decision-makers at the city, state, federal and global government levels. Surveys were administered face-to-face or via Skype. Descriptive data as well as tests of association and logistic regression analyses were conducted using STATA. RESULTS: Over three-quarters of respondents identified colleagues with ties to decision-makers, institutional affiliation and conducting policy-relevant research as the highest facilitators. Several identified time constraints, academic incentives and financial support as important contributors to engagement. Faculty characteristics, such as research areas of expertise, career track and faculty rank, were found to be statistically significantly associated with facilitators. The top three intervention priorities that emerged were (1) creating incentives for engagement, (2) providing funding for engagement and (3) inculcating an institutional culture around engagement. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that five principal categories of factors - individual characteristics, institutional environment, relational dynamics, research focus and funder policies - affect the willingness and ability of academic faculty to engage with government decision-makers. This study suggests that SPHs could enhance the relevance of their role in health policy decision-making by (1) periodically measuring engagement with decision-makers; (2) enhancing individual capacity in knowledge translation and communication, taking faculty characteristics into account; (3) institutionalising a culture that supports policies and practices for engagement in decision-making processes; and (4) creating a strategy to expand and nurture trusted, relevant networks and relationships with decision-makers.

Challenges and Opportunities to Engaging Emergency Medical Service Providers in Substance Use Research: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction Research suggests Emergency Medical Services (EMS) over-use in urban cities is partly due to substance users with limited access to medical/social services. Recent efforts to deliver brief, motivational messages to encourage these individuals to enter treatment have not considered EMS providers. Problem Little research has been done with EMS providers who serve substance-using patients. The EMS providers were interviewed about participating in a pilot program where they would be trained to screen their patients for substance abuse and encourage them to enter drug treatment. METHODS: Qualitative interviews were conducted with Baltimore City Fire Department (BCFD; Baltimore, Maryland USA) EMS providers (N=22). Topics included EMS misuse, work demands, and views on participating in the pilot program. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory and constant-comparison. RESULTS: Participants were mostly white (68.1%); male (68.2%); with Advanced Life Skills training (90.9%). Mean age was 37.5 years. Providers described the "frequent flyer problem" (eg, EMS over-use by a few repeat non-emergent cases). Providers expressed disappointment with local health delivery due to resource limitations and being excluded from decision making within their administration, leading to reduced team morale and burnout. Nonetheless, providers acknowledged they are well-positioned to intervene with substance-using patients because they are in direct contact and have built rapport with them. They noted patients might be most receptive to motivational messages immediately after overdose revival, which several called "hitting their bottom." Several stated that involvement with the proposed study would be facilitated by direct incorporation into EMS providers' current workflow. Many recommended that research team members accompany EMS providers while on-call to observe their day-to-day work. Barriers identified by the providers included time constraints to intervene, limited knowledge of substance abuse treatment modalities, and fearing negative repercussions from supervisors and/or patients. Despite reservations, several EMS providers expressed inclination to deliver brief motivational messages to encourage substance-using patients to consider treatment, given adequate training and skill-building. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency Medical Service providers may have many demands, including difficult case time/resource limitations. Even so, participants recognized their unique position as first responders to deliver motivational, harm-reduction messages to substance-using patients during transport. With incentivized training, implementing this program could be life- and cost-saving, improving emergency and behavioral health services. Findings will inform future efforts to connect substance users with drug treatment, potentially reducing EMS over-use in Baltimore. Maragh-Bass AC , Fields JC , McWilliams J , Knowlton AR . Challenges and opportunities to engaging Emergency Medical Service providers in substance use research: a qualitative study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(2):148-155.

Innovation in Graduate Education for Health Professionals in Humanitarian Emergencies.

