Effects of Social Acknowledgment and Interpersonal Shame on Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms of Sexual Violence Survivors in South Korea.

Sexual violence (SV) survivors face negative social reactions, which can affect their recovery. Based on the socio-interpersonal model of trauma, understanding how societal circumstances impact SV survivors' mental health is important. This study examined conditional indirect effects of interpersonal shame and social acknowledgment on the relationship between perceived SV event severity and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) symptoms. Cross-sectional data from 157 community-based adults who had previously experienced SV were collected from an online panel. Exploratory factor analysis of the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire was conducted, followed by conditional indirect analyses using Models 1, 4, and 7 of PROCESS macro. First, results showed that a two-factor model of social acknowledgment consisting of "social disapproval" and "social recognition" was more suitable for this study than a three-factor model predominantly used by Western societies. Second, interpersonal shame partially mediated the relationship between perceived SV event severity and CPTSD symptoms. Third, the conditional indirect effect of social disapproval on the mediating effect of interpersonal shame was significant when the social disapproval level was high. This indicates that the indirect effect of interpersonal shame on CPTSD increases when the social disapproval level is high. This study supported the socio-interpersonal perspective of trauma and suggested that increasing social acknowledgment beyond personal-level intervention would be a critical step for recovery of SV survivors to decrease their interpersonal shame and CPTSD.

The Factors Affecting Longitudinal Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Sexual Assault Victims.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the factors affecting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom remission prospectively through a 1-year follow-up of sexual assault (SA) victims. METHODS: A total 65 female SA victims who visited the crisis intervention center were included. Self-administered questionnaires regarding PTSD symptoms and PTSD related prognostic factors were conducted at both recruitment (T1) and 1 year after recruitment (T2). The multivariate analyses were used to determine the significant predictors of PTSD remission/non-remission state 1 year after SA. RESULTS: In logistic regression analysis, both anxiety and secondary victimization were identified as significant factors explaining the results on PTSD remission/non-remission state at T2 (Beck's Anxiety Inventory [BAI], p=0.003; Secondary Victimization Questionnaire, p=0.024). In a linear mixed analysis, both depression and anxiety were found to be significant variables leading to changes in Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition from T1 to T2 (BAI, p<0.001; Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Depression, anxiety symptoms, and secondary victimization after SA were associated with PTSD symptom non-remission 1 year after SA.

Experiences of dehumanizing: Examining secondary victimization within the nurse-patient relationship among African American women survivors of sexual assault in the Upper Midwest.

Despite calls recognizing the need for culturally sensitive responses to minimize the occurrence of secondary victimization for African American women following an experience of sexual assault, few studies have focused on hearing from African American women survivors about their experiences receiving healthcare services in a hospital setting following sexual assault. Employing critical ethnography as our methodology and using intersectionality theory as a lens, we centered the voices of African American women survivors about their experiences receiving nursing care in urban acute care or hospital settings in the Upper Midwest of the United States following sexual assault. In this qualitative study, 30 African American women survivors were interviewed using in-depth, semi-structured interviews about their post-sexual assault care. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. An important theme identified focused on survivors' experiences of dehumanization when receiving healthcare services following sexual assault. These experiences included: discrediting, dismissing, shaming, and blaming. To mitigate and prevent secondary victimization in the future, we present practice and education change recommendations for nurses, and healthcare providers more broadly, based on the voices of African American female survivors of sexual assault.

Development and Validation of the Secondary Victimization Scale.

Sexual violence is ubiquitous in the history of human relationships, with the victim being perceived as responsible for their own misfortune. This phenomenon is labelled secondary victimization and is manifested in blaming, minimizing the suffering, and avoiding the victim. This article presents evidence of the validity of a scale that measures individual differences in these three types of secondary victimization of rape victims. In Study 1, we developed the scale items and analyzed their content validity. In Study 2, we carried out an exploratory analysis of its factorial structure and verified the set-up of the items in three theoretically predicted factors (blaming, minimizing the suffering, and avoiding the victim), which had convergent validity with the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, and discriminant validity with the Big Five Personality Traits, in addition to having concurrent validity with the Belief in a Just World Scale (BJWS). In Study 3, we confirmed this tri-factor structure using confirmatory analysis. In Study 4, we analyzed the predictive validity of the Secondary Victimization Scale (SVS), proposing the hypothesis that secondary victimization mediates the effect of BJWS on the participants' behavior towards a rape victim. The summary of the results shows consistent evidence of the SVS's validity.

