The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Teachers and Its Possible Risk Factors: A Systematic Review.

(1) Objective: The objective was to analyze the development of psychiatric pathologies/burnout syndrome and their possible risk factors in teachers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: A qualitative systematic review was carried out, according to the PRISMA protocol, in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using a combination of the following descriptors [MeSH]: "mental health", "mental disorders'', "covid-19" and "school teachers''. Articles selected were written in English, Portuguese and Spanish, published between November 2019 and December 2022. (3) Results: The most common psychiatric pathologies were generalized anxiety disorders and depression. Burnout syndrome was also quite prevalent. Of the 776 articles identified, 42 were selected after applying the eligibility criteria. Although there is variability among the analyzed studies, the risk factors most correlated with increased morbidity in teachers were: (i) being female; (ii) age below the fifth decade of life; (iii) pre-existence of chronic or psychiatric illnesses before the pandemic; (iv) difficulty in adapting to the distance education model; (v) family/work conflicts; (vi) negative symptoms caused by the pandemic. (4) Conclusions: Therefore, the COVID-19 impact on mental health appears to be more common in female teachers in their fifth decade of life and with pre-existing psychiatric comorbidities. However, prospective studies are needed to better map this situation.

Assessment of the intervention process with teacher to prevent children behavior problems / Avaliação do processo de intervenção com professores para prevenção a problemas de comportamento infantil

Objective The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems reaches 30% of school-age Brazilians. Management by teachers can reinforce such difficulties and, therefore, it is essential to assess interventions to provide them with the best tools available. In this study, it was aimed to present the development and implementation of the Facilitating Contact with Students Program was implemented in early grade teachers. Method The process of two modalities of this Program was evaluated: G1 (with a full program) and G2 (with a partial program, without the cognitive model contents, only instruction about behavioral management techniques and socioemotional support). Results The G1 gave better scores to the intervention on the importance and usefulness of the contents. Conclusion The teacher's knowledge regarding the cognitive model is relevant for the modification of disruptive behaviors of students in the classroom.

Objetivo A prevalência de problemas emocionais e de comportamento chega a 30% em brasileiros em idade escolar. O manejo pelos professores pode reforçar tais dificuldades e, portanto, é fundamental avaliar intervenções para instrumentalizá-los. Objetivou-se apresentar o desenvolvimento e a implementação do Programa Facilitando o conVívio com Alunos em docentes de séries iniciais. Método Avaliou-se o processo de duas modalidades desta intervenção: G1, recebeu a intervenção de forma completa, e G2, recebeu a intervenção de forma parcial, priorizando-se a instrução sobre técnicas comportamentais de manejo e apoio socioemocional e excluindo-se o conteúdo do modelo cognitivo. Resultados O G1 avaliou melhor a intervenção quanto a importância e utilidade do conteúdo. Conclusão O conhecimento do modelo cognitivo por parte do professor é relevante para a modificação de comportamentos perturbadores de alunos em sala de aula.

Habilidades sociais e qualidade de vida de professores do ensino fundamental / Social skills and quality of life of elementary school teachers / Habilidades sociales y calidad de vida de los maestros de escuela primaria

As habilidades sociais são reconhecidas como fatores de proteção para saúde e qualidade de vida, o que teoricamente se aplica a professores, cujas condições de trabalho são reconhecidamente precárias. Este estudo analisou indicadores de qualidade de vida (QV) e de habilidades sociais (HS) de professores, levando em conta variáveis sociodemográficas que poderiam moderar essa relação. Participaram 85 professoras do 1º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de escolas públicas do interior paulista, que completaram o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais (IHS-Del-Prette-2016), o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida (WHOQOL-abreviado) e dois questionários sociodemográficos. Verificou-se uma correlação positiva entre HS e QV, com as variáveis idade, formação, experiência docente e classe socioeconômica mostraram-se moderadoras dessa relação. São discutidas limitações, bem como implicações dos resultados para pesquisas futuras. (AU)