The objective of this report was to show how the Center for Humanitarian Emergencies (the Center) at Emory University (Atlanta, Georgia USA) has trained graduate students to respond to complex humanitarian emergencies (CHEs) through innovative educational programs, with the goal of increasing the number of trained humanitarian workers. Natural disasters are on the rise with more than twice as many occurring from 2000-2009 as there were from 1980-1989. In 2012 alone, 144 million people were affected by a natural disaster or displaced by conflict worldwide. This has created an immense need for trained humanitarian workers to respond effectively to such disasters. The Center has developed a model for educational programming that targets learners along an educational continuum ranging from the undergraduate level through continuing professional education. These programs, based in the Rollins School of Public Health (RSPH) of Emory University, include: a competency-based graduate certificate program (the Certificate) in humanitarian emergencies; a fellowship program for mid-career professionals; and funded field practica. The competency-based Certificate program began in 2010 with a cohort of 14 students. Since then, 101 students have received the Certificate with 50 more due for completion in 2016 and 2017 combined. The fellowship program for mid-career professionals has hosted four fellows from conflict-affected or resource-poor countries, who have then gone on to assume leadership positions with humanitarian organizations. From 2009-2015, the field practicum program supported 34 students in international summer practicum experiences related to emergency response or preparedness. Students have participated in summer field experiences on every continent but Australia. Together the Certificate, funded field practicum opportunities, and the fellowship comprise current efforts in providing innovative education and training for graduate and post-graduate students of public health in humanitarian response. These modest efforts are just the beginning in terms of addressing the global shortage of skilled public health professionals that can coordinate humanitarian response. Evaluating existing programs will allow for refinement of current programs. Ultimately, these programs may influence the development of new programs and inform others interested in this area. Evans DP , Anderson M , Shahpar C , del Rio C , Curran JW . Innovation in graduate education for health professionals in humanitarian emergencies. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):532-538.

Nottingham Trent University and Makerere University School of Public Health partnership: experiences of co-learning and supporting the healthcare system in Uganda.

Partnerships between developed and developing country institutions are increasingly becoming important in addressing contemporary global health challenges faced by health systems. Inter-university health collaboration such as the Nottingham Trent University (UK) and Makerere University School of Public Health (Uganda) partnership provide opportunities for working together in training, research and service delivery while strengthening health systems. This paper shares the experiences, achievements and opportunities of this partnership in co-learning and supporting the health system in Uganda. This includes a project being implemented to strengthen the training, supervision and motivation of community health workers in rural Uganda. Training and research are a key focus of the partnership and have involved both staff and students of both institutions including guest lectures, seminars and conference presentations. The partnership's collaboration with stakeholders such as the Ministry of Health (Uganda) and local health authorities has ensured participation necessary in supporting implementation of sustainable interventions. The partnership uses several channels such as email, telephone, Skype, Dropbox and WhatsApp which have been useful in maintaining constant and effective communication. The challenges faced by the partnership include lack of funding to support student mobility, and varying academic schedules of the two institutions. The experiences and prospects of this growing partnership can inform other collaborations in similar settings.

Rationale, design and respondent characteristics of the 2013-2014 New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC HANES 2013-2014).

PURPOSE: Capacity to monitor non-communicable diseases (NCDs) at state or local levels is limited. Emerging approaches include using biomeasures and electronic health record (EHR) data. In 2004, New York City (NYC) performed a population-based health study on adult residents using biomeasures (NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Study, or NYC HANES), modeled after NHANES. A second NYC HANES was launched in 2013 to examine change over time, evaluate municipal policies, and validate a proposed EHR-based surveillance system. We describe the rationale and methods of NYC HANES 2013-2014. METHODS: NYC HANES was a population-based, cross-sectional survey of NYC adults using three-stage cluster sampling. Between August 2013 and June 2014, selected participants completed a health interview and physical exam (blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference). Fasting biomeasures included diabetes, lipid profiles, kidney function, environmental biomarkers, and select infectious diseases. RESULTS: Of the 3065 households approached, 2742 were eligible and 1827 were successfully screened (67%). A total of 1524 of eligible participants completed the survey (54%), for an overall response rate of 36%. CONCLUSION: Completing a second NYC HANES a decade after the first study affords an opportunity to understand changes in prevalence, awareness and control of NCDs and evaluate municipal efforts to manage them.

