Thoughts and expectations of young professionals about the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM).

Objectives: Young laboratory medicine professionals (YLMPs) are the future of clinical laboratories. Although everyday practice shows significant differences among countries, especially during residency training, most of them face the same challenges. Besides promoting scientific, professional and clinical aspects of laboratory medicine in Europe, the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) should take into consideration YLMPs' concerns and interests to help them achieve excellence. The aim of this survey was to assess the opinion and expectations of YLMPs about their involvement in the activities of EFLM. Methods: An online survey was distributed to YLMPs in Europe through different channels. The questionnaire consisted of 21 items grouped into five sections: demographic questions, opinion about the current status of YLMPs within EFLM, YLMPs network, suggestions and opportunities, and scientific training and exchange. Where appropriate, responses from residents and specialists were compared. Results: A total of 329 valid responses were obtained from 53 different countries. Countries with the highest number of participants were Spain, Turkey, Croatia and Romania. A significant percentage would like to know more about EFLM and their activities (86%) and wish EFLM promoted networking and scientific exchanges (95%), for instance by means of a European YLMPs network (93%). EFLMLabX project was widely unknown (75%). Conclusions: YLMPs demand better connection to share concerns about daily healthcare duties, to keep updated and to advance professionally. EFLM needs to improve their advertising through national societies to increase YLMPs' participation. In addition to international meetings and congresses, respondents have emphasized that workshops and other small group activities would significantly help promote laboratory medicine practice in Europe.

[P.E. Flechsig's contribution to a Russian-German scientific exchange in the fields of neuropathology and psychiatry]. / Vklad P.É. Fleksiga v rossiisko-nemetskoe nauchnoe sotrudnichestvo v oblasti nevrologii i psikhiatrii.

The University of Leipzig has played an important role in the Russian-German scientific exchange in the fields of psychiatry and neurology in the 19th century. An outstanding but almost forgotten protagonist of that exchange was the psychiatrist and neurologist Paul Flechsig, who enjoyed worldwide recognition for his neuroanatomical works. Famous Russian neurologists and psychiatrists as Vladimir Bekhterev, Liverij Osipovich Darkshevich, Vladimir Chizh not only learned from Flechsig's experience, but also undertook independent research, which gave them impulses for furthering their carriers in Russia.

Medical Science Liaisons (MSL) in Africa: a perspective.

The role of a Medical Science Liaison (MSL) is of growing importance to pharmaceutical, biotechnology, diagnostic and medical device companies. Through scientific engagement MSLs add value to clinical practice, ultimately benefiting patients. The MSL role is dynamic and encompasses in-depth product and disease knowledge together with the ability to communicate relevant, unbiased scientific information concisely and timely. Tasks are focused on contributing towards the advancement of medical knowledge, scientific data generation and dissemination. Professional relationships are developed, fostering collaboration between external experts and typically the medical affairs departments of pharmaceutical companies through a credible liaison. Through such relationships, critical insights are shared that shape the development pipeline, promote successful clinical translation and guide the market deployment strategy of therapeutic interventions through-out their life cycle. Despite the rising number of MSLs in the field and the implicit medical value of the role, there remains a lack of understanding for what the roles of a MSL entails. In Africa, where exponential growth of the pharmaceutical industry is expected, the number of MSLs will increase rapidly. Given the complexities of the African continent, the MSLs in this burgeoning environment will face various challenges including remote locations, time-constraints, regulatory and bureaucratic hurdles and importantly physician misperception of the MSL role that collectively may thwart the goal of meaningful scientific engagement; but these challenges can be surmounted through astute proactive planning and utilization of opportunities including digital communication strategies.

Doctors Discussing "the Root of Koreans": Medical Genetics and the Korean Origin, 1975-1987.

Anthropological genetics emerged as a new discipline to investigate the origin of human species in the second half of the twentieth century. Using the genetic database of blood groups and other protein polymorphisms, anthropological geneticists started redrawing the ancient migratory history of human populations. A peculiarity of the Korean experience is that clinical physicians were the first experts using genetic data to theorize the historical origin of the respective population. This paper examines how South Korean physicians produced the genetic knowledge and discourse of the Korean origin in the 1970s and 1980s. It argues that transnational scientific exchange led clinical researchers to engage in global anthropological studies. The paper focuses on two scientific cooperative cases in medical genetics at the time: the West German-South Korean pharmacogenetic research on the Korean population and the Asia-Oceania Histocompatibility Workshop. At the outset, physicians introduced medical genetics into their laboratory for clinical applications. Involved in cooperative projects on investigating anthropological implications of their clinical work, medical researchers came to use their genetic data for studying the Korean origin. In the process, physicians simply followed a nationalist narrative of the Korean origin rather than criticizing it. This was partially due to their lack of serious interest in anthropological work. Their explanations about the Korean origin would be considered "scientific" while hiding their embracing of the nationalist narrative.

