The role of parental stress on emotional and behavioral problems in offspring: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Empirical evidence underscores an association between parental stress and emotional and behavioral problems in offspring. However, a comprehensive systematic review or meta-analysis on this topic is lacking. Thus, this study aims to address the scientific inquiry: Is there a relationship between parental stress and emotional/behavioral problems in children? SOURCES: This systematic review with a meta-analysis surveyed PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde between August and September 2021. The present search combined terms (school-age children) AND (parental stress OR parenting stress OR family stress) AND (emotional and behavioral problems OR internalizing and externalizing problems). Eligibility criteria encompassed cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies published within the last five years, exploring the association between parental stress (stressful life events and parenthood-related stress disorders) and emotional/behavioral problems in school-age children. PROSPERO ID CRD42022274034. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Of the 24 studies meeting all inclusion criteria (n = 31,183) for the systematic review, nine were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed an association between parental stress and emotional problems (COR: 0.46 [95 % CI: 0.27 - 0.61], p < 0.001, Heterogeneity = 89 %) as well as behavioral problems (COR: 0.37 [95 % CI: 0.27 - 0.46], p < 0.001, Heterogeneity = 76 %). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that parental stress predicts emotional/behavioral problems in school-age children. Since these problems are related to long-term negative effects in adulthood, these results are crucial for preventing mental health problems in offspring and for screening and managing parental stress.

Reactance inversion in moderate to severe persistent asthma: low birth weight, prematurity effect, and bronchodilator response.

INTRODUCTION: Reactance inversion (RI) has been associated with impaired peripheral airway function in persistent asthma. However, there is little to no data about the difference between asthmatic children with and without RI. This study aimed to detect clinical and lung function differences in moderate-severe asthmatic children with and without RI. METHODS: This study was conducted between 2021 and 2022 in asthmatic school-age children. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) and spirometry were performed according to ATS/ERS standards. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients, with a mean age of 8.4 years, 54.8% were males and were divided into three groups: group 1 (32.3%) with no RI, group 2 (27.4%) with RI but disappearing after bronchodilator test and group 3 (40.3%) with persistent RI after bronchodilator test. Children in groups 2 and 3 had significantly lower birth weights than in group 1. Group 2 had lower gestational age compared to group 1. FEV1 and FEF25-75 of forced vital capacity were significantly lower in groups 2 and 3. In group 3, R5, AX, R5-20, and R5-R20/R5 ratios were significantly higher. Bronchodilator responses (BDR) in X5c, AX, and R5-R20 were significantly different between groups and lower in group 3. CONCLUSION: RI is frequently found in children with moderate-severe persistent asthma, particularly in those with a history of prematurity or low birth weight. In some patients, RI disappears after the bronchodilator test; however, it, persists in those with the worst pulmonary function. RI could be a small airway dysfunction marker.

Improving Iodine Intake in Rural Haiti through Social Enterprise: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Central Plateau.

Iodine intake in Haiti has increased in recent years thanks to the "Bon Sel" social enterprise approach to salt fortification and distribution by the market segment. However, it was uncertain whether this salt reached remote communities. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the iodine status of school-age children (SAC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in a remote region of the Central Plateau. A total of 400 children (9-13 years) and 322 women (18-44 years) were recruited through schools and churches, respectively. Urinary iodine (UIC) and urinary creatinine (UCC) concentrations were measured in spot samples, and thyroglobulin (Tg) on dried blood spots. Their iodine intake was estimated, and dietary information collected. The median (IQR) UIC in SAC was 130 µg/L (79-204, n = 399), and in WRA, 115 µg/L (73-173, n = 322). The median (IQR) Tg in SAC was 19.7 µg/L (14.0-27.6, n = 370), and in WRA, 12.2 µg/L (7.9-19.0, n = 183); 10% of SAC had Tg > 40 µg/L. Estimated iodine intake was 77 µg/day and 202 µg/day in SAC and WRA, respectively. Iodized table salt was rarely consumed, though bouillon was used daily; this is hypothesized to be a major contributor to dietary iodine intake. Iodine intake in this remote region seems to have improved considerably since the 2018 national survey, though SAC remain at risk. These results point to the potential effectiveness of using social business principles to deliver humanitarian solutions.