Protecting Victims or Protecting the Brand? Secondary Victimization and Cruise Ship Crime.

It is now widely recognized that victims of crime in general, and victims of sexual offences in particular, commonly experience secondary victimization resulting from dismissive, poor, and sometimes retraumatizing treatment when they encounter the formal criminal justice system. However, little is known about victims' experiences when initially reporting crime outside of the formal justice system, for example crime that occurs during cruise ship holidays. The cruise industry is the fastest growing tourism sector. The total number of passengers onboard cruise ships internationally was expected to reach 30 million in 2019. There is limited reliable data about how many people experience crime onboard cruise ships, though crime victimization does occur. While victimization onboard cruise ships has received some attention, there is a dearth of evidence about when and how victims report crime, how victims are treated when they report their experience of crime to cruise ship companies, or the justice outcomes. Nor does the available data address whether victims of crime from diverse social groups are treated differently by cruise companies. Drawing on qualitative accounts produced by primary and secondary victims of crime onboard cruise ships, it is argued that as well as the known challenges that victims face, the addition of brand protection can compound cruise ship victims' experiences of secondary victimization. Secondary victimization refers to additional, or compounded harms experienced because of social or systemic responses to their experience of crime. There are three key implications of these findings: greater understanding of crime victims' experiences should be developed via refined, mandatory reporting of crime onboard cruise ships, and robust qualitative research; cruise ship staff need improved specialized training in responding to victims of crime, and legislation should be considered mandating an independent authority onboard cruise ships to receive, investigate and monitor victimization reports and responses.

Accessing Rights and Mitigating Revictimization: The Role of the Victim's Legal Counsel in the Swedish Criminal Justice System.

Rape victims often face secondary victimization by the criminal justice system, prompting their advocates to promote a variety of procedural changes, including the provision of an independent legal counsel for victims. Sweden implemented a legal counsel for victims of sexual assault and rape in the late 1980s, yet research about their role remains limited. This article draws upon interviews with victim-lawyers in Sweden and suggests that having access to an independent legal counsel can mitigate the risks for secondary victimization by empowering victims to access their rights and providing emotional support and connectedness in the criminal justice system.

Troubling Secondary Victimization of Bullying Victims: The Role of Gender and Ethnicity.

Bullying is a severe public health problem, and bystanders' reactions are a key variable in its perpetration and maintenance. This study aimed to assess the level of secondary victimization of bullying victims as a function of the student's sex and the victim's category (nonnormative vs. normative) in three experimental conditions (feminine, masculine, and ethnicity) from a socioecological perspective. Specifically, two dimensions of secondary victimization were evaluated: avoidance and devaluation/blaming of the victim. A sequence of mixed-design ANOVAs was performed with a sample of 553 Spanish (53.3%) and Portuguese (46.7%) students, aged between 14 and 19 years. Results show that nonnormative victims, those who transgress feminine and masculine gender stereotypes, and those who belong to a minority ethnic group (gypsies) are avoided more than normative victims; and that boys perpetrate more secondary victimization than girls. These results reveal the situation of vulnerability suffered by adolescents who transgress the gender norm as well as those who belong to minority ethnic groups, and highlight that the motivations concealed by the secondary victimization of bullying victims originate in the group processes of identity construction and categorization that configure the boundaries of "legitimacy" and are strongly influenced by social beliefs about normative and nonnormative identities. This socioecological approach could guide prevention strategies, so generic antibullying policies that do not explicitly address biases about gender, sexual, and cultural identity can be overcome to reduce the high levels of stigma occurring in the schools through critical and culturally responsive pedagogy.

