Aesthetic experiences and flourishing in science: A four-country study.

In response to the mental health crisis in science, and amid concerns about the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientists, this study seeks to identify the role of a heretofore under-researched factor for flourishing and eudaimonia: aesthetic experiences in scientific work. The main research question that this study addresses is: To what extent is the frequency of encountering aesthetics in terms of beauty, awe, and wonder in scientific work associated with greater well-being among scientists? Based on a large-scale (N = 3,061) and representative international survey of scientists (biologists and physicists) in four countries (India, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States), this study employs sets of nested regressions to model the associations of aesthetic experiences with flourishing while controlling for demographic factors and negative workplace and life circumstances such as burnout, job/publication pressure, mistreatment, COVID-19 impacts, other stressful life events, serious psychological distress, and chronic health conditions. The results show that the frequency of aesthetic experiences in scientific work in the disciplines of biology and physics has a very large and statistically significant association with flourishing and eudaimonia that remains robust even when controlling for demographic factors and negative workplace and life circumstances, including COVID-19 impacts. Aesthetic experiences in scientific work are even as strongly associated with flourishing as the presence of serious psychological distress and are most strongly associated with the flourishing domain of meaning in life, thus pointing to a link with eudaimonic well-being. In line with neurophysiological evidence and positive psychological models of flow, self-transcendence, and intrinsic motivation, aesthetics are a key source of flourishing for scientists in the disciplines of biology and physics. While future research needs to test the causal mechanism, the strength of the findings could encourage leaders of scientific labs and research organizations generally to remove obstacles to experiencing the aesthetic dimensions of science. Fostering cultures in which the aesthetic experiences that are intrinsic to scientific practice are fully appreciated might potentially protect or boost flourishing by reducing the impacts of burnout, job/publication pressure, and mistreatment-related experiences in science.

[Radiology department of the Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery: stages of research work]. / Rentgenologicheskoe otdelenie FGBU NMITs «TsNIIS i ChLKh¼ Minzdrava Rossii: etapy nauchno-issledovatel'skoi raboty.

The stages of the 60-year period of scientific research in the X-ray department of Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery. The research work was carried out in parallel with the improvement of X-ray diagnostics in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery based on the use of modern specialized X-ray equipment: panoramic radiography of the jaws, linear and panoramic zonography of the maxillofacial region, CT and CBCT of facial bones. For many decades, the department has been developing methodological and organizational foundations for X-ray examination of patients, conducted a comparative assessment of the informative value of X-ray techniques, studied the radiographic features of inflammatory, traumatic, tumor, tumor-like, congenital, post-traumatic and systemic pathological processes in the dental system and maxillofacial region.

Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba: una mirada a su producción científica / University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba: a look to its scientific production

Las universidades son uno de los ejes principales del desarrollo científico de un país y su misión ha variado a lo largo del tiempo. Estas instituciones nacieron con una primera misión que es la docencia, pero actualmente sus actividades son mucho más amplias. Al respecto, se realizó el presente estudio con el objetivo de reflexionar en torno a la producción científica en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba; asimismo, se indagó acerca de la colaboración e impacto alcanzados en la última edición del Ranking Iberoamericano de Instituciones de Educación Superior, 2020. Se evidenció que el uso de indicadores bibliométricos es una alternativa para medir y evaluar la producción científica de los profesionales de la salud, así como ampliar la productividad y la visibilidad a través de estrategias y políticas trazadas, a partir de la toma de decisiones oportunas.

The universities are one of the main focal points in the scientific development of a country and its mission has varied as time goes by. These institutions were born with a first mission that is teaching, but at the moment their activities are much wider. In this respect, the present study was carried out aimed at meditating around the scientific production in the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba; also, there was an investigation about the collaboration and impact reached in the last edition of the Ibero-American Ranking of Higher Education Institutions, 2020. It was evidenced that the use of bibliometric indicatives is an alternative to measure and evaluate the scientific production of the health professionals, as well as to enlarge the productivity and visibility through strategies and politics drawn up, taking the opportune decisions making as a starting point.