Social skills are recognized as protective factors for health and quality of life, which theoretically applies to teachers whose working conditions are admittedly of low quality. This study analyzed indicators of quality of life (QoL) and social skills (HS) of teachers, taking into account sociodemographic variables that could moderate this relation. Participants included 85 teachers of 1st to 5th grade students, working in public schools in the interior of São Paulo, who completed the Social Skills Inventory (IHS-Del-Prette-2016), the Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-abbreviated) and two questionnaires sociodemographic. A positive correlation between HS and QV was verified, with age, training, teaching experience and socioeconomic level moderating this relationship. Limitations are discussed as well as implications of the results for future research. (AU)

Las habilidades sociales se reconocen como factores protectores de la salud y la calidad de vida, lo que teóricamente se aplica a los profesores cuyas condiciones de trabajo son ciertamente de baja calidad. Este estudio analizó indicadores de calidad de vida (CV) y habilidades sociales (HS) de los docentes, tomando en cuenta variables sociodemográficas que podrían moderar esta relación. Los participantes incluyeron 85 profesores de estudiantes de 1 ° a 5 ° grado, que trabajan en escuelas públicas del interior de São Paulo, quienes completaron el Inventario de Habilidades Sociales (IHS-DelPrette-2016), el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida (abreviado WHOQOL) y dos cuestionarios sociodemográficos. Se verificó una correlación positiva entre HS y CV, con las variables edad, formación, experiencia docente y clase socioeconómica moderando esta relación. Se discuten las limitaciones y las implicaciones de los resultados para futuras investigaciones. (AU)

Tendencia de la infección respiratoria aguda y COVID-19 en estudiantes y docentes de Bogotá / Trend of acute respiratory infection and covid-19 among students and schoolteachers in Bogotá

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la tendencia epidemiológica de los casos de covid-19 en la comunidad educativa de las instituciones educativas públicas durante la aplicación de la cuarentena (marzo-noviembre 2020) en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos Estudio descriptivo de los datos de vigilancia epidemiológica de la infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) y la covid-19 en estudiantes y profesores del sector oficial de Bogotá. Los datos se recolectaron entre el 21 de marzo y el 20 de noviembre del 2020, mediante un cuestionario que incluyó preguntas de carácter sociodemográfico, clínico y epidemiológico. Resultados Se reportaron 5 252 casos (incidencia: 660,64 x 100 000 estudiantes), y 834 casos (incidencia: 2 354,93 x 100 000 docentes) de IRA en los estudiantes y los docentes, respectivamente. El grupo de edad con más casos entre los estudiantes fue el de 6 a 11 años (45,1%). En los docentes fue de 30 a 39 años (35,9%). Del 21 de julio al 20 de agosto se observó un pico de casos de IRA en toda la comunidad educativa. Conclusión La comunidad educativa de Bogotá presentó menores incidencias acumuladas que la población general durante la cuarentena. Teniendo en cuenta el contexto actual de la pandemia y la aplicación de medidas para contrarrestarla, se debe realizar un exhaustivo análisis riesgo/beneficio antes de proponer una cuarentena que incluya el cierre de los colegios.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the epidemiological trends of covid-19 cases in public schoolteachers and students enrolled in public schools during the lockdown restrictions (March-November 2020) in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods Descriptive study. We used data from the epidemiological surveillance of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and covid-19 infections in public schoolteachers and students enrolled in public schools in Bogotá. The data were collected through a questionnaire that included sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological information, between March 21 and November 20, 2020. Results A total of 5,252 ARI cases were reported in students, with an incidence of 660.64 per 100,000 students, while 834 ARI cases were reported among teachers, with an incidence of 2,354.93 per 100,000 teachers. The most affected age group among students was 6 to 11 years old, comprising 45.1% of cases. For schoolteachers, the most affected age group was 30 to 39 years old, accounting for 35.9% of cases. The peak in ARI cases for both students and schoolteachers occurred between July 21 and August 20. Conclusion Both students and schoolteachers exhibited lower cumulative incidences than the general population during lockdown restrictions in Bogotá. Given the current state of the pandemic and public health measures implemented to control it, a comprehensive risk/benefit analysis should be conducted before considering new lockdown restrictions that involve the closure of schools.

Delaying sexual onset: outcome of a comprehensive sexuality education initiative for adolescents in public schools.