Construção e validação da Escala de Racismo Revitimizador / Construction and validation of Revitimizer Racism Scale / Construcción y validación de la Escala de Racismo Y revitimizador

O racismo apresenta duas características centrais: persistência e adaptação. Considerando as mudanças sociais e políticas do Brasil na atualidade, hipotetizase que ele atue mediante atribuição de culpa às minorias pela existência do próprio racismo, numa lógica de revitimização. Neste artigo procedemos a construção e validação de uma Escala de Racismo Revitimizador (ERR). Foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro (n = 121, 50,4% do sexo feminino, idade média = 25,3, DP=10,2) procedeu a uma análise de conteúdo de posts na internet para a construção e confirmação da ERR. O segundo (n = 104, 54,8% de sexo masculino, idade média = 22,9, DP=7,3) procedeu a validação convergente com o racismo moderno e discriminativa com o autoritarismo, bem como Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e correlações com a motivação interna/externa para responder sem preconceito. Os resultados demonstram que a ERR é menos obstrutiva que a escala de racismo moderno e apresenta validade convergente e discriminativa.

Racism presents two central features: persistence and adaptation. Considering social and political changes of Brazil nowadays, it is hypothesized that acts by attributing blame to minorities for the existence of racism itself, in a logic of revictimization. This article proceeds the construction and validation of a Revictimize Racism Scale (RRS). Two studies were carried out. The first (n = 121, 50,4% female, mean age = 25,3, SD=10,2) dealt with the RRS construction, based on racist content the analysis of Internet. The second (n = 104, 54.8% male, mean age = 22.9, SD=7.2) proceeds to convergent validation with modern racism and discriminative with authoritarianism, such as Factorial Confirmatory Analysis and correlations with internal/external motivation to respond without prejudice. The general results allow us to conclude that the RRS is less obstructive than that of modern racism and has satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity (AU).

Racismo presenta dos rasgos centrales: persistencia y adaptación. Considerando los reciente cambios sociales y políticos de Brasil, hipotetizamos que el racismo opera por la atribución de culpa a las minorías, afirmando que este actúa atribuyendo la culpa a las minorías por la existencia del racismo en sí, en una lógica de revictimización. Proponemos un instrumento para analizar el Racismo Revitimizador. Se realizaron dos estudios. El primero (n = 121, 50,4% mujeres, edad media = 25,3, DP=10,2) trató de la construcción del instrumento, partiendo del análisis de contenidos racistas en internet. El segundo (n = 104, 54,8% hombres, edad media= 22,9, DP=7,3) procede a la validación convergente con racismo moderno y discriminatorio con autoritarismo, a través de Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio y correlaciones con la motivación interna/externa para responder sin prejuicios. Los resultados indican que ERR es menos obstructiva que la de racismo moderno y presenta validez convergente y discriminativa (AU).

Shifting Sexual Assault Forensic Examiners Orientation From Prosecutorial to Patient-Centered: The Role of Training.

Sexual assault forensic examiners (SAFEs) have a complex role that entails providing health care and medical forensic evidence collection. The literature indicates that there are two orientations that guide SAFEs in this role. A patient-centered orientation emphasizes attending to emotional needs, offering options, and respecting survivors' decisions, which has been linked to positive emotional outcomes. A prosecutorial orientation places emphasis on evidence collection and has been associated with providing fewer comprehensive services. SAFE training may play a pivotal role in guiding new SAFEs to adopt a patient-centered orientation. However, there is a paucity of research examining how training can bolster the adoption of this orientation. Thus, the current qualitative study explored if and how a national blended SAFE training influenced participants' adoption of a patient-centered orientation. Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 64 health care professionals who participated in a national SAFE training. Utilizing analytic induction, the results suggest that the majority of participants entered the training with a prosecutorial orientation but shifted to a patient-centered orientation. Multiple elements of the training influenced this shift including (a) content that dispelled misconceptions of survivors; (b) providing explanations of how attending to survivors' well-being can lead to positive outcomes; (c) earlier placement of patient-centered content to allow instructors to explain how patient-centered care can be applied to each component of the SAFE role including the medical forensic exam; and (d) continual emphasis on patient-centered care.