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiometabolic Risk in Ecuadorian School-Age Children.

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic diseases and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are becoming increasingly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Cardiometabolic diseases and MetS are closely associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, which may be modified by diet. Previous studies have focused on the association of dietary inflammation with MetS and cardiometabolic risk in adult populations, but few studies have examined this issue in children, especially in LMICs. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the association of dietary inflammation with cardiometabolic risk components and MetS in urban Ecuadorian children aged 6-12 years old (n = 276). A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect data on child dietary intake. Dietary inflammation was evaluated using an energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), divided into quartiles. Data were also collected on cardiometabolic risk indicators including blood lipids, blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, body mass index, and waist circumference. Data were analyzed using multivariable linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: Child DII scores ranged from -4.87 (most anti-inflammatory) to 4.75 (most pro-inflammatory). We transformed the continuous scores into quartiles (Q): Q1 was the most anti-inflammatory (-4.87 to -3.35), Q2 was anti-inflammatory (-3.34 to -1.45), Q3 was pro-inflammatory (-1.44 to 1.08), and Q4 was the most pro-inflammatory (1.09 to 4.75). In the covariate-adjusted model, DII scores were positively associated with total blood cholesterol (p = 0.027), triglycerides (p = 0.034), and diastolic BP (p = 0.013). In addition, for every one-unit increase in DII score, MetS increased by 1.20 in the covariate-adjusted model (95% CI = 1.01,1.43). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that more pro-inflammatory diets may contribute to poorer cardiometabolic health in school-age children. This is important because even small increases in child blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and glucose levels over time can damage health and lead to earlier progression to conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Assessment of anthropometric and physical profile of selected school-age children in rural and urban setting in South-West Nigeria (NigeriaLINX pilot) / Avaliação do perfil antropométrico e físico de crianças em idade escolar selecionadas em ambientes rurais e urbanos no sudoeste da Nigéria (piloto NigeriaLINX)

Objective: the objective of this study was to examine the anthropometric and physical profile of selected school-age children in rural and urban setting. Methods: the descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted for the study while multistage sampling techniques, which included simple random and systematic sampling techniques, were used to draw samples from the target population. The sample constitute healthy children who voluntarily participated in the study after consent for participation was given by individual parent. Anthropometric measurements for the study included height, weight, sitting height and BMI while the physical fitness tests for the study included sit and reach, handgrip strength, speed bounce, standing broad jump, 10m x 5 shuttles run and multistage fitness test. Z score, STEN score and independent T-Test were used for data analysis. Results: a total of 222 healthy children with average age of 10 years (male=112, female=109) participated in the study. The results showed that the urban children were taller (Urban=141.3±9.2m; Rural=134±21.3m), heavier (Urban=37.6±10.4kg; Rural=28.2±6.2kg), had more leg power (Urban=105.7±25.5; Rural=49.4±41.0) and arm strength (Urban=15.7±4.1; Rural=13.4±5.2) than rural children. However, the rural children had higher sit and reach score (Rural=25.3±5.8; Urban=22.8±6.0) and completed more laps in multistage fitness test (Rural=35.5±25.5; Urban=12±5.7). The statistical analysis showed that all the variables were significantly different urban and rural children (P<0.05). Conclusion: the current study shows that the children in the urban and rural settings differed in the selected anthropometric and physical variables Therefore, the physical education program and infrastructural facilities for physical activity and sport participation for school age children should be designed based on the socioeconomic status, social amenities and level of development of the host community