La salud como derecho en la misión fundacional de la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile: un análisis histórico / Health as a right in the founding mission of the School Of Public Health, School Of Medicine, University Of Chile: a historical analysis / A saúde como direito na missão fundacional da Escola De Saúde Pública Da Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade de Chile: uma análise histórica

Este trabajo explora el contexto histórico en el cual se origina la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Chile (ESP). Se estudia un periodo de tiempo comprendido entre fines del siglo XIX y mediados del siglo XX. En primer lugar, se analizan las posiciones de cuatro actores claves (la élite, los médicos y profesionales de la salud, las capas populares, y el Estado) y sus conflictos. En segundo lugar, se estudia el cambio de paradigma en el rol del Estado frente a los problemas de salud, desde una posición de “Estado subsidiario y gendarme” a una de “Estado asistencial de compromiso”. La ESP surge como producto de estos procesos históricos, para cubrir la necesidad de formar especialistas en el campo de la salud pública, obteniendo un apoyo externo de la Fundación Rockefeller que se resulta fundamental en su inicio. Desde sus inicios tiene un fuerte involucramiento en la vida pública del país, asumiendo la salud de la población como un derecho social.

The historical context in which the School of Public Health of the University of Chile was born is explored in this work. The period studied goes from the end of the 19th century to middle of the 20th Century. In the first place, the position of the four key actors - the elite, doctors and health professionals, popular layers, and the State - and their conflicts are analyzed. In the second place, the change of paradigm in the role of the State regarding health problems, from a position of “Subsidiary Gendarme State” to a new position of “Welfare Committed State” is studied. The School of Public Health was born as a result of these historical processes, to cover the need to train specialists in the field of public health, getting external support from the Rockefeller Foundation which was essential in its beginnings. Since its origin it has been greatly involved in the country´s public life, understanding people´s health as a social right.

Este trabalho analisa o contexto histórico no qual teve origem a Escola de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Chile (ESP). Estuda-se um período de tempo que varia entre finais do século XIX e meados do século XX. Em primeiro lugar, são analisadas as posições dos quatro jogadores-chave (a elite, os médicos e profissionais de saúde, os setores populares, e o Estado) e seus conflitos. Em segundo lugar, analisa-se a mudança de paradigma no papel do Estado a partir dos problemas de saúde, a partir de uma conceição de “Estado subsidiário e gendarme” para uma de “Estado assistencial de compromisso” A ESP surge como resultado desses processos históricos, para atender a necessidade de formação de especialistas no domínio da saúde pública, obtendo um apoio externo da Fundação Rockefeller, que é essencial no início. Desde a sua criação tem uma forte participação na vida pública do país, assumindo a saúde da população como um direito social.

The association of bisphenol-A urinary concentrations with antral follicle counts and other measures of ovarian reserve in women undergoing infertility treatments.

In this prospective cohort of women undergoing infertility treatments, we measured specific-gravity adjusted urinary BPA (SG-BPA) concentrations and used regression models to evaluate the association of BPA with antral follicle count (AFC), day-3 serum follicle stimulating hormone levels (FSH), and ovarian volume (OV). BPA, detected in >80% of women, had a geometric mean (±GSD) of 1.6±2.0, 1.7±2.1, and 1.5±1.8µg/L for the women contributing to the AFC (n=154), day-3 FSH (n=120), and OV (n=114) analyses, respectively. There was an average decrease in AFC of 12% (95% CI: -23%, -0.6%), 22% (95% CI: -31%, -11%), and 17% (95% CI: -27%, -6%), in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th SG-BPA quartile compared to the 1st quartile, respectively (p-trend: <0.001). No association of SG-BPA with FSH or OV was observed. Among women from an infertility clinic, higher urinary BPA concentrations were associated with lower AFC, raising concern for possible accelerated follicle loss and reproductive aging.