Influence of Group Membership, Moral Values and Belief in a Just World in Blaming the Victim / Influência da Pertença Grupal, Valores Morais e Crença no Mundo Justo na Culpabilização da Vítima / Influencia de la Pertenencia Grupal, Valores Morais y Creencia en el Mundo Justo en la Culpabilización de la Víctima

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between the victim's group membership and secondary victimization she suffers, moderated by Moral Values and Belief in a Just World (BJW). The victim of the ingroup was blamed more for the sexual violence she suffered (Study 1, N = 250). In turn, that relationship was moderated by binding values (Study 2, N = 117) and by BJW (Study 3, N = 258). Together, the results suggest that the victim blaming is greater when she belongs to the ingroup; and that this relationship is predicted by high adherence to binding values and low adherence to BJW. This research contributes to the extent that it demonstrates that the relationship between adherence to binding values and victim derogation does not occur exclusively at the cognitive level, as information processing in which high adherence to these values would produce greater secondary victimization regardless of group membership of the victim. Additionally, it highlights the importance of considering the psychosocial processes underlying violence against women in order to promote more effective discussions and actions.

Resumo Este trabalho investigou a relação entre pertença grupal da vítima (endogrupo vs. exogrupo) e vitimização secundária por ela sofrida moderada pelos valores morais e Crença em um Mundo Justo (CMJ). Em consonância com estudos anteriores, a vítima do endogrupo foi mais responsabilizada pela violência sexual por ela sofrida (Estudo 1, N = 250). Por sua vez, essa relação foi moderada pelos valores vinculativos (Estudo 2, N = 117) e pela CMJ (Estudo 3, N = 258). Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que a responsabilização da vítima de violência sexual é maior quando ela pertence ao endogrupo; e que esta relação é predita pela alta adesão aos valores vinculativos e baixa adesão à Crença em um Mundo Justo (CMJ). Esta investigação traz contribuições na medida em que demonstra que a relação entre adesão aos valores vinculativos e a derrogação da vítima não ocorre exclusivamente ao nível cognitivo, como um processamento de informação no qual a alta adesão a esses valores produziria maior vitimização secundária independente da pertença grupal da vítima. Adicionalmente, sinaliza a importância de considerar os processos psicossociais subjacentes à violência contra as mulheres com a finalidade de promover discussões e ações mais efetivas.

Resumen Este estudio investigó la relación entre la pertenencia a un grupo de la víctima y la victimización secundaria que sufre, moderada por los valores morales y la creencia en un mundo justo (BJW). Se culpó más a la víctima del ingroup por la violencia sexual que sufrió (Estudio 1, N = 250). A su vez, esa relación fue moderada por los valores de enlace (Estudio 2, N = 117) y por BJW (Estudio 3, N = 258). Juntos, los resultados sugieren que la culpa de la víctima es mayor cuando pertenece al ingroup; y que esta relación se predice por una alta adherencia a los valores de unión y una baja adherencia a BJW. Esta investigación contribuye en la medida en que demuestra que la relación entre la adherencia a los valores vinculantes y la derogación de la víctima no se produce exclusivamente a nivel cognitivo, ya que el procesamiento de la información en el que la alta adherencia a estos valores produciría una mayor victimización secundaria independientemente de la pertenencia al grupo de la victima. Además, destaca la importancia de considerar los procesos psicosociales subyacentes a la violencia contra las mujeres para promover debates y acciones más efectivas.

Sistematización de una experiencia piloto de implementación de una Sala Gesell para la entrevista de niños en un Tribunal de Familia / Systematization of the pilot implementation of a Gesell dome in a Family Court