[The analysis of dissertations on leadership].

The phenomenon of leadership for long time attracts attention of scientists and practitioners of various specialties, including medicine. Among numerous research publications on this topic, dissertations occupy special place, as both research and public defense are carried out in accordance with officially established rules. To achieve the research goal of studying characteristics of dissertations on leadership implemented in 1995-2019 in various scientific specialties bibliometric analysis, logical and descriptive statistics were applied. The sampling of 305 dissertations on leadership were analyzed in digital databases of scientific libraries. The analysis established that number of dissertations on leadership submitted to dissertation councils changed significantly over the analyzed period. In the structure of dissertations, predominated problems of political leadership (37.4%), formation of leadership qualities in young individuals (19.0%) and management on the basis of leadership potential (12.5%). The women, as compared to men, made up to 27.3% among authors dissertations on leadership. The main reserve of further study of phenomenon of leadership is implementation of dissertations on mentioned research themes in other scientific specialties that provide this area of research, as well as inclusion of theme of leadership in the scientific specialty 14.02.03 - public health and public health.

Tarea Vida. Su integración al Trabajo Científico Estudiantil desde la asignatura Metodología de la Investigación Educativa / Life Task. Its integration to the Student Scientific Work from the subject Educational Research Methodology

RESUMEN Fundamento: La Tarea Vida es una propuesta integral del Estado Cubano para el enfrentamiento al cambio climático, en esta juegan un papel fundamental estrategias específicas del Trabajo Científico Estudiantil, sin embargo, es necesario establecer mecanismos, formas, vías, procederes para lograr su integración en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Objetivo: Proponer tareas docentes que desde la asignatura Metodología de la Investigación Educativa, permitan la integración de la Tarea Vida al Trabajo Científico Estudiantil del 3.er año de la Licenciatura en Educación. Primaria. Metodología: Se realizó un preexperimento pedagógico estructurado en diagnóstico, ejecución y evaluación. La muestra fueron los 14 estudiantes de 3.er año del curso 2018-2019 y 13 profesores que representaban el total de los tutores de estos alumnos. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico-matemático. Resultados: A partir del diagnóstico inicial se presentaron tareas docentes en la asignatura Metodología de la Investigación Educativa que propiciaron la inserción de la Tarea Vida en el Trabajo Científico Estudiantil, se constató la evolución de las dimensiones evaluadas hacia los niveles medio y alto. Conclusiones: Las tareas docentes con carácter instructivo, educativo, sistémico e integrador diseñadas a partir de la estrategia curricular ambiental de la disciplina principal integradora, articuladas de manera coherente con la tutoría y la investigación científica, contribuyen a la inserción de la Tarea Vida en el Trabajo Científico Estudiantil.

ABSTRACT Background: Life Task is a comprehensive proposal of the Cuban State to confront climate change, in this the Student Scientific Work specific strategies play a relevant role, however, it is necessary to establish mechanisms, forms, ways, procedures to achieve its integration in the teaching-learning process. Objective: To propose teaching tasks that, from the subject Educational Research Methodology, allow the integration of Life Task into Student Scientific Work of the 3rd year of the Elementary Education Bachelor's Degree. Methodology: A structured pedagogical pre-experiment in diagnosis, execution and evaluation was carried out. The sample, a 3rd year 14 students from the 2018-2019 academic year and 13 teachers who represented the total of the tutors of these students. Methods of the theoretical, empirical and statistical-mathematical level were used. Results: From the initial diagnosis, teaching tasks were presented in the subject Educational Research Methodology that led to the insertion of Life Task into Student Scientific Work, the evolution of the dimensions evaluated towards the medium and high levels was verified. Conclusions: The teaching tasks with an instructive, educational, systemic and integrative nature designed from the environmental curricular strategy of the main integrating discipline, articulated in a coherent way with tutoring and scientific research, contribute to the insertion of Life Task into Student Scientific Work.

Want a better h-index? - All you need to know about copyright and open access.