Modernización académica de la Escuela de Salud Pública de México: 1983-1995 / Academic modernization of Mexican School of Public Health: 1983-1995

Este artículo discute los esfuerzos por modernizar la Escuela de Salud Pública de México (ESPM). En la primera parte se abordan las condiciones en las que operaba la Escuela a principios de la década de los ochenta. En la segunda parte se describen los cambios introducidos entre 1983 y 1986, hasta antes de la incorporación de la ESPM al Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP). En la tercera parte se revisa, sobre todo, la renovación conceptual que dio sustento a los nuevos programas docentes que se implantaron a finales de los años ochenta y las iniciativas implantadas entre 1987 y 1995. En la cuarta parte se discute la construcción de la nueva sede del INSP y la mudanza a Cuernavaca. Este ensayo busca comunicar la importancia de las transformaciones por las que atravesó la ESPM y que la convirtieron en una institución verdaderamente académica que utiliza la investigación como motor de la formación de los recursos humanos en salud pública.

In this paper we discuss the recent efforts to modernize the School of Public Health of Mexico (ESPM). In the first part we analyze the conditions in which the ESPM operated at the beginning of the 1980s. In part two we describe the changes introduced in the ESPM between 1983 and 1986, up until its incorporation into the National Institute of Public Health (INSP). In part three we discuss the conceptual renovation which built the platform for the new academic programs introduced by the School between 1987 and 1995. In the fourth part we discuss the construction of the new facilities of INSP and the process of moving to the city of Cuernavaca. The main message of this paper is that the transformations witnessed by the ESPM in the final decades of the past century turned it into a true academic institution which uses research as the motor for training of human resources in public health.

Dematin, a human erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein, is a substrate for a recombinant FIKK kinase from Plasmodium falciparum.

P. falciparum causes the most deadly form of malaria, resulting from the adherence of infected red blood cells to blood vessels. During the blood stage of infection, the parasite secretes a large number of proteins into the host erythrocyte. The secretion of a 20-member family of protein kinases known as FIKK kinases, after a conserved Phe-Ile-Lys-Lys sequence motif, is unique to P. falciparum. Identification of physiological substrates of these kinases may provide perspective on the importance of FIKK kinase activity to P. falciparum virulence. We demonstrate, for the first time, the heterologous expression and purification of a FIKK kinase (PfFk4.1, PFD1165w). The recombinant kinase is active against general substrates and phosphorylates itself. Having demonstrated kinase activity, we incubated recombinant Fk4.1 with parasite and human erythrocyte lysates. No parasite-derived substrates were identified. However, treatment of erythrocyte ghosts shows that the FIKK kinase Fk4.1 phosphorylates dematin, a cytoskeletal protein found at the red blood cell spectrin-actin junction.

The Brown School of Public Health.

The nation's newest school of public health boasts research excellence in aging, obesity, addictions, health care services and policy research, and more. The Brown School of Public Health is home to a variety of master's and doctoral programs, in addition to one of the oldest undergraduate concentrations in community health. The School plays a key role in the development of public policy at the state and national level and implements programs that benefits Rhode Island physicians and their patients.

La Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública y la impronta del Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez / The Cuban School of Public Health and the mark of Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez

Se realiza un recorrido histórico por la vida y la obra del Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez a diez años de su desaparición física donde se ponen de manifiesto sus aportes a la consolidación del Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba y a la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública. Se resalta la importancia de mantener la vigencia y la memoria histórica de la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública, que no surgió de la nada, sino que tiene sus orígenes en la propia historia de Cuba, su ética, su cultura, su idiosincrasia, y la capacidad peculiar del pueblo para generar hombres y mujeres que expresen en la obra de la vida los principios que sustentan los componentes teóricos y prácticos de la salud pública, su aplicación y sus resultados en el estado de salud de la población en el país con características propias, con iguales criterios y con un método determinado y peculiar de enseñar y abordar su praxis social

It takes a historical journey through the life and work of Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez to ten years of his death which highlight their contributions to strengthening the National Health System of Cuba and the Cuban School of Public Health. The importance of maintaining the currency and the historical memory of the Cuban School of Public Health, who came from nothing, but has its origins in the history of Cuba, their ethics, their culture, their idiosyncrasies, and unique capacity of the people to generate men and women express the life work of the principles underlying theoretical and practical components of public health, its implementation and its results in the health status of the population in the country with its own characteristics , with the same criteria and with a particular and peculiar method of teaching and addressing their social praxis