Resumen: Los niños y adolescentes víctimas de delito sexual o maltrato grave están expuestos a la victimización secundaria -entendida como la revictimización producto del recuerdo constante del maltrato o delito sufrido al ser objeto de múltiples preguntas de lo ocurrido- al tener contacto con el sistema de justicia. El año 2012, el Estado de Chile implementó un piloto de sala Gesell con el fin de reducir este riesgo y avanzar hacia un proceso de entrevista única, con valor probatorio en el marco del proceso judicial. Objetivo: Sistematizar el proceso de implementación de una sala Gesell en un Tribunal de Familia chileno. Sujetos y Método: Estudio cualitativo, no experimental, exploratorio y descriptivo. Se entre vistaron 10 representantes de instituciones de la red interinstitucional del Tribunal de Familia de la ciudad de Melipilla. Para la selección de los participantes se empleó el tipo intencionado de muestreo, que busca obtener el discurso representativo de los participantes. Se empleó la Entrevista Individual Semiestructurada, en base a 7 dimensiones de investigación: 1) conocimiento de la sala Gesell; 2) co nocimiento del derecho del niño a ser oído; 3) conocimiento sobre el tema de maltrato grave y abuso sexual; 4) conocimiento sobre el tema de victimización secundaria; 5) organización y funcionamien to de la red institucional; 6) capacitación; y 7) evaluación general de la sala Gesell del Tribunal de Familia de Melipilla. Resultados: Existen diferencias en conocimiento y manejo de información entre las instituciones asociadas al proyecto. La mayoría de las instituciones observa que la sala piloto tiene relación con los objetivos de la Convención de Derechos del Niño, siendo difícil identificar si esta situación se cumple en la práctica, ya que muchas de ellas no cuentan con información respecto de su proceso de instalación e implementación. Se identifican dificultades de coordinación de la red local que afectan los objetivos del proyecto. Conclusiones: Se identifican problemas de coordinación y tra bajo en red en la implementación y uso de la sala Gesell. Para lograr el objetivo de disminuir la victimización secundaria, se requiere, además de la inversión en planta física y capacitación especializada, de una fuerte inversión en gestión y coordinación de la red local. Los resultados facilitan el desarrollo de planes para evitar dichos inconvenientes en su futura implementación como política pública.

Abstract: Introduction: Children and adolescents who are victims of sexual abuse or severe mistreatment are exposed to secondary victimization -understood as the revictimization resulting from the cons tant memory of the mistreatment or the abuse suffered when they are subject of multiple questions about what happened- when they have contact with the justice system. In 2012, the Chilean State implemented a pilot Gesell dome in order to reduce this risk and move towards a single interview process, with probative value in the context of the judicial process. Objective: To systematize the implementation process of a Gessel Dome in a chilean Family Court. Subjects and Method: Qualita tive, non-experimental, exploratory and descriptive study. Ten representatives of institutions of the inter-institutional network of the Family Court at the city of Melipilla were interviewed. Purposive sampling was used for the selection of participants, which seeks to obtain a representative discour se of the participants. The Semi-structured Individual Interview was used, based on seven research dimensions: 1) knowledge of the Gesell dome; 2) knowledge of the right of the child to be heard; 3) knowledge regarding severe mistreatment and sexual abuse; 4) knowledge about secondary victi mization; 5) organization and operation of the institutional network; 6) training; and 7) general eva luation of the Gesell dome of the Melipilla Family Court. Results: There are differences in knowledge and information management among the institutions associated with the project. Coordination diffi culties of the local network that affect the objectives of the project are identified. Conclusions: There are problems of coordination and networking in the implementation and use of the Gesell dome. In order to achieve the objective of reducing secondary victimization, in addition to the investment in physical facilities and specialized training, a strong investment in local network management and coordination is required. The results facilitate the development of plans to avoid such difficulties in the future implementation of Gesell domes as public policy.

Testimonio, segunda victimización y reparación. Movilización feminista frente a un caso de violación sexual en la Universidad / Testemunho, segunda vitimização e reparação. Mobilização feminista face a um caso de estupro na Universidade / Testimony, secondary victimization and restitution. Feminist mobilization in the face of a case of rape in the University

Resumen: El testimonio es un recurso subjetivo, jurídico y social, que ha sido utilizado por personas afectadas por violencia de género para romper el silencio, hacer frente a la segunda victimización ante autoridades en el ámbito universitario y/o judicial, y propiciar medidas para reparación del daño. En particular, se analiza en este artículo un caso de violación sexual denunciado por una alumna de posgrado en contra de un estudiante del mismo nivel de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, de 2014 a 2016. También se abordan las acciones de un grupo de activistas universitarias que visibilizaron en tres ocasiones el testimonio de la afectada por medio de redes sociales y formas de protesta, dentro y fuera de la Universidad.