INTRODUCTION: Physicians, whether in the public or private sector, are increasingly bound to "publish or perish". Although researchers have become aware of certain ethical concerns relating to the concept of authorship, clinicians still tend to neglect issues of copyright. The present study aims: 1) to explain to orthopedic surgeons what exactly is protected by copyright in a scientific article; 2) to assess the legal implications of publishing contracts; and 3) to specify the means of publication that best boost the author's h-index. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was based on intellectual property legislation and jurisprudence and the underlying principles. The European and American medical and legal literature was analyzed. RESULTS: It is vital to understand the basic principles of copyright and the legal implications of publishing contracts. A scientific article is protected by copyright as soon as it has been written. This confers both moral and property rights. "Moral" rights protect the person of the author and are inalienable; unlike property rights, they cannot be transferred. Publishing contracts can only concern property and other derivative rights. Most scientific articles are published in open access via Creative Commons (CC) licenses. The greater the freedom of use provided for in the CC license, the more easily other authors can use the article, adding to it or altering it. As all CC licenses include an attribution clause, authors publishing under a relatively unrestrictive CC license increase the chances of boosting their h-index. CONCLUSION: Forewarned is forearmed. Mastering the means of publication enables authors to make the most of their publications in boosting their h-index, and also to contribute to the new Open Science paradigm: abandoning some intellectual property in favor of innovation and knowledge sharing rather than clinging to data protection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Albrecht von Graefe in the present, the past, and the future.

Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) is the founder of this archive (1854) and the founder of modern ophthalmology. In 2020, the anniversary of his death will be observed for the 150th time. The "German Ophthalmological Society" (DOG), also a Graefe foundation (1857), has therefore proclaimed a "Graefe year." In Berlin, his hometown, several Graefe-monuments exist. Ophthalmology owes Albrecht von Graefe numerous first discoveries such as excavation of the optic disc in glaucoma (1855), iridectomy in glaucoma (1857), or central artery occlusion (1859). But his after-effects are not only based on his clinical and scientific merits but also on his extraordinary, fascinating personality, which can be characterized by his spirit of internationality, friendship, self-criticism, love of truth, and modesty. Graefe became a myth not only because of his early death but also because he had apart from great successes, to accept human misfortunes at the same time. Albrecht von Graefe can be regarded as the conscience of ophthalmology in Germany.

Trajetória profissional de mulheres cientistas à luz dos estereótipos de gênero / Carrera profesional de las mujeres científicas a la luz de los estereotipos de género / Professional career of women scientists in the light of gender stereotypes

RESUMO. A ciência foi instituída por homens e a atuação feminina nesse campo foi negada por longos anos. Apesar da redução das desigualdades de gênero no mundo da pesquisa, a tardia e menor inserção feminina ainda tem suas marcas nesse universo. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os discursos de pesquisadoras brasileiras acerca das suas trajetórias profissionais com foco nas relações de gênero e no processo de escolha de carreira. Participaram nove mulheres docentes permanentes em programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu, com diversidade de áreas do conhecimento e de níveis na carreira científica. Sete entrevistas foram realizadas pessoalmente e duas com interação de áudio e vídeo. Foi utilizado um roteiro com perguntas-estímulo e, posteriormente, os relatos passaram por uma análise de conteúdo categorial. Os resultados em geral apontaram que as escolhas de carreira das pesquisadoras não passaram por situações explícitas de preconceito ou desigualdade de gênero, mas suas trajetórias profissionais sim. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura da área e sugeridos novos estudos que permitam ampliar as reflexões sobre a temática.

RESUMEN. La ciencia fue instituida por hombres y la acción femenina en este campo fue negada por muchos años. A pesar de la reducción de las desigualdades de género en el mundo de la investigación, la inserción femenina tardía y menor todavía tiene sus marcas en este universo. Este estudio analiza el discurso de los investigadores brasileños sobre su carrera con un enfoque en las relaciones de género y el proceso de elección de carrera. Participaron nueve profesoras permanentes en programas de estudios de posgrado stricto sensu de distintos niveles de carrera. Se utilizó un guion con preguntas estímulo e informes vinieron más adelante, a través de un análisis de contenido categorial. Los resultados mostraron que las opciones de carrera de los investigadores no han explicitado situaciones de desigualdad de género o el sesgo, pero sus trayectorias profesionales sí. Los resultados sugieren estudios adicionales que permiten ampliar las reflexiones sobre el tema.