BACKGROUND: A common risk behavior in adolescence is the early initiation of unprotected sex that exposes adolescents to an unplanned pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections. Schools are an ideal place to strengthen adolescents' sexual knowledge and modify their behavior, guiding them to exercise responsible sexuality. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the knowledge of public secondary school teachers who received training in comprehensive education in sexuality (CES) and estimate the counseling's effect on students' sexual behavior. METHODS: Seventy-five public school teachers were trained in participatory and innovative techniques for CES. The change in teacher knowledge (n = 75) was assessed before and after the training using t-tests, Wilcoxon ranks tests and a Generalized Estimate Equation model. The students' sexual and reproductive behavior was evaluated in intervention (n = 650) and comparison schools (n = 555). We fit a logistic regression model using the students' sexual debut as a dependent variable. RESULTS: Teachers increased their knowledge of sexuality after training from 5.3 to 6.1 (p < 0.01). 83.3% of students in the intervention school reported using a contraceptive method in their last sexual relation, while 58.3% did so in the comparison schools. The students in comparison schools were 4.7 (p < 0.01) times more likely to start sexual initiation than students in the intervention schools. CONCLUSION: Training in CES improved teachers' knowledge about sexual and reproductive health. Students who received counseling from teachers who were trained in participatory and innovative techniques for CES used more contraceptive protection and delayed sexual debut.

Adolescentes y derechos humanos: una aproximación a su ejercicio efectivo en la escuela / Adolescents and human rights: an approximation of the effective exercising of rights in school / Adolescentes e direitos humanos: uma aproximação ao seu exercício efetivo nas escolas

Resumen (analítico): Este escrito es parte de una investigación cuyo objetivo es analizar el conocimiento de alumnas, alumnos, profesoras y profesores sobre la aplicación efectiva de la Ley General de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes en el espacio escolar, a tres años de su publicación en México. Es un estudio cualitativo, realizado en escuelas secundarias públicas de la ciudad de Guadalajara. La información se recuperó mediante seis grupos de discusión con adolescentes y un cuestionario aplicado a 84 docentes. Los resultados indican que el desconocimiento de la ley se vincula de manera importante con el ejercicio no eficaz de los derechos humanos. A mayor desinformación de los agentes, mayor inclinación del profesorado a vulnerar los derechos del alumnado en el aula y menor capacidad de este para exigirlos.

Abstract (analytical): This paper is part of a research study aimed at analyzing the knowledge of male and female students and teachers on the effective application of the General Law for the Rights of Children and Adolescents in the school, three years after this law came into effect in Mexico. This was a qualitative study implemented in public junior high schools in the city of Guadalajara. The information was obtained through holding six discussion groups with adolescent students and conducting a questionnaire survey with 84 teachers. The results indicate that ignorance of the law is highly linked with the non-effective exercising of children and adolescents' human rights. The study shows that as the amount of misleading information provided to students increases, it is more probable that teaching staff violate the rights of this population in the classroom, and male and female students have less capacity to demand the fulfilling of their rights.

Resumo (analítico): Este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa que tem por objetivo analisar o conhecimento de alunas, alunos, professoras e professores sobre a aplicação efetiva da Lei Geral dos Direitos de Meninas, Meninos e Adolescentes no espaço escolar, três anos após sua publicação no México. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado em escolas secundárias públicas da cidade de Guadalajara. A informação foi obtida através de seis grupos de discussão com adolescentes e um questionário aplicado a 84 professores. Os resultados indicam que o desconhecimento da lei está ligado de maneira importante ao exercício ineficaz dos direitos humanos. Quanto maior a desinformação dos agentes, maior a inclinação dos professores a violar seus direitos na aula e menor a capacidade dos adolescentes para exigi-los.