Resumo: O testemunho é um recurso subjetivo, jurídico e social que tem sido utilizado por pessoas afetadas por violência de gênero para quebrar o silêncio, enfrentar a segunda vitimização ante autoridades no âmbito universitário e/ou judicial e propiciar medidas para reparação do dano. Particularmente, é analisado um caso de estupro denunciado por uma aluna de pós-graduação contra outro estudante, na Universidade Nacional Autónoma do México, entre 2014 e 2016. Ademais, este trabalho abrange as ações de um grupo de ativistas que visibilizaram o testemunho da afetada por meio de redes sociais e outras formas de protesto dentro e fora da universidade.

Abstract: A testimony is a subjective, legal and social resource which has been employed by those affected by gender violence to break the silence, to confront secondary victimization at the hands of university and/or legal authorities, and to promote restitution measures. In particular, this article analyzes a case of rape reported by a graduate student against a student at the same level of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, from 2014 to 2016. It also addresses the actions of a group of activists who visiblized through social networks in three distinct occasions the testimony and other forms of protest, inside and outside the University.

"I Still Feel Like I Am Not Normal": A Review of the Role of Stigma and Stigmatization Among Female Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, Sexual Assault, and Intimate Partner Violence.

Child sexual abuse (CSA), sexual assault (SA), and intimate partner violence (IPV) occur within social contexts that shape how survivors judge themselves and are evaluated by others. Because these are gendered sexual and intimate crimes that violate social norms about what is appropriate and acceptable, survivors may experience stigma that includes victim-blaming messages from the broader society as well as specific stigmatizing reactions from others in response to disclosure; this stigmatization can be internalized among survivors as self-blame, shame, and anticipatory stigma. Stigma and stigmatization play an important role in shaping survivors' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they recover; their risk of revictimization; and their help-seeking and attainment process. In this review, we synthesize recent CSA, SA, and IPV research ( N = 123) that examines female survivors' self-blame, shame, internalized stigma, and anticipatory stigma as well as negative social reactions in response to survivors' disclosure. We highlight critical findings as well as implications for research, practice, and policy, and we note gaps in our current knowledge.

Secondary Victimization: Domestic Violence Survivors Navigating the Family Law System.

This qualitative study explored the experiences of 22 domestic violence survivors attempting to negotiate safe post-separation parenting arrangements through the Australian family law system. Their allegations of violence put them at odds with a system that values mediated settlements and shared parenting. Skeptical responses, accusations of parental alienation, and pressure to agree to unsafe arrangements exacerbated the effects of post-separation violence. Core themes in the women's narratives of engagement with the family law system-silencing, control, and undermining the mother-child relationship-mirrored domestic violence dynamics, suggesting the concept of secondary victimization as a useful lens for understanding their experiences.

The Experience of Mothers Exposed to the Abuse of Their Daughters by an Intimate Partner: "There Is No Definition for It".

This qualitative study illuminates the experience of mothers exposed to the intimate partner violence (IPV) of their daughters. In-depth interviews with 11 exposed mothers were conducted. The findings reveal four semi-chronological phases in the participants' experiences: pre-disclosure of the daughter's abuse, the first definitive encounter with the daughter's abuse, living with continued exposure to the daughter's IPV, and the aftermath of the daughter's IPV. A recurrent theme in the mothers' experiences was their dual positioning as a forgotten victim of IPV and as a caregiver of their daughter shaped by prevalent motherhood ideologies. Possible implications for intervention are discussed.

Knowledge, attitude and practice among healthcare staffsin the Emergency Department, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia towards Rape Victims In One Stop Crisis Centre (OSCC)

SUMMARY Introduction: Aimed at providing integrated multi-level crisis intervention to women experiencing violence such as rape, One Stop Crisis Centre (OSCC) in Malaysia is often located in the emergency department. Hence, it is imperative that emergency department healthcare providers possess adequate knowledge and acceptable attitudes and practices to ensure the smooth running of an efficient OSCC work process. Method: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of rape management in OSCC among four groups of healthcare providers in the emergency department [i.e., the emergency medicine doctors (EDs), the staff nurses (SNs), the medical assistants (MAs) and the hospital attendants (HAs)], a selfadministered questionnaire in the form of Likert scale was conducted from January to October 2013. Correct or favourable responses were scored appropriately. Results: Out of the 159 participants invited, 110 responded (69.2% response rate). As all data sets in the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice sections are non-parametric, KruskalWallis test was performed. Homogeneity of variance was verified using non-parametric Levene test. In all three sections, there are statistically significant differences in scores obtained among the four groups of healthcare providers with H(3) = 16.0, p<0.001 for Knowledge, H(3) = 27.1, p<0.001 for Attitude and H(3) = 15.8, p<0.001 for Practice sections. Generally, the SNs obtained the highest mean rank score in the knowledge and practice sections but the EDs obtained the highest mean rank score in the attitude section. Some of the responses implied that our healthcare providers have the victim-blaming tendency that can negatively impact the victims. Conclusion: Healthcare providers must not only have adequate knowledge but also the non-judgemental attitude towards victims in OSCC.