ABSTRACT Science was established by men, and women work in this field has been denied for many years. Despite the reduction of gender inequalities in the research world, the late and lower female insertion still has its brands in this universe. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the discourse of Brazilian researchers about their careers with a focus on gender relations and the process of career choice. Participants were nine women, permanent teachers in stricto sensu graduate studies programs, with diverse areas of knowledge and scientific career levels. Seven interviews were conducted in person and two with audio and video interaction. We used a script with stimulus-questions and, later, reports were analyzed according to the categorical content. The overall results showed that career choices of women researchers did not go through explicit situations of prejudice or gender inequality, but their professional trajectories did. The results are discussed in the light of the literature in the area and suggested further studies that allow enlarging the reflections on the subject.

The scientific term paper at the Charité: a project report on concept, implementation, and students' evaluation and learning.

Aim: Better training in scientific skills, such as the ability to conduct research independently, has been one of the main drivers of reform in medical education. The aim of this article is to report on the scientific term paper module in the modular curriculum of medicine (MCM) at the Charité. This module is an established example of undergraduate medical students conducting their own scientific investigations. Project outline: A faculty-wide, outcome-oriented process resulted in a four-week module for writing a scientific term paper in the 6th semester of the MCM as part of a longitudinal science curriculum. Acquired competencies were assessed through a written term paper and an oral presentation. Two student cohorts (winter terms 2013 and 2014) were surveyed on how they rated the module concept, organizational aspects and the quality of support. We further analysed the chosen topics of the papers as well as student assessment results. Results: The student evaluation (return rates of 193 and 197, 71% and 77%) showed high overall satisfaction with the module. This result was evident in the high rating of the module concept and organizational aspects, a positive attitude towards scientific research, and strong motivation to pursue further scientific research. There was a wide spectrum of term paper topics with a focus on literature reviews. Most of the student work was assessed as good or very good. Conclusion: The scientific term paper module has proven itself as a curricular concept for students to perform own scientific research in the MCM, with strong acceptance and good performance by students. This project report can serve as basis and guidance for development and further improvements to promote scientific competencies in undergraduate medical education in other faculties.

Development and Preliminary Validation of a New Measure of Values in Scientific Work.

In this paper we describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of a new measure, the values in scientific work (VSW). This scale assesses the level of importance that investigators attach to different VSW. It taps a broad range of intrinsic, extrinsic, and social values that motivate the work of scientists, including values specific to scientific work (e.g., truth and integrity) and more classic work values (e.g., security and prestige) in the context of science. Notably, the values represented in this scale are relevant to scientists regardless of their career stage and research focus. We administered the VSW and a measure of global values to 203 NIH-funded investigators. Exploratory factor analyses suggest the delineation of eight VSW, including autonomy, research ethics, social impact, income, collaboration, innovation and growth, conserving relationships, and job security. These VSW showed predictable and distinct associations with global values. Implications of these findings for work on research integrity and scientific misconduct are discussed.