Objetivo: examinar o perfil antropométrico e físico de crianças em idade escolar selecionadas em ambientes rurais e urbanos. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal aplicando técnicas de amostragem em vários estágios, que incluíam processos de amostragem aleatória simples e sistemática, usadas para extrair amostras da população-alvo. A amostra constitui-se de crianças saudáveis que participaram voluntariamente do estudo, após consentimento para participação dado por um dos pais. As medições antropométricas incluíram altura, peso, altura sentada e IMC, enquanto os testes de aptidão física para o estudo incluíram sentar-se e alcançar, força de preensão manual, salto de velocidade, salto em largura, corrida de vaivém de 10 x 5 metros e teste de aptidão multiestágio. Foram usados para a análise escore z, escore STEN e teste t independentemente dos dados. Resultados: um total de 222 crianças saudáveis com idade média de 10 anos (masculino=112, feminino=109) participaram do estudo. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças urbanas eram mais altas (Urbano=141,3±9,2m; Rurais=134±21,3m), mais pesadas (Urbano=37,6±10,4kg; Rurais=28,2±6,2kg), tinham mais força nas pernas (Urbano=105,7±25,5; Rurais =49,4±41,0) e força de braço (Urbano=15,7±4,1; Rural=13,4±5,2) do que as crianças da zona rural. No entanto, as crianças da zona rural tiveram maior pontuação de sentar e alcançar (Rural=25,3±5,8; Urbana=22,8±6,0) e completaram mais voltas no teste de condicionamento físico multiestágio (Rural=35,5±25,5; Urbana=12±5,7). Todas as variáveis eram significativamente diferentes entre crianças urbanas e rurais (P<0,05). Conclusão: o presente estudo mostrou que as crianças das áreas urbana e rural diferiram nas variáveis antropométricas e físicas selecionadas. Portanto, o programa de educação física e as instalações de infraestrutura para atividades físicas e participação em esportes para crianças em idade escolar devem ser projetados com base no status socioeconômico, nas comodidades sociais e no nível de desenvolvimento da comunidade anfitriã

Prevalence of intestinal parasitism in preschool and school children in Colombia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are a public health challenge in developing countries such as Colombia, causing anaemia and delayed growth and development in children. We aimed to estimate the geographical and prevalence trend of IPIs in the last 30 years in school and preschool children in Colombia. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We identified potential manuscripts through PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, Scielo and Google Scholar on the IPIs prevalence in school and preschool children in Colombia. Articles included in the qualitative analysis were published between 1990 and 2020 in English or Spanish and met the inclusion criteria. Subsequently, a random-effects meta-analysis, a meta-regression and a trend analysis were performed. RESULTS: We identified 2292 articles; 109 were included in the qualitative review, and 79 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated IPI prevalence was 55% (95% CI: 48-63). By age group, the prevalence in preschool children was 37% (95% CI: 26-49) and 66% (95% CI: 52-78) in schoolchildren. The prevalence by region was heterogeneous, with the Amazon being the highest (69%) and the Santanderes the lowest (28%). In the last 20 years, the prevalence of helminthiasis has decreased (from 64.66% in 1990-1995 to 22.09% in 2016-2020). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IPIs is high (>30%) in three of the seven regions in Colombia. Biannual administration of mass deworming in schoolchildren is recommended in the Amazon region. Public policies aiming to control IPIs should be reinforced. Further prevalence studies should include Cesar, Guaviare, Vichada and Vaupés, where the epidemiology of IPIs is unknown. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: Good health and wellbeing, clean water and sanitation, sustainable cities and communities.

Determinants of internet use by school-age children: The challenges for Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the deep digital divide in Mexico and the enormous challenge faced by its education system in continuing to educate the country's students while under confinement. The objective of this article was to examine the determinants of internet access, use and productive uses for school-age children in households of different socioeconomic levels. The Heckman selection model was estimated based on data taken from the Encuesta Nacional sobre Disponibilidad y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información en los Hogares (ENDUTIH or National Survey on the Availability and Use of Information Technologies in the Household) 2018. The results obtained show that the probability of having children internet accessing and usage patterns (homework, courses, and blogs) depends on level of schooling, economic status, digital skills, and place of residence, as well as the presence of electronic devices and infomediaries in the household. These findings suggest the urgent need to redesign current ICT policy with a long-term integrated vision that guarantees access to ICTs and their productive use for students immersed in an ecosystem of educational innovation for the XXI century.

Sleep habits and sleep problems associated with depressive symptoms in school-age children.

PROBLEM: Sleep disturbance is a characteristic symptom of depression, but it is also a problem in itself related to the severity of this illness. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine sleep habits and sleep problems associated with increased depressive symptoms in children. METHODS: The sample included 524 children equally distributed by gender (51.1% female), with an average age of 10.29 (SD = 1.34) years. The administered instruments were the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Cronbach α = 0.82) and a Sleep Habits and Sleep Problems Questionnaire (α = 0.91). FINDINGS: The mean score for the CDI was 12.51 (SD = 6.74) and 20% presented symptoms of depression. The linear regression model showed that sleep habits associated with the increase in symptoms of depression were: little sleep, hours of sleep during the week, and wake-up time on weekdays. In the same model, the associated sleep problems were: nocturnal awakenings, nightmares, and difficulty waking up. The presence of these sleep habits and sleep problems increased the score from 2.07 to 13.50 points on the CDI scale. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms increase with the presence of sleep habits related to sleep deprivation and sleep problems related to parasomnias in school-age children.