Vitimização secundária nos filhos adultos de veteranos da guerra colonial Portuguesa / Secondary victimization in adult children of Portuguese Colonial War veterans

Este estudo avaliou a vitimização secundária em filhos adultos de veteranos da Guerra Colonial Portuguesa e sua relação com outras variáveis psicológicas. A amostra incluiu 80 filhos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de Vivências Familiares na Infância; Escala de Avaliação Resposta ao Acontecimento Traumático; Questionário de Estilo de Vida e as versões portuguesas do Brief Symptoms Checklist e Health Symptoms Checklist. Os resultados revelaram que 27.5 por cento dos filhos possuíam diagnóstico de Vitimização Secundária (VS) e 66 por cento apresentavam Sintomatologia de Vitimização Secundária (SVS). Esta última encontrava-se positivamente associada à psicopatologia e às vivências familiares negativas na infância. Além disso, os filhos com SVS apresentavam mais sintomas físicos e adotavam menos comportamentos de saúde. Os resultados enfatizam a necessidade de intervenção nesta população.(AU)

This study assessed secondary victimization in adult children of Portuguese Colonial War Veterans and its relationship with other psychological variables. The sample included 80 adult children. The instruments used were: Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, Post-Traumatic Stress Scale, Life Style Questionnaire and the Portuguese versions of the Brief Symptoms Checklist and the Health Symptoms Checklist. The results showed that 27.5 percent of the adult children had a secondary victimization diagnosis (SVD) and 66 percent presented Secondary Traumatic Symptoms (STS). The latter was positively associated with psychopathology and to negative family experiences in childhood. In addition, adult children with STS manifested more physical symptoms and less healthy behaviors. The results emphasize the need for intervention in such population.(AU)

Vitimização secundária nos filhos adultos de veteranos da guerra colonial Portuguesa / Secondary victimization in adult children of Portuguese Colonial War veterans

Este estudo avaliou a vitimização secundária em filhos adultos de veteranos da Guerra Colonial Portuguesa e sua relação com outras variáveis psicológicas. A amostra incluiu 80 filhos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de Vivências Familiares na Infância; Escala de Avaliação Resposta ao Acontecimento Traumático; Questionário de Estilo de Vida e as versões portuguesas do Brief Symptoms Checklist e Health Symptoms Checklist. Os resultados revelaram que 27.5 por cento dos filhos possuíam diagnóstico de Vitimização Secundária (VS) e 66 por cento apresentavam Sintomatologia de Vitimização Secundária (SVS). Esta última encontrava-se positivamente associada à psicopatologia e às vivências familiares negativas na infância. Além disso, os filhos com SVS apresentavam mais sintomas físicos e adotavam menos comportamentos de saúde. Os resultados enfatizam a necessidade de intervenção nesta população.

This study assessed secondary victimization in adult children of Portuguese Colonial War Veterans and its relationship with other psychological variables. The sample included 80 adult children. The instruments used were: Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, Post-Traumatic Stress Scale, Life Style Questionnaire and the Portuguese versions of the Brief Symptoms Checklist and the Health Symptoms Checklist. The results showed that 27.5 percent of the adult children had a secondary victimization diagnosis (SVD) and 66 percent presented Secondary Traumatic Symptoms (STS). The latter was positively associated with psychopathology and to negative family experiences in childhood. In addition, adult children with STS manifested more physical symptoms and less healthy behaviors. The results emphasize the need for intervention in such population.