Usos de foucault nos estudos de psicologia no Brasil / Los usos de foucault en los estudios de psicología en Brasil / The use of foucault in psychology studies in Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o uso das contribuições de Foucault em artigos publicados em periódicos de Psicologia. Na amostra de 64 artigos pesquisados, há uma prevalência de estudos teóricos sobre os empíricos. Nos teóricos o tema da subjetividade é central, enquanto os empíricos abordam políticas públicas, especialmente as da saúde e da segurança. Duas questões orientaram a análise do material bibliográfico, a saber: (a) quais são as razões do uso extenso de Foucault na Psicologia? (b) como se dá a utilização do referencial foucaultiano nos textos analisados? Privilegiaram-se aspectos quantitativos para sustentar a discussão. A abordagem política de cunho pluralista adotada por Foucault compõe as razões do interesse dos psicólogos brasileiros por sua obra. Os artigos analisados contêm muitas referências aos textos de Foucault, mas pouca revisão da literatura contemporânea, o que indica baixa interlocução com a produção científica da área.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el uso de las contribuciones de Foucault en artículos publicados en revistas de psicología. En los 64 artículos estudiados, hay un predominio de los estudios teóricos sobre los empíricos. En los estudios teóricos, el tema de la subjetividad es central, mientras que en los estudios empíricos se abordan las políticas públicas de salud y seguridad. Dos preguntas guiaron el análisis del material bibliográfico, a saber: (a) ¿Por qué razón se utiliza de manera tan extensiva a Foucault en la Psicología? (b) ¿Cómo se utiliza el referencial foucaultiano en los textos analizados? Se dio prioridad a los aspectos cuantitativos para basar/fundamentar la discusión. El enfoque político pluralista adoptado por Foucault es la razón del interés de los psicólogos brasileños por su trabajo. Los artículos analizados contienen muchas referencias a los textos de Foucault, pero tienen poca revisión de la literatura contemporánea, lo que indica el bajo nivel de interlocución con la producción científica del área.

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the use of Foucault's contributions in articles published in journals of Psychology. We selected 64 articles for our bibliographical sample, in which there is a prevalence of theoretical studies over the empirical ones. In theoretical articles the theme of subjectivity is central, while the empirical ones approach public policies, such as those of health and security. Two questions guide the analysis: (a) what are the reasons for the extensive use of Foucault in Psychology? (b) how the Foucaultian framework is used? We focused on quantitative aspects to support the discussion. A pluralistic political approach initiated by Foucault composes the reasons for the interest of Brazilian psychologists in his work. The analyzed articles contain many references to Foucault's text, but are not supported by contemporary literature about his framework, which indicates a poor dialogue with the scientific production in the area.

Supervisors' perspective on medical thesis projects and dropout rates: survey among thesis supervisors at a large German university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To identify underlying causes for failure of medical thesis projects and the constantly high drop-out rate in Germany from the supervisors' perspective and to compare the results with the students' perspective. SETTING: Cross-sectional survey. Online questionnaire for survey of medical thesis supervisors among the staff of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. Published, earlier longitudinal survey among students for comparison. PARTICIPANTS: 1069 thesis supervisors participated. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data are presented using descriptive statistics, and the χ2 test served to compare the results among supervisors with the earlier data from the longitudinal survey of doctoral students. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Not applicable. This survey is an observational study. RESULTS: Of 3653 potential participants, 1069 (29.3%) supervising 3744 doctoral candidates participated in the study. Supervisors considered themselves to be highly motivated and to offer adequate supervision. On the other hand, 87% stated that they did not feel well prepared for thesis supervision. Supervisors gave lack of timeliness of doctoral students and personal differences (p=0.024 and p=0.001) as the main reasons for terminating thesis projects. Doctoral students predominantly mentioned methodological problems and difficult subjects as critical issues (p=0.001 and p<0.001). Specifically, students felt ill prepared for the statistical part of their research-49.5% stated that they never received statistical assistance, whereas 97% of supervisors claimed to help their students with statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that both thesis supervisors and medical students feel ill prepared for their roles in the process of a medical dissertation. Contradictory reasons for terminating medical thesis projects based on supervisors' and students' self-assessment suggest a lack of communication and true scientific collaboration between supervisors and doctoral students as the major underlying issue that requires resolution.