Effect of Gut Microbial Enterotypes on the Association between Habitual Dietary Fiber Intake and Insulin Resistance Markers in Mexican Children and Adults.

Dietary fiber (DF) is a major substrate for the gut microbiota that contributes to metabolic health. Recent studies have shown that diet-metabolic phenotype effect might be related to individual gut microbial profiles or enterotypes. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether microbial enterotypes modify the association between DF intake and metabolic traits. This cross-sectional study included 204 children (6-12 years old) and 75 adults (18-60 years old). Habitual DF intake was estimated with a Food Frequency Questionnaire and biochemical, clinical and anthropometric data were obtained. Gut microbiota was assessed through 16S sequencing and participants were stratified by enterotypes. Correlations adjusting for age and sex were performed to test the associations between dietary fiber components intake and metabolic traits. In children and adults from the Prevotella enterotype, a nominal negative correlation of hemicellulose intake with insulin and HOMA-IR levels was observed (p < 0.05), while in individuals of the other enterotypes, these associations were not observed. Interestingly, the latter effect was not related to the fecal short-chain-fatty acids profile. Our results contribute to understanding the enterotype influence on the diet-phenotype interaction, which ultimate could provide evidence for their use as potential biomarkers for future precision nutrition strategies.

Gut microbiota associations with metabolic syndrome and relevance of its study in pediatric subjects.

Childhood obesity and T2DM have shown a recent alarming increase due to important changes in global lifestyle and dietary habits, highlighting the need for urgent and novel solutions to improve global public health. Gut microbiota has been shown to be relevant in human health and its dysbiosis has been associated with MetS, a health condition linked to the onset of relevant diseases including T2DM. Even though there have been recent improvements in the understanding of gut microbiota-host interactions, pediatric gut microbiota has been poorly studied compared to adults. This review provides an overview of MetS and its relevance in school-age children, discusses gut microbiota and its possible association with this metabolic condition including relevant emerging gut microbiome-based interventions for its prevention and treatment, and outlines future challenges and perspectives in preventing microbiota dysbiosis from the early stages of life.

Effects of Neurofeedback on the Working Memory of Children with Learning Disorders-An EEG Power-Spectrum Analysis.

Learning disorders (LDs) are diagnosed in children impaired in the academic skills of reading, writing and/or mathematics. Children with LDs usually exhibit a slower resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG), corresponding to a neurodevelopmental lag. Frequently, children with LDs show working memory (WM) impairment, associated with an abnormal task-related EEG with overall slower EEG activity (more delta and theta power, and less gamma activity in posterior sites). These EEG patterns indicate inefficient neural resource management. Neurofeedback (NFB) treatments aimed at normalizing the resting-state EEG of LD children have shown improvements in cognitive-behavioral indices and diminished EEG abnormalities. Given the typical findings of WM impairment in children with LDs, we aimed to explore the effects of an NFB treatment on the WM of children with LDs by analyzing the WM-related EEG power spectrum. EEGs of 18 children (8-11 y.o.) with LDs were recorded, pre- and post-treatment, during performance of a Sternberg-type WM task. Thirty sessions of an NFB treatment (NFB-group, n = 10) or 30 sessions of a placebo-sham treatment (sham-group, n = 8) were administered. We analyzed the before and after treatment group differences for the behavioral performance and the WM-related EEG power spectrum. The NFB group showed faster response times in the WM task post-treatment. They also exhibited a decreased theta power and increased beta and gamma power at the frontal and posterior sites post-treatment. We explain these findings in terms of NFB improving the efficiency of neural resource management, maintenance of memory representations, and improved subvocal memory rehearsal.

Association Between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions in Mothers and Psychopathology in Their Children.