Doctors Discussing “the Root of Koreans”: Medical Genetics and the Korean Origin, 1975–1987 / 의사학

Anthropological genetics emerged as a new discipline to investigate the origin of human species in the second half of the twentieth century. Using the genetic database of blood groups and other protein polymorphisms, anthropological geneticists started redrawing the ancient migratory history of human populations. A peculiarity of the Korean experience is that clinical physicians were the first experts using genetic data to theorize the historical origin of the respective population. This paper examines how South Korean physicians produced the genetic knowledge and discourse of the Korean origin in the 1970s and 1980s. It argues that transnational scientific exchange led clinical researchers to engage in global anthropological studies. The paper focuses on two scientific cooperative cases in medical genetics at the time: the West German-South Korean pharmacogenetic research on the Korean population and the Asia-Oceania Histocompatibility Workshop. At the outset, physicians introduced medical genetics into their laboratory for clinical applications. Involved in cooperative projects on investigating anthropological implications of their clinical work, medical researchers came to use their genetic data for studying the Korean origin. In the process, physicians simply followed a nationalist narrative of the Korean origin rather than criticizing it. This was partially due to their lack of serious interest in anthropological work. Their explanations about the Korean origin would be considered “scientific” while hiding their embracing of the nationalist narrative.

[On the occasion of the 70th congress of the German Society of Urology : Examples of networks and think tanks at its founding in 1906/1907 and further developments]. / Zum 70. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie e. V. : Beispiele zu Netzwerken und Denkkollektiven bei ihrer Gründung 1906/1907 und weiteren Entwicklung.

The German Society of Urology was founded in 1906/1907 with a historical background starting in 1896 shortly after the death of Maximilian Nitze, the "inventor" of the cystoscope. This reflects the end of the first phase in the establishment of modern scientific urology as a specialty of its own within German-speaking countries (Imperial Germany, the Austria-Hungary Empire and Switzerland). Supported by German emigrants, the international orientation of German urology and networks was important during this time period. After WWI and WWII and Nazi atrocities, it took time to rebuild these relationships and exchanges from the 1960s to the 1990s-first within the former East and West Germany and then with European countries and the USA. From the 1990s onwards, the society continued to bridge borders behind the Iron Curtain.

O percurso da avaliação psicológica nos simpósios da ANPEPP / The path of psychological assessment in ANPEPP symposiums / La ruta de evaluación psicológica en simposios ANPEPP

Será apresentado, em uma perspectiva histórica, a participação da área da avaliação psicológica (AP) nas edições do Simpósio Bienal de Pesquisa e Intercâmbio Científico da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Psicologia (ANPEPP). Tais Simpósios constituem em uma das principais ações dessa Associação, contribuindo para o intercâmbio e a cooperação entre os centros de pesquisa e pesquisadores. Constatou-se a presença da AP desde a primeira edição do simpósio, ocorrido em 1988. Enquanto, nas décadas de 1990 e 2000, um único grupo de trabalho (GT) reunia pesquisadores de AP, na virada da década passada para a atual, o número de GTs de AP aumentou de três para cinco. A criação desses novos GTs reflete a expansão dessa área no âmbito da pesquisa, tanto pelo número de pesquisadores envolvidos quanto pela diversidade de temas relacionados à AP. Produções científicas advindas dos GTs têm contribuído substantivamente para o desenvolvimento da Psicologia no Brasil.

We present here, in a historical perspective, the participation of area of psychological assessment (PA) in the editions of the Biennial Symposium on Research and Scientific Exchange of the National Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Psychology (ANPEPP). These Symposiums constitute one of the primary actions of this Association, contributing to the exchange and cooperation between research centers and researchers. The presence of PA dates back to the first edition of the symposium in 1988. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was only one PA work group. However, from 2000 to the present, the number of work groups increased from three to five. The creation of these additional work groups reflects the expansion of the area under research, both in number of researchers involved and in the diversity of issues related to PA. Scientific production resulting from these work groups has contributed substantially to the development of psychology in Brazil.