Producción científica de los profesionales del Hospital Oncológico Docente Provincial "Conrado Benítez García" / Scientific production of professionals from "Conrado Benítez García" Teaching Provincial Oncological Hospital

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y métrico en el Hospital Oncológico Docente Provincial "Conrado Benítez García" de Santiago de Cuba, en el periodo 1996-2013, para determinar la producción científica de sus profesionales tanto en revistas nacionales como extranjeras. En la serie fueron identificados 98 artículos científicos, el año de mayor cantidad de publicaciones fue el 2006 y la revista MEDISAN resultó la fuente con número superior de artículos; asimismo, los profesionales de esta institución publicaron más como coautores (62,8 %), sobre todo en la revista médica de su provincia (MEDISAN), con predominio de aquellos en la categoría académica de licenciado (34,7 %), los que ostentaban la categoría docente de auxiliar (24,5 %) y los acreditados con el grado científico académico de máster (47,1 % como autores principales y 14,3 % como coautores). Cabe señalar que el sexo femenino sobresalió como el de mayor aporte de publicaciones científicas.

A descriptive, retrospective and metric study was carried out in "Conrado Benítez García" Teaching Provincial Oncological Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, in the period 1996-2013, to determine the scientific production of its professionals either in national as foreign journals. In the series 98 scientific works were identified, the year of higher quantity of publications was 2006 and journal MEDISAN was the source with higher number of works; also, the professionals of this institution published more as co-authors (62,8%), mainly in the medical journal of their province (MEDISAN), with prevalence of those in the licentiate academic category (34,7%), those with the teaching category of assistant professor (24,5%) and those credited with the academic scientific degree of master (47,1% as main authors and 14,3% as co-authors). It is necessary to point out that the female sex was that of higher contribution to scientific publications.

MEDISAN en Open Journal Systems: flujo editorial, principales dificultades y proyecciones / MEDISAN in Open Journal Systems: publishing flow, main difficulties and projections

El incremento en la edición de revistas científicas en soporte electrónico cambió los estilos de trabajo y diseñó nuevos patrones de comunicación científica en el sector de la salud, lo que impuso a los científicos nuevas vías para compartir sus resultados de investigaciones a partir del acceso abierto mediante la plataforma Open Journal Systems. En este trabajo se informa el flujo editorial, las dificultades y proyecciones de la revista MEDISAN, a partir de la implementación de dicha plataforma para el proceso de edición.

The increase in publishing scientific journals in electronic devices changed the working styles and designed new patterns of scientific communication in the health sector, imposing the scientists new ways for sharing their researches results, by means of the open access and through the use of the Open Journal Systems platform. The publishing flow, difficulties and work projections of the journal MEDISAN are informed, since the implementation of this platform for its publishing process.

Factores limitantes de la producción científica en profesionales de la salud / Restrictive factors of the scientific production in health professionals

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 96 másteres en ciencias del Hospital Provincial Docente "Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany" de Santiago de Cuba, de marzo a julio de 2015, con vistas a caracterizar los intereses, las necesidades profesionales y el proceso de organización y gestión para la publicación científica. Entre los integrantes de la serie el mayor interés por publicar se debía a la promoción de categoría docente, mientras que la falta de tiempo y el exceso de requisitos establecidos por las editoriales fueron las razones individuales limitantes para la publicación; igualmente, los profesionales aseguraron que existía demora en la recepción, aprobación y divulgación final de la investigación, y reconocieron su falta de habilidad en el empleo del método científico. Se concluyó que la baja producción científica en la institución era multifactorial y se recomendó la proyección de nuevas estrategias que incentivaran la creación y su divulgación, conforme a las vigentes políticas estatales aprobadas en Cuba.

A descriptive and cross sectional study of 96 masters in sciences from "Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany" Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from March to July, 2015, aimed at characterizing the interests, professional needs and organization and management process for the scientific work. Among the members of the series the highest interest when publishing was for the promotion from teaching category, while the lack of time and the excess of requirements by the editorials were the restrictive individual reasons for the publication; equally, the professionals assured that delay existed in the reception, approval and final publication of the research, and they recognized their lack of skills in the use of the scientific method. It was concluded that the low scientific production in the institution was multifactorial and the projection of new strategies was recommended that motivated the creation and its popularization, according to the present state policy agreed in Cuba.

How to Improve Visibility of Scientific Biomedical Sources.