Percepción de maestras sobre el acompañamiento fonoaudiológico en un centro de desarrollo infantil en Colombia / Perception of teachers about speech therapy accompanying in a child development center in Colombia

Este trabajo estudió la percepción de maestras beneficiarias de los proyectos de práctica profesional de Fonoaudiología de la Universidad del Valle, respecto al aporte de su acción profesional en la promoción del desarrollo de los niños en el marco de la Política Pública "de Cero a Siempre". La investigación se ejecutó con métodos cualitativos de tipo interpretativo y de corte transversal, bajo el diseño de estudio de caso. La exploración permitió concluir que el acompañamiento fonoaudiológico: i) es más efectivo cuando se reconoce y valora los saberes y requerimientos de los beneficiarios, ii) enriquece los procesos de desarrollo de niños y niñas en general y no sólo a aquellos con patologías del lenguaje o discapacidad y iii) potencia el objeto de la política pública de atención a la primera infancia en Colombia. Adicionalmente, valida la acción fonoaudiológica desde una propuesta situada y bajo el enfoque comunitario

This study was focused on the perception of teachers who participated as beneficiaries on the professional practice in speech therapy implemented by the Universidad del Valle. The main focus was on how participants' professional intervention promoted the development of children, within the framework of the Public Policy "de Cero a Siempre". The practice was developed at Universidad del Valle from August 2013 to June 2016. The research was conducted using interpretative qualitative methods and was cross-sectional (case-study design). The study concluded that: i) success of the speech therapy intervention is related to the recognition and evaluation of the beneficiaries' requirements ii) the speech therapy intervention improves development processes of all children, not only of children with language pathologies or disabilities, iii) the intervention fosters the Public Policy of attention to Early Childhood in Colombia. Finally, the observed practices validate speech therapy action from a community approach.

Associations between self-perceived voice disorders in teachers, perceptual assessment by speech-language pathologists, and instrumental analysis.

PURPOSE: The three aims of this study were to assess agreement between self-perceived voice disorders, perceptual and instrumental assessment; to determine factors associated with perceptual voice assessment; and to determine which associated factors would serve as an initial screening tool for ascertainment of the presence or absence of voice disorders among teachers. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 574 Colombian teachers. Participants filled in a questionnaire and recorded a voice sample. The voice samples were perceptually evaluated by a speech-language pathologist with the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain (GRBAS) scale and objectively with an automated voice analysis for fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer and maximum phonation time. Agreements between GRBAS scale, self-reported voice disorders and instrumental analysis were determined by unweighted Cohens Kappa coefficients and receiver operating characteristic curves. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with the perceptual assessment. Diagnostic performance of these variables was assessed by the area under the curve. RESULT: There was no agreement between self-reported voice disorders and GRBAS assessments. Maximum phonation time showed a slight agreement with perceptual assessment of voice disorders. CONCLUSION: Since these three methods offer different information, it is advisable to include all methods in ascertainment of voice disorders among teachers at work.

Sleep habits, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality of high school teachers

The aim of this study was to characterize the sleep-wake cycle, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality of high school teachers. Ninety-eight high school teachers participated in this study. They were asked to complete the Health and Sleep, Horne & Ostberg, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaires and to keep a 14-day sleep diary. This study showed that high-school teachers wake up on average 1 h 12 min earlier (ANOVA; p < 0.05) and go to bed on average 34 min earlier (ANOVA; p < 0.05) during the week than on the weekend. This results in an average of 42 min less time in bed (ANOVA; p < 0.05) on weekdays and characterizes partial sleep deprivation. Moreover, 46% and 51% of teachers were diagnosed with excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality (χ2; p > 0.05), respectively. Therefore, high-school teachers show characteristics of partial sleep deprivation that may contribute to excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. This situation may compromise health and quality of life, in addition to teaching performance that can affect the education of their students.

Sleep habits, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality of high school teachers

The aim of this study was to characterize the sleep-wake cycle, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality of high school teachers. Ninety-eight high school teachers participated in this study. They were asked to complete the Health and Sleep, Horne & Ostberg, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaires and to keep a 14-day sleep diary. This study showed that high-school teachers wake up on average 1 h 12 min earlier (ANOVA; p < 0.05) and go to bed on average 34 min earlier (ANOVA; p < 0.05) during the week than on the weekend. This results in an average of 42 min less time in bed (ANOVA; p < 0.05) on weekdays and characterizes partial sleep deprivation. Moreover, 46% and 51% of teachers were diagnosed with excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality (χ2; p > 0.05), respectively. Therefore, high-school teachers show characteristics of partial sleep deprivation that may contribute to excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. This situation may compromise health and quality of life, in addition to teaching performance that can affect the education of their students.(AU)