Presentamos en una perspectiva histórica la participación del área de Evaluación Psicológica (EP) en las ediciones del Simposio Bienal de Asociación Nacional de Investigaciones y Postgrado en Psicología (ANPEPP). Tales Simposios se constituyen en una de las principales acciones de esta Asociación, que contribuyen para intercambio y cooperación entre centros de investigación e investigadores. Se constató la presencia de la EP desde la primera edición del Simposio en 1988. En las década de 1990 a 2000, un solo grupo de trabajo (GT) reunió investigadores de EP. Desde el comienzo del año 2000 hasta la actualidad, el número de GTs aumentó de tres a cinco. La creación de estos nuevos GTs refleja la expansión de esa área en el ámbito de la investigación, tanto por el número de investigadores como por la diversidad de temas relacionados con la EP. Las producciones científicas provenientes de los GTs han contribuído sustancialmente para el desarrollo de la Psicología en Brasil.

O percurso da avaliação psicológica nos Simpósios da ANPEPP / The path of psychological assessment in ANPEPP Symposiums / La ruta de evaluación psicológica en Simposios ANPEPP

Será apresentado, em uma perspectiva histórica, a participação da área da avaliação psicológica (AP) nas edições do Simpósio Bienal de Pesquisa e Intercâmbio Científico da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Psicologia (ANPEPP). Tais Simpósios constituem em uma das principais ações dessa Associação, contribuindo para o intercâmbio e a cooperação entre os centros de pesquisa e pesquisadores. Constatou-se a presença da AP desde a primeira edição do simpósio, ocorrido em 1988. Enquanto, nas décadas de 1990 e 2000, um único grupo de trabalho (GT) reunia pesquisadores de AP, na virada da década passada para a atual, o número de GTs de AP aumentou de três para cinco. A criação desses novos GTs reflete a expansão dessa área no âmbito da pesquisa, tanto pelo número de pesquisadores envolvidos quanto pela diversidade de temas relacionados à AP. Produções científicas advindas dos GTs têm contribuído substantivamente para o desenvolvimento da Psicologia no Brasil.(AU)

We present here, in a historical perspective, the participation of area of psychological assessment (PA) in the editions of the Biennial Symposium on Research and Scientific Exchange of the National Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Psychology (ANPEPP). These Symposiums constitute one of the primary actions of this Association, contributing to the exchange and cooperation between research centers and researchers. The presence of PA dates back to the first edition of the symposium in 1988. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was only one PA work group. However, from 2000 to the present, the number of work groups increased from three to five. The creation of these additional work groups reflects the expansion of the area under research, both in number of researchers involved and in the diversity of issues related to PA. Scientific production resulting from these work groups has contributed substantially to the development of psychology in Brazil.(AU)

Presentamos en una perspectiva histórica la participación del área de Evaluación Psicológica (EP) en las ediciones del Simposio Bienal de Asociación Nacional de Investigaciones y Postgrado en Psicología (ANPEPP). Tales Simposios se constituyen en una de las principales acciones de esta Asociación, que contribuyen para intercambio y cooperación entre centros de investigación e investigadores. Se constató la presencia de la EP desde la primera edición del Simposio en 1988. En las década de 1990 a 2000, un solo grupo de trabajo (GT) reunió investigadores de EP. Desde el comienzo del año 2000 hasta la actualidad, el número de GTs aumentó de tres a cinco. La creación de estos nuevos GTs refleja la expansión de esa área en el ámbito de la investigación, tanto por el número de investigadores como por la diversidad de temas relacionados con la EP. Las producciones científicas provenientes de los GTs han contribuído sustancialmente para el desarrollo de la Psicología en Brasil.(AU)

Back to first principles: a new model for the regulation of drug promotion.

The US Food and Drug Administration's ('FDA' or the 'Agency') current regulatory framework for drug promotion, by significantly restricting the ability of drug manufacturers to communicate important, accurate, up-to-date scientific information about their products that is truthful and non-misleading, runs afoul of the First Amendment and actually runs counter to the Agency's public health mission. Our article proposes a New Model that represents an initial proposal for a modern, sustainable regulatory framework that comprehensively addresses drug promotion while protecting the public health, protecting manufacturers' First Amendment rights, establishing clear and understandable rules, and maintaining the integrity of the FDA approval process. The New Model would create three categories of manufacturer communications-(1) Scientific Exchange and Other Exempt Communications, (2) Non-Core Communications, and (3) Core Communications-that would be regulated consistent with the First Amendment and according to the strength of the government's interest in regulating the specific communications included within each category. The New Model should address the FDA's concerns related to off-label speech while protecting drug manufacturers' freedom to engage in truthful and non-misleading communications about their products.