With the rapid development of information and communications technologies, industrial nations are transforming into societies in which knowledge is the most contested and valuable good. The increased speed at which we have to acquire new knowledge, insights, and abilities is forcing us to divide up learning into novel, shorter phases. The traditional choreography of learning with its long, rigid defined school, job, and university educational periods is already obsolete today. Self-organized, lifelong learning is becoming a must. Everyone knows that without the uncertainty of the new nothing new is possible. To try to prevent this in one way or another would be fatal for science, as well as for our society as a whole. Research means thinking ahead. Research means recognizing challenges and taking responsibility for the new. The freedom needed for this is now the international standard, to which we have to adapt. The question of the development of such standards for research can therefore not be posed frequently and persistently enough. We all know that creativity is biological privilege of young age and the best test for their scientific creativity is publication in respectable journals with a solid impact factor. Conferences like this one in Sarajevo in 2016 should be very stimulated for younger as well as more senior research workers.

The First Mediterranean Seminar on Science Writing, Editing and Publishing, Sarajevo, December 2-3, 2016.

The First Mediterranean Seminar on Science Writing, Editing & Publishing (SWEP 2016) was held in Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina from 2nd to 3rd December 2016. It was organized by Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, running concurrent sessions as part of its Annual Meeting titled " "Days of AMNuBiH - Theory and Practice in Science Communication and Scientometrics". Hotel Bosnia in the city centre was the chosen venue. On the first day, nineteen presentations on various issues of science writing and publication ethics were delivered by speakers from Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina and the UK (Asim Kurjak, Milivoj Boranic, Doncho Donev, Osman Sinanovic, Miro Jakovljevic, Enver Zerem, Dejan Milosevic, Silva Dobric, Srecko Gajovic, Izet Masic, Armen Yuri Gasparyan, Sekib Sokolovic, Nermin Salkic, Selma Uzunovic, Admir Kurtcehajic, Edin Begic and Floreta Kurti). Each presentation had a take-home message for novice and seasoned authors, encountering numerous problems in non-Anglophone research environment. Lecturers, who were internationally recognized editors of regional journals, generously shared their experience of adhering to the best ethical guidance. Elegant presentations by Srecko Gajovic (Editor-in-Chief of the Croatian Medical Journal) and Armen Yuri Gasparyan (past Chief Editor of the European Science Editing) showcased their accomplishments that strengthened ties between authors from all over the world. Gasparyan reflected on educational resources of editorial associations, such as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), and called not just to declare the adherence to, but also to enforce their ethical guidance in daily practice. Editors of Medical Archives, Croatian Medica Journal, Vojnosanitetski Pregled, Psychiatria Danubina, Acta Informatica Medica, Materia Socio-Medica, The Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstretics and Gynecology, Acta Medica Saliniana and Medicinski Glasnik presented their editorial strategies aimed at attracting best authors and resolving problems with authorship, conflicts of interest, and plagiarism. Topical education on science writing and editing was considered as an inseparable part of continuing professional development in biomedicine. Armen Yuri Gasparyan (UK) was offered an opportunity to interact with more than 70 participants, attending the SWEP 2016 on the second day. The lecturer talked about author contributions, disclosures of conflicts of interests, plagiarism of ideas and words, research performance and impact indicators, and targeting ethical journals. Topics were presented in a way to help non-Anglophone authors, reviewers and editors avoid common ethical problems. Dr Gasparyan stressed the importance of regularly arranging such meetings across Balkan and Mediterranean countries to eradicate plagiarism and other forms research misconduct. The organizers of the SWEP 2016 awarded selected keynote speakers with certificates of lifetime achievement in journal editing, and decided to run the Seminar annually with support of Balkan and Mediterranean editors and publishers. The SWEP 2016 marked a turning point in the process of regional developments since all attending editors opted for nurturing enthusiasm of the organizers and launching the Mediterranean Association of Science Editors and Publishers (MASEP). The Seminar was a great success with its impressive scientific and social activities. It attracted more than 100 students, researchers, editors, and publishers from Bosnia & Herzegovina and neighbouring countries. Proceedings, in the form of short reports, were published in Acta Informatica Medica and archived in PubMed Central. New friendships were forged between regional experts in editing and young specialists during those unforgettable two days of intensive discussions and informal interactions (a-y).