La especialidad en Organización y Administración de Salud Pública y la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública / The public health organization and management specialty and the National School of Public Health

Se realiza un recorrido histórico que abarca el desarrollo de la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública, pasando por la etapa de la Escuela de Higienistas Cubanos con el Dr. Carlos J. Finlay al frente, hasta llegar al momento actual. Se destaca la negativa repercusión de la extinción de la especialidad de Organización y Administración de Salud Pública dentro de los estudios de posgrado en Cuba desde hace más de 20 años. Se hace hincapié en que hoy más que nunca en el Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba resulta imposible ignorar la necesidad de la existencia de la especialidad, surgida en la práctica y desarrollada desde hace más de 200 años, que si bien se ha llamado de diversos modos en el mundo, ha sido y es el diario quehacer de un sin número de profesionales que intentan dirigir sobre bases científicas las tareas propias de los sistemas de salud. Disponer de profesionales de la salud pública competentes es una prioridad absoluta para el buen desempeño y perfeccionamiento constante del Sistema Nacional de Salud y que en la consecución de este noble propósito, la especialidad de Organización y Administración de Salud Pública, una vez que surja de nuevo con este nombre o con otro, se consolide en el tiempo y cumpla su encargo social coherentemente, podrá ser de suma utilidad(AU)

A historical review covering the development of the Cuban School of Public Health, the stage of the Cuban School of Hygienists led by Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, and the present time was made. Emphasis was made on the negative impact of the elimination of the public health organization and management specialty from the graduate studies in Cuba for more than 20 years. It is stressed that today more than ever, it is not longer possible to ignore the need for this over 200 years-old specialty to be rescued; even though it has been called differently worldwide, it has been and it is the daily work of a number of professionals who attempt to lead the tasks inherent to the health systems on a scientific basis. The availability of competent professionals in public health is a priority for good performance and constant improvement of the national health systems, and to accomplish this, the public health organization and management specialty could be very useful, once it re-emerges under the same or a new name, becomes stronger and coherently fulfils its social task(AU)

La especialidad en Organización y Administración de Salud Pública y la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública / The public health organization and management specialty and the National School of Public Health

Se realiza un recorrido histórico que abarca el desarrollo de la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública, pasando por la etapa de la Escuela de Higienistas Cubanos con el Dr. Carlos J. Finlay al frente, hasta llegar al momento actual. Se destaca la negativa repercusión de la extinción de la especialidad de Organización y Administración de Salud Pública dentro de los estudios de posgrado en Cuba desde hace más de 20 años. Se hace hincapié en que hoy más que nunca en el Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba resulta imposible ignorar la necesidad de la existencia de la especialidad, surgida en la práctica y desarrollada desde hace más de 200 años, que si bien se ha llamado de diversos modos en el mundo, ha sido y es el diario quehacer de un sin número de profesionales que intentan dirigir sobre bases científicas las tareas propias de los sistemas de salud. Disponer de profesionales de la salud pública competentes es una prioridad absoluta para el buen desempeño y perfeccionamiento constante del Sistema Nacional de Salud y que en la consecución de este noble propósito, la especialidad de Organización y Administración de Salud Pública, una vez que surja de nuevo con este nombre o con otro, se consolide en el tiempo y cumpla su encargo social coherentemente, podrá ser de suma utilidad

A historical review covering the development of the Cuban School of Public Health, the stage of the Cuban School of Hygienists led by Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, and the present time was made. Emphasis was made on the negative impact of the elimination of the public health organization and management specialty from the graduate studies in Cuba for more than 20 years. It is stressed that today more than ever, it is not longer possible to ignore the need for this over 200 years-old specialty to be rescued; even though it has been called differently worldwide, it has been and it is the daily work of a number of professionals who attempt to lead the tasks inherent to the health systems on a scientific basis. The availability of competent professionals in public health is a priority for good performance and constant improvement of the national health systems, and to accomplish this, the public health organization and management specialty could be very useful, once it re-emerges under the same or a new name, becomes stronger and coherently fulfils its social task