Memorias y perspectivas de la I Reunión de Redes de Enfermería en Cuba / Memories and perspectives from the 1st Meeting of Nursing networks in Cuba

El desarrollo científico-técnico del personal de enfermería necesita de la construcción colaborativa para fortalecer el proceso de atención, la enseñanza y la investigación. Las Redes son en la actualidad la vía más efectiva para ello, de ahí que si éstas se conciben como una fuente de información, intercambio y comunicación, sobre la base de la tolerancia, el respeto y la solidaridad, serán fortalezas de la profesión en su camino a constituirse como ciencia. Aprovechar las oportunidades de los Congresos de Enfermería para realizar reuniones de redes es una alternativa para incentivar y fortalecer el intercambio científico y humano, tal es el caso de la Primera Reunión de Redes efectuada en el XIV Congreso de la Sociedad Cubana de Enfermería. Este artículo pretende describir las memorias de este fructífero encuentro y dejar plasmadas las perspectivas que servirán de guía para el trabajo futuro de las Redes de Enfermería en Cuba durante el bienio 2011-2013(AU)

The scientific-technical development of nursing staff needs of collaborative construction to strength the care process, teaching and research. Nowadays, the networks are the more effective route for it, thus if these are conceived as a source of information, exchange and communication, based on the tolerance, respect and solidarity, will become a science. To make the most of the chances from Nursing Congresses to carry out networks meetings is an alternative to motivate and to strength the scientific and human exchange, this is the case of the 1st Networks Meeting had in the XIV Congress of the Cuban Nursing Society. The aim of present paper is to describe the memories of this successful meeting and to give shape to the perspectives serving of guide for the future work of the Nursing Networks in Cuba over 2011-2013(AU)

Memorias y perspectivas de la I Reunión de Redes de Enfermería en Cuba / Memories and perspectives from the 1st Meeting of Nursing networks in Cuba

El desarrollo científico-técnico del personal de enfermería necesita de la construcción colaborativa para fortalecer el proceso de atención, la enseñanza y la investigación. Las Redes son en la actualidad la vía más efectiva para ello, de ahí que si éstas se conciben como una fuente de información, intercambio y comunicación, sobre la base de la tolerancia, el respeto y la solidaridad, serán fortalezas de la profesión en su camino a constituirse como ciencia. Aprovechar las oportunidades de los Congresos de Enfermería para realizar reuniones de redes es una alternativa para incentivar y fortalecer el intercambio científico y humano, tal es el caso de la Primera Reunión de Redes efectuada en el XIV Congreso de la Sociedad Cubana de Enfermería. Este artículo pretende describir las memorias de este fructífero encuentro y dejar plasmadas las perspectivas que servirán de guía para el trabajo futuro de las Redes de Enfermería en Cuba durante el bienio 2011-2013.(AU)

The scientific-technical development of nursing staff needs of collaborative construction to strength the care process, teaching and research. Nowadays, the networks are the more effective route for it, thus if these are conceived as a source of information, exchange and communication, based on the tolerance, respect and solidarity, will become a science. To make the most of the chances from Nursing Congresses to carry out networks meetings is an alternative to motivate and to strength the scientific and human exchange, this is the case of the 1st Networks Meeting had in the XIV Congress of the Cuban Nursing Society. The aim of present paper is to describe the memories of this successful meeting and to give shape to the perspectives serving of guide for the future work of the Nursing Networks in Cuba over 2011-2013.(AU)

Médicos, viagens e intercâmbio científico na institucionalização do combate ao câncer no Brasil (1941-1945) / Physicians, travels, and scientific exchange during the institutionalization of the fight against cancer in Brazil (1941-1945)

Analisa ações de médicos ligados às iniciativas pública e privada e que colaboraram para a incorporação do combate ao câncer, na agenda das políticas públicas de saúde do governo federal, cristalizadas na criação do Serviço Nacional de Câncer em 1941. Objetiva também demonstrar que esse processo histórico se relaciona diretamente ao contexto internacional de intercâmbio científico entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos, incentivado pela 'política da boa vizinhança', nos anos 1940. Aponta disputas políticas pela primazia da coordenação de ações de combate à enfermidade, no âmbito do poder central.

The article analyzes initiatives taken by physicians from both the private and public sectors who contributed to placing the fight against cancer on the federal government's agenda of public health policies, which became embodied in the 1941 creation of Brazil's National Cancer Service. The text also aims to show that this historical process was directly related to the international context of scientific exchange between Brazil and the United States that was encouraged under the Good-neighbor Policy of the 1940s. It calls attention to political disputes over the coordination of efforts to fight the disease at the federal level.