Order is present at every level but is not total.

INCIPIT: It may sound as a truism but it may be necessary to recall that science is not made by instruments, or by well equipped laboratories, but by the unique personalities that use them. As a consequence their intellect, their emotional experiences and their physical ability, cannot be separated from their achievements - being they minor or profound.

Necesidades de aprendizaje gerenciales en jefes de departamentos docentes de la sede central / Management learning necessities in the head of the teaching departments in the central site

La superación continua de los cuadros que dirigen los procesos universitarios constituye una prioridad desde perspectivas científicas que propicien la integración de lo gerencial con lo técnico, lo metodológico y lo investigativo; en correspondencia con las particularidades de cada contexto. La Dirección de Cuadros de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, ha identificado brechas en las competencias gerenciales de los jefes de departamentos docentes para el trabajo metodológico e investigativo, que fueron caracterizadas científicamente mediante un estudio descriptivo transversal con enfoque cualitativo realizado en 12 jefes de departamentos docentes de la sede central seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico; la aplicación combinada de métodos teóricos y empíricos permitió constatar necesidades de aprendizaje, expresadas y encubiertas, referidas al trabajo metodológico y la aplicación de la política científica departamental que sugieren la proyección de acciones de capacitación pertinentes e inmediatas.

The on & on upgrading of the leaders who lead the university processes is a priority from the scientific perspective which propitiates the integration of the scientific and managerial aspects, and the methodological and researching ones; according to the peculiarities of each contest. The board of managers of Villa Clara University of Medical sciences has identified problems in the managerial competences of the head of the teaching departments in the methodological and researching work, which were scientifically characterized in a descriptive cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach, on a non probabilistic sampling the head of 12 teaching departments of the central site were selected. There were applied theoretical and empirical methods which made possible to state implicit and explicit learning necessities in reference to the methodological work and the application of the scientific policy in the departments that suggest the design of immediate and pertinent qualifying actions.

Critérios para autoria de um trabalho científico / Criteria for autorship of a scientific work

Durante a elaboração de um trabalho científico, uma das dificuldades que por ventura podem ocorrer é a escolha dos participantes da pesquisa que devem compor a sua autoria. Situação ainda mais desagradável é a ordenação dos autores, de acordo com o mérito de cada um no trabalho. Objetivo:apresentar, de maneira justificada, uma proposta para a autoria do trabalho científico, de acordo com a contribuição de cada membro da equipe de pesquisadores. Métodos: foi realizada uma avaliação da maneira de propor a autoria científica nos principais centros de pesquisa do Brasil e na literatura pertinente, para a aquisição de subsídios com vistas a esta proposta. Resultados: são apresentados em ordem de entrada os principais autores do trabalho e aqueles que devem merecer apenas agradecimento. Propõe-se uma escala numérica, de acordo com a participação de cada membro da equipe, para facilitara inclusão de cada um dos autores. Conclusão: o mérito da autoria científica deve ser restrito aos participantes que tiveram uma colaboração intelectual ao trabalho realizado, aliada a uma contribuição efetiva para a pesquisa ser realizada e concluída.

During the development of a scientific research, one of the main difficulties is to choose the authors of the paper from all participants of thein vestigation. The organization of the authorship, based on the contribution of each investigator is still more complex. Objective: to propose a justified indicator for the authorship of a scientific paper. Methods: the author investigated the main research centers in Brazil in order to know their philosophy related to the authorship of a research. An assessment of the literature completed this study. Results: we present and justify the order of each investigator inthe authorship or acknowledgment of the paper, based on his or her participation in the investigation. Conclusion: the investigator deserves to be includedas an author of a scientific paper only if he or she has an intellectual participation in the work and also effectively contributed with the execution and accomplishment of the research.