Background: The non-clinical presentation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in women may impact not only their daily lives and well-being but also increase the risk for emotional and behavioral problems in their children. This study aims to investigate the OCS dimension distribution in a large sample of mothers from a cohort of school age children and the association between these OCS dimensions with their own psychopathology, and with the presence of OCS and other psychopathology in their children. Method: Our final sample consisted of 2,511 mother-children dyads recruited from the elementary schools of two large cities. Throughout multiple regression analysis, we examined the correlations between demographic and clinical variables of mothers assessed by the Mini International Psychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Short Version (DY-BOCS-SV) with children's psychopathology status reported by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results: The overall prevalence of mothers who reported experiencing at least one OCS was 40% (N = 1,004). "Aggression/violence" was the most frequent symptom dimension (32.2%), followed by the "symmetry/ordering" (16.4%) and the "sexual/religious" dimensions (13.8%). There was a significant correlation between the presence of OCS and maternal psychopathology in general (p < 0.001, r = 0.397). Not only the presence but also the severity of the mother's OCS were strongly correlated to the total (p < 0.001), internalizing (p < 0.001), externalizing (p < 0.001), and OCS subscale scores (p < 0.001) on the CBCL. Conclusion: OCS dimensions are highly prevalent in women. Presence and severity of maternal OCS are related to children's psychopathology and behavioral problems.

Triclabendazole Treatment Failure for Fasciola hepatica Infection among Preschool and School-Age Children, Cusco, Peru1.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children who had chronic fascioliasis in the highlands of Peru to determine triclabendazole treatment efficacy. Children passing Fasciola eggs in stool were offered directly observed triclabendazole treatment (>1 doses of 10 mg/kg). Parasitologic cure was evaluated by using microscopy of stool 1-4 months after each treatment. A total of 146 children who had chronic fascioliasis participated in the study; 53% were female, and the mean ± SD age was 10.4 ± 3.1 years. After the first treatment, 55% of the children achieved parasitologic cure. Cure rates decreased after the second (38%), third (30%), and fourth (23%) treatments; 17 children (11.6%) did not achieve cure after 4 treatments. Higher baseline egg counts and lower socioeconomic status were associated with triclabendazole treatment failure. Decreased triclabendazole efficacy in disease-endemic communities threatens control efforts. Further research on triclabendazole resistance and new drugs to overcome it are urgently needed.

Evaluación del nivel de conocimiento sobre alimentación y hábitos saludables adquiridos a partir de un programa de educación alimentaria y nutricional destinado a niños y niñas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Evaluation of level of knowledge about food and healthy habits acquired through a food and nutritional education program aimed at school-age children in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Resumen Introducción: la educación alimentaria y nutricional en el ámbito escolar constituye una valiosa herramienta para la promoción de la salud y algunos estudios muestran su eficacia para mejorar conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos de la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de las y los escolares sobre los contenidos abordados en un programa de educación alimentaria y nutricional en escuelas de gestión estatal de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Materiales y método: se elaboró un cuestionario auto-administrado de 15 preguntas sobre alimentación saludable, características de un desayuno adecuado, actividad física, hidratación y nociones sobre el consumo de frutas y verduras. Se administró en una muestra aleatorizada de niñas y niños de 14 escuelas públicas de nivel primario, antes de iniciar la intervención educativa y luego de 2 años; entre abril de 2016 y noviembre de 2017. Se incluyeron 220 niñas y niños de 6° grado, de los cuales 191 completaron el cuestionario por segunda vez. Resultados: el porcentaje de escolares que respondieron correctamente se incrementó entre la primera y segunda medición en 13 de los 15 ítems, aunque la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa en solo 4. El puntaje final promedio fue levemente superior al inicial (0,88 puntos), y la diferencia alcanzó significación estadística para el total de niños y niñas, para ambos géneros y en 2 distritos escolares. Conclusiones: los resultados de la evaluación muestran una modificación pequeña, aunque significativa del nivel de conocimiento sobre alimentación y hábitos saludables de las niñas y los niños. Si bien este es uno de los múltiples factores que influyen en las decisiones alimentarias, es importante que desde el ámbito escolar se brinden las herramientas necesarias para que los individuos sean conscientes de tales elecciones.

