A 12-year study of fungal infections in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The number of fungal infections has increased in recent years in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Epidemiological studies are important for proper control of infections. AIMS: To evaluate the etiology of fungal infections in patients in RS, from 2003 to 2015. METHODS: This is a retrospective and longitudinal study carried out at Mycology Department of Central Laboratory of RS; 13,707 samples were evaluated. The variables sex, age, site of infection, and etiologic agent were analyzed. Susceptibility of Candida to fluconazole was tested in isolates from samples collected in 2015 from 51 outpatients. RESULTS: Of the 13,707 samples, 840 cases (6.12%) of fungal infections were found and included in the analyses; female gender accounted for the 55.9% of the cases. The main fungus was Candida albicans (450 cases, 53.38%; p<0.001). Onychomycosis was the most frequent infection in superficial mycoses. Systemic mycoses accounted for 54.05% of the cases, from which 68.8% occurred in males, mainly HIV-positive (33.11%), and the main etiologic agent in these cases was Cryptococcus neoformans (73.13%). Among 51 samples tested for susceptibility to fluconazole, 78.43% of Candida isolates were susceptible; 5.88% were susceptible in a dose-dependent manner, and 15.69% were resistant. CONCLUSIONS: C. albicans is a common cause of fungal infections in RS, accounting for half of the cases; resistance to antifungals was found in non-hospitalized patients. In addition, women seem to be more susceptible to fungal infections than men, however men show more systemic mycoses than women. The nails are the most common site of infection.

Protothecosis in a patient with T cell lymphocytic leukemia / Prototecosis en un paciente con leucemia linfocítica de células T

Human protothecosis is a rare infection caused by algae of the genus Prototheca. Prototheca wickerhamii has been recognized as the main species that causes infection in immunocompromised hosts with deficits in innate or cellular immunity. We report a case of persisting subcutaneous protothecosis in a patient with T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia, who also presented a history of disseminated histoplasmosis.

La prototecosis humana es una infección rara causada por algas del género Prototheca. Prototheca wickerhamii ha sido reconocida como la principal especie causante de infección en huéspedes inmunocomprometidos, con déficit de inmunidad innata o celular. Presentamos un caso de prototecosis subcutánea persistente en un paciente con leucemia linfocítica granular de células T, con antecedentes de histoplasmosis diseminada.

Protothecosis in a patient with T cell lymphocytic leukemia.

Human protothecosis is a rare infection caused by algae of the genus Prototheca. Prototheca wickerhamii has been recognized as the main species that causes infection in immunocompromised hosts with deficits in innate or cellular immunity. We report a case of persisting subcutaneous protothecosis in a patient with T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia, who also presented a history of disseminated histoplasmosis.

Sensibilidad in vitro de aislados del complejo Paracoccidioides spp a antifúngicos sistémicos utilizando el método de microdilución / In vitro susceptibility of isolates of Paracoccidioides spp complex to systemic antifungals using the microdilution method

El método de referencia, microdilución en caldo, recomendado por el Instituto de Estándares Clínicos y de Laboratorios (CLSI), no está disponible para hongos dimórficos, como los del género Paracoccidioides. En este trabajo se evaluó la sensibilidad in vitro del Complejo Paracoccidoides (n=19) frente a los antifúngicos sistémicos: anfotericina B, 5-fluorocitosina, ketoconazol, itraconazol, fluconazol, voriconazol y caspofungina empleando el método de microdilución (Documento M27-A3 y M27-S3), con algunas modificaciones: tiempo de cultivo en medio de Sabouraud dextrosa agar (7-10 días), medio RPMI 1640 suplementado con glucosa al 2%, tiempo de incubación (7, 8 y 18 días). La sensibilidad in vitro fue variable; la mayoría de los aislados de Paracoccidioides fueron sensibles a ketoconazol (73,7%), seguido de voriconazol (68,4%), itraconazol (63,1%), anfotericina B (52,6%), fluconazol (47,4%), 5-fluorocitosina (42,1%) y caspofungina (5%). La resistencia global fue mayor ante caspofungina (94,7%), seguido de 5-fluorocitocina (52,6%) and anfotericina B (47,4%). El 53% de los aislados fue sensible dosis dependiente a fluconazol, 15,7%, itraconazol y 5,3% a 5-fluorocitosina. Anfotericina B, itraconazol y voriconazol fueron los antifúngicos más potentes contra Paracoccidioides spp (CMI: 0,03-1µg/mL). Basándose en estos resultados, se propone tentativamente un protocolo de ensayo de microdilución para las pruebas de sensibilidad de Paracoccidioides spp frente a fármacos antimicóticos. Esta metodología podría ser clínicamente útil para predecir el desarrollo de resistencias, aunque son necesarios más estudios.

Broth microdilution, the reference method recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), is not available for use with dimorphic fungi, such as those of the Paracoccidioides genus. In this work, in vitro susceptibility of the Paracoccidioides complex (n=19) to systemic antifungals: amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin, was evaluated using the microdilution method (Document M27-A3, M27-S3), with some modifications such as: culture time in Sabouraud dextrose agar (7-10 days), RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 2% glucose and the incubation time (7, 8 and 18 days). The sensitivity in vitro was variable; the majority of Paracoccidioides isolates was susceptible to ketoconazol (73.7%), followed by voriconazole (68.4%), itraconazole (63.1%), amphotericin B (52.6%), fluconazole (47.4%), 5-flucytosine (42.1%) and caspofungin (5%). The overall resistance was mainly to caspofungin (94.7%), followed by 5-flucytosine (52.6%) and amphotericin B (47.4%). Fifty-three percent of the isolates were susceptible-dose dependent to fluconazole followed by itraconazole (15.7%) and 5-fluorocytosine (5.3%). Amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole were the most potent antifungal drugs against Paracoccidioides spp (CMI: 0.03-1µg/mL). Based on these results, we tentatively propose a microdilution assay protocol for susceptibility testing of Paracoccidioides spp to antifungal drugs. This method may be clinically useful to predict resistance, even though further studies are needed.

Genotypic variability and antifungal susceptibility of Candida tropicalis isolated from patients with candiduria.

BACKGROUND: Candida tropicalis is an emerging major human pathogen in nosocomial infections, and it is considered the second or third species of Candida most isolated from urine cultures. AIMS: The study aimed at characterizing genotypically C. tropicalis strains from patients with candiduria in a university hospital, and assessed the antifungal susceptibility profile. METHODS: The study was conducted with hospitalized patients who developed urinary tract infection from C. tropicalis from June 2010 to June 2011 at the Grande Dourados University Hospital of the Federal University, Dourados, MS, Brazil. Susceptibility to the antifungal agents amphotericin B and fluconazole was determined by broth microdilution. The genotypic variability of isolates of C. tropicalis was analyzed by microsatellite markers and RAPD-PCR. RESULTS: Only one isolate was resistant to amphotericin B (MIC→16µg/ml); the others were susceptible to fluconazole and amphotericin B. The genotypic variability by RAPD-PCR resulted in distinct profiles for RAPD markers. A total of 10 alleles were observed for the microsatellite loci, URA3 and CT14, which were grouped differently, and four associations were observed for locus URA3 and eight for locus CT14. CONCLUSIONS: C. tropicalis isolates from urine were susceptible to the antifungal agents tested. The genotyping techniques make possible proving the similarity and genetic diversity among isolates of C. tropicalis involved in nosocomial infections. This knowledge is important for the control and prevention of nosocomial infections caused by this yeast species.