Abstract Introduction: food and nutrition education at school is a valuable tool for health promotion and some studies show its effectiveness in improving the population's knowledge, attitudes and behavior. The objective of this work was to evaluate the level of knowledge schoolchildren had upon the contents addressed in a food and nutrition education program in state-run schools of the City of Buenos Aires. Material and methods: a self-administered questionnaire of 15 questions was developed including healthy eating, characteristics of an adequate breakfast, physical activity, hydration and notions about the consumption of fruits and vegetables. It was administered in a randomized sample of girls and boys from 14 state primary schools, before starting the educational intervention and after 2 years; between April 2016 and November 2017. 220 6th grade girls and boys were included, and 191 of them completed the questionnaire a second time. Results: the percentage of children who answered correctly increased between the first and second measurements in 13 of the 15 items, although the difference was statistically significant in only 4. The final average score was slightly higher than the initial one (0.88 points), and the difference reached statistical significance for all schoolchildren, for both genders, and in 2 school districts. Conclusion: The results of the evaluation show a small but significant change in the level of knowledge about food and healthy habits of school girls and boys. Although this is one of the many factors that influence food decisions, it is important that the necessary tools are provided from the school environment so that individuals are aware of such choices.

Sounding the Alarm on Sleep: A Negative Association Between Inadequate Sleep and Flourishing.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the national prevalence of inadequate sleep among school-age children and its relationship with childhood flourishing. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study analyzed 49 050 parental responses from the 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health for school-age children. Inadequate sleep duration was defined as <9 hours for 6- to 12-year-olds and <8 hours for 13- to 17-year-olds on an average weeknight. Five markers of flourishing were examined individually and as a combined measure. Logistic regression was used with complex survey design and applied weights. RESULTS: Inadequate sleep was found in 36.4% of 6- to 12-year-olds and in 31.9% of 13- to 17-year-olds. Compared with children with adequate sleep, 6- to 12-year-olds with inadequate sleep had increased odds of not showing interest and curiosity in learning (aOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.34-1.94), not caring about doing well in school (aOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.23-1.71), not doing homework (aOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.24-1.68), and not finishing tasks (aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.35). Children aged 13-17 years with inadequate sleep had increased odds of not doing homework (aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.17-1.58), not staying calm and in control when challenged (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16-1.54), not showing interest and curiosity in learning (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14-1.58), not finishing tasks (aOR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.40), and not demonstrating the combined flourishing measure (aOR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17-1.56). CONCLUSIONS: Nationally representative data show that one-third of school-age children have inadequate sleep. Inadequate sleep is associated with decreased flourishing. These data will help inform sleep policies and optimize child development.

Investigation of the relationship between the theory of mind and creative thinking skills of children in rural area / Investigação da relação entre a teoria da mente e as habilidades de pensamento criativo de crianças na área rural

The aim of this study, accordingly, is to determine the relation between creativity and theory of mind skills of children aged 5-11 (Ns:117) who continue Primary Education in rural areas and to reveal the relation between the sub-dimensions of these abilities. At the end of the study, it was found that there was a significant and positive relation between the total creativity score and the sub-dimensions of theory of mind. It was found that there was a significant and positive relation between all sub-dimensions of creativity and theory of mind. The total creativity score and the scores of the sub-dimensions of creativity (fluency, originality, and elaboration) were significant but weak predictors of theory of mind tasks.

O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a relação entre criatividade e a teoria das habilidades mentais em crianças de 5 a 11 anos (Ns: 117) que continuam cursando o ensino fundamental em áreas rurais e revelar a relação entre as subdimensões dessas habilidades. No final do estudo, verificou-se que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre o escore total de criatividade e as subdimensões da teoria da mente dessas crianças. Verificou-se também que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre todas as subdimensões da criatividade e da teoria da mente. O escore total de criatividade e os escores das subdimensões da criatividade (fluência, originalidade e enriquecimento) foram preditores significativos, porém fracos, das tarefas da teoria da mente.

Cambios en sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares mexicanos de primarias públicas entre 2015 y 2018 / Overweight and obesity changes among Mexican school-age children from public elementary schools between 2015 and 2018

Resumen: Objetivo: Cuantificar los cambios de sobrepeso y obesidad (SO+O) y determinar su asociación con características sociodemográficas en escolares mexicanos de primarias públicas durante 2015 y 2018. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal comparativo. Se analizaron 6.5 millones de alumnos de 59 724 escuelas. La información deriva del Registro Nacional de Peso y Talla (RNPT) en cuatro periodos escolares, de 2015 a 2019, para niños de 6 a 12 años. Se estimaron razones de momios (RM) y prevalencias ajustadas mediante regresión logística ordinal generalizada. Resultados: Las RM fueron positivas para SO+O y para obesidad en el sexo masculino, ámbito urbano y baja marginación (p<0.001). La mayor prevalencia ajustada tanto para sobrepeso como para obesidad se reportó en 2016 (p<0.001). La región Sur manifestó ascensos constantes y significativos para obesidad durante cuatro periodos. Conclusión: El RNPT permite detectar diversas características de riesgo actual para el desarrollo de SO+O en escuelas primarias del país.

Abstract: Objective: To quantify changes in overweight and obesity and determine their association with sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican schoolchildren from public schools between 2015 and 2018. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional comparative study. The data of children between 6 an 12 years old was obtained from the National Register of Weight and Height (RNPT) during four years: 2015 trough 2019. Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted prevalences were estimated using generalized ordinal logistic regression. Results: A rough total of 6.5 million of children from 59 724 schools were studied. The OR's were positive for overweight and obesity (OW+OB) in male gender, urban locality and low marginalization (p<0.001). The greater adjusted probability of overweight and obesity found in 2016 (p<0.001). The country's south region shown constant and significative increases in obesity probabilities. Conclusion: The RNPT allows a real time detection of the various risk characteristics involved in overweight and obesity development in the country elementary schools.

Efectividad del modelo Póngale vida para la prevención de la obesidad infantil en escolares del cantón de La Unión, Costa Rica / Effectiveness of the Póngale Vida Model for the prevention of childhood obesity in schoolchildren, La Union County, Costa Rica

Resumen: Introducción: En Costa Rica, la prevalencia de obesidad infantil ha tenido un aumento considerable en los últimos años, por lo que es una prioridad para la salud pública. El objetivo del análisis es evaluar la efectividad del modelo Póngale Vida mediante las variables antropométricas, bioquímicas, preferencias alimentarias y de actividad física de las personas escolares. El modelo Póngale Vida busca promover estilos de vida saludables y prevenir la obesidad infantil en escolares de escuelas primarias públicas. Las estrategias se basan en el modelo ecológico e incluyen educación alimentaria y actividad física en diferentes escenarios (aula, la escuela, la familia y la comunidad) que podrían influenciar el comportamiento de las personas escolares. Metodología: En el 2009, se evaluaron 482 escolares, divididos en una escuela intervenida (N=255) y una escuela control (N=173), sin embargo, la muestra final fue de 287 escolares (n=255 y n=173 respectivamente). Se les evaluó el IMC, pliegue tricipital, perfil lipídico y se aplicó una entrevista al inicio y final de un periodo de 7 meses. Resultados: Hubo una disminución en la escuela intervenida en la media del puntaje Z del IMC/edad (Inicial= 0.54, Final= 0.48) contrario a la escuela control, la cual aumentó (Inicial=0.70, Final=0.85), pese a que la disminución en la primera no fue significativa, la diferencia en la medición final entre la escuela intervenida y control sí fue significativa (P=0.008). En los indicadores bioquímicos, todos muestran niños y niñas, en ambas escuelas, con valores considerados altos que merecen seguimiento posterior. Conclusión: La intervención permite modificar tendencias, por lo cual la escuela sigue siendo un escenario adecuado para la prevención de obesidad infantil, en este caso, Póngale Vida representa una opción para contribuir a cambios de corto y mediano plazo.

Abstract: Introduction: The prevalence of childhood obesity in Costa Rica has been growing in the last decade. This problem is now a public health priority. The objective of the analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Pongale Vida Model, through the anthropometric and biochemical variables, food and physical activities preferences, of children. The Póngale Vida Model look for promote healthy lifestyles and prevent childhood obesity in school children from public schools. These strategies are based on an ecological model which includes nutrition education and physical activity in the scenarios that are considered may influence behaviors in children such as the classroom, school, family and community. Methodology: In 2009, initially 482 children, were evaluated, divided in one intervened school (n=255) and one control school (n=173), and a final sample of 287 schoolchildren (n=255 and n=173 respectively), were evaluated for BMI, triceps skinfold and lipid profile, as well as one interview was administered at baseline and after a 7 month period. Results: There was a decrease in the intervened school in the mean Z score of BMI/age (Initial=0.54, Final=0.48) contrary to the control school, which increased (Initial=0.70, Final=0.85), despite the decrease in the first it was not significant, the difference in the final measurement between the operated and control school was significant (P=0.008). The biochemical indicators showed high values in both schools which suggest the need of further follow up. Conclusion: The intervention allows to modify trends, for which the school environment continues to be a suitable scenario for the prevention of childhood obesity, Pongale Vida represents an option to contribute to changes in the short and medium term.

Working Memory in Children with Learning Disorders: An EEG Power Spectrum Analysis.

Learning disorders (LDs) are diagnosed in children whose academic skills of reading, writing or mathematics are impaired and lagging according to their age, schooling and intelligence. Children with LDs experience substantial working memory (WM) deficits, even more pronounced if more than one of the academic skills is affected. We compared the task-related electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectral density of children with LDs (n = 23) with a control group of children with good academic achievement (n = 22), during the performance of a WM task. sLoreta was used to estimate the current distribution at the sources, and 18 brain regions of interest (ROIs) were chosen with an extended version of the eigenvector centrality mapping technique. In this way, we lessened some drawbacks of the traditional EEG at the sensor space by an analysis at the brain-sources level over data-driven selected ROIs. Results: The LD group showed fewer correct responses in the WM task, an overall slower EEG with more delta and theta activity, and less high-frequency gamma activity in posterior areas. We explain these EEG patterns in LD children as indices of an inefficient neural resource management related with a delay in neural maturation.

Família, escola e transição ecológica: uma revisão integrativa da literatura nacional / Family, school and ecological transition: an integrative review of national literature / Familia, escuela y transición ecológica: una revisión integradora de la literatura nacional

Este trabalho visa a apresentar uma revisão integrativa da literatura nacional referente à família, escola e transição para a escolaridade. Assim, realizouse uma busca de artigos científicos nas bases de dados Scielo e Pepsic, para mapear a produção nacional sobre o tema, entre os anos de 2006 e 2016. Mediante a combinação de palavras-chave, encontraram-se 17 artigos que discutem a relação entre família e escola e como ocorre a transição da criança pequena para o contexto escolar. A análise dos artigos evidenciou que a entrada da criança na escola tende a ser vivenciada, tanto pela família quanto pela criança, como período de estresse, pois envolve a adaptação de todos. O clima familiar positivo, permeado por práticas educativas do tipo indutivas, e a participação ativa na vida escolar das crianças possibilitam que as famílias experimentem satisfatoriamente esse momento de transição para a escolarização.

This work aims at present an integrative review of national literature concerning family, school, and transition to schooling. Thus, a search for scientific articles on Scielo and Pepsic databases was performed to map the national production on the subject between the years of 2006 and 2016. Through the combination of keywords, it was possible to find 17 articles that discuss the relationship between family, school, and how small children make the transition to the school context. The analysis of the articles highlighted that the child’s entry into school tends to be experienced as a stressful moment, both by the family and the child, as it requires adaptation from everyone involved. A positive family environment, permeated by inductive educational practices and active participation in the child’s school life, allows families to experience such transitional moments in a more satisfactory way.

Este trabajo objetiva presentar una revisión integradora de la literatura nacional referente a la familia, escuela y transición para la escolaridad. Así, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos científicos en las bases de datos Scielo y Pepsic para mapear la producción nacional sobre el tema, en los últimos diez años (2006-2016). Mediante la combinación de palabras clave se encontraron 17 artículos que discuten la relación entre familia y escuela, y también, cómo se desarrolla la transición del niño para el contexto escolar. El análisis de los artículos evidenció que la entrada del niño en la escuela tiende a ser experimentada tanto por la familia como por el niño como un período de estrés, pues implica la adaptación de todos. El clima familiar positivo permeado por las prácticas educativas inductivas y la participación activa en la vida escolar de los niños posibilitan que las familias vivan ese momento de transición para la escolarización de forma más satisfactoria.