Does Ultra-Endurance Passion Make Athletes Happy?

Sport psychology research of ultra-endurance (UE) athletes focused predominantly on their psychological characteristics, traits, and behaviors. However, their happiness and passion, as well as a unified framework for UE hobby phenomenon, were not sufficiently investigated. This study aims to: (1) identify the main contributors to happiness and passion of non-professional UE athletes; and (2) explore the possible relationships between types of sport passion, motivation, and athletic identity. During data collection, 116 non-professional UE athletes (mean age 43.66 years, SD = 8.97, 16.4% female) responded to an online questionnaire. Statistical analyses revealed that obsessive UE passion (p < 0.05) and amotivation (p < 0.05) predicted lower levels of happiness. A higher level of obsessive passion was predicted by extrinsic motivation (p < 0.005), amotivation (p < 0.05), and exclusivity identity (p < 0.001); a lower level was predicted by social identity (p < 0.05) and years in sports (p < 0.05). Weekly training hours and age correlated positively with passion strength, while amotivation was strongly negatively related to training volume. These results indicate that happiness of UE athletes depends on the type of sport passion formed and the quality of the underlying motivation: obsessive passion and amotivation seem to be the main enemies of happiness for UE athletes. This novel finding connecting passion, happiness, and motivation contributes to both a better understanding of the psychology of UE athletes and has practical implications for UE athletes, coaches, athletes' social circles, and sport psychologists. Due to known maladaptive outcomes of obsessive passion, including its negative impact on overall well-being, health, and now also on happiness, its formation in UE athletes needs to be observed and prevented. While the study shows predictors of obsessive passion and high vs. low obsessive passion, future research should investigate how harmonious passion impacts athletes' happiness, motivation, and identity. Likewise, research among the UE entourage would help to better understand the social impact of UE as a serious hobby and the formation of UE lifestyles. We also suggest our Temporal Framework for Progressive UE Engagement and Passion, which was further developed based on the results of this study, to be used and validated by sport psychologists.

Gambling as Work: A Study of German Poker Players.

The study addresses the question whether professional gamblers can be considered an occupational group from a sociological perspective. It combines survey data on poker players from the German state North Rhine-Westphalia with sociological theory in order to explain the oxymoron of professional gambling. The descriptive analysis of the survey data is supplemented by ego-centric network data of the poker players to analyze whether hobby and professional players maintain different forms of social relationships. Even when semiprofessionals and professional players are grouped together for the purpose of comparative analysis, they fulfill the criteria of occupational groups according to Salaman's major work on the topic. The study points to the fact that more research on occupational groups outside of the common fields is needed and bridges the gap between the literature on serious leisure and sociological research on professions and professionalization.

Leisure and meaning in life.

How people engage in leisure is an important but frequently underappreciated aspect of meaning in life. Leisure activities range from highly engaging and meaningful to subjectively trivial. Leisure itself is largely defined by meaning: The essence of leisure lies less in the specific activity than in the subjective perception of freedom, choice, and intrinsic motivation. People desire their lives to be meaningful, and leisure activities offer varying degrees of satisfying the basic needs for meaning (here covered as purpose, value, efficacy, and self-worth). Leisure activities vary along multiple conceptual dimensions, such as active vs. passive, seeking vs. escaping, solitary vs. interpersonal, and we consider the implications of these for meaningfulness. The most common leisure activity in modern society, watching television, encapsulates some of the paradoxes of leisure and meaningfulness. The study of how leisure enhances meaning in life is rich and ripe for future research.

"I Don't Want to Have the Time When I Do Nothing": Aging and Reconfigured Leisure Practices During the Pandemic.

In this paper, we contend that urban middle-class older Indians engaged in "serious leisure" as a way to reimagine and reconfigure the structure of everyday life during the pandemic-led epochal downtime. In particular, we heuristically show that leisure activity patterns and constraint negotiation strategies among older Indians followed conceptual semblances with the dominant leisure-based typology of Serious Leisure Perspective. By thematically analysing household surveys (n = 71), time-use diaries and in-depth interviews (n = 15) of middle to upper middle-class individuals (55-80 years), we show how both men and women distinguished between serious leisure that is marked by motivation, agency and perseverance with that of unstructured, routinized free-time (or causal leisure). Time-use diaries suggested that despite the changed realities of heightened domestic time available to both genders due to the pandemic, women recorded higher proportion of their daily hours in household management and caregiving. Although women were governed by moral-cultural self-descriptions in their engagement with leisure, it was often associated with an enhanced sense of self-actualisation, self-management and identity. Overall, we show how the social codes of age and gender were inextricably linked with the practice of leisure during the pandemic.

Search, save and share: family historians' engagement practices with digital platforms.

Alongside established heritage institutions, family historians are central figures in the ecosystem of digital heritage, both as contributors to and users of digitized historical sources. With that in mind, this research aims for a wide examination of family historians' engagement with the broader selection of available digital platforms, providing knowledge about how and why they choose to use one platform over another. This knowledge is important for the future development of sustainable digital platforms in the heritage sector. With a large variety of digitized source providers, many with free access platforms, Denmark and Danish family historians make an excellent case for this study. Through both a questionnaire and focus group interviews, using a grounded theory approach, this study has developed a model of engagement with digital platforms, referred to as a buffet model. This model illustrates how family historians pick and choose from a selection of digital platforms throughout their search and management of information as well as their community interaction. Moreover, through the lens of the Serious Leisure Perspective we find that family history is often a life-long leisure activity and family historians' usage of digital platforms support this finding.

Current biopsychosocial science on understanding kink.

The field of kink (or BDSM) studies has grown significantly in recent years, with several areas of study being initiated. This paper summarizes the current state of kink research, including prevalence rates; marginalization and stigma; key biological, psychological, and social research findings; clinical issues; and recommendations for further research. Theoretical frameworks, such as minority stress, serious leisure, sexual orientation, personal growth, and sensation-seeking theories appear to be useful frameworks outside of approaches that assume psychopathology as an etiological factor. Studies find the following results: higher levels of sensation-seeking; kink activities generating states of flow and transient hypofrontality; notable levels of gender, sexual orientation, and relationship style diversity in kink samples; and higher levels of minority stress-related suicidality.

Serious Leisure and Passion in University Programs for Seniors.

Perseverance and persistence, effort, leisure career, permanent acquisitions, specific norms, and identification with the occupation are some of the hallmarks of the serious leisure perspective. The Dualistic Model of Passion (DMP) understands passion as a strong inclination towards an activity that a person loves, considers important, and in which they invest a great amount of time and energy. This article proposes to explore these two theoretical constructs that converge in their conceptual bases, in a group of older people who regularly participate in university training programs throughout life. The sample is made up of 157 persons over 60 years old enrolled in courses for the elderly at the University of Deusto (Bilbao, Spain). The quantitative findings revealed: (1) that there are no significant differences according to sociodemographic variables, (2) that learning throughout life in the case of older people can be converted into serious leisure, and (3) that the participants in training programs for seniors develop a harmonious passion for such activity.

Pickleball, Personality, and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

This study explored how personality and serious leisure activities, such as playing pickleball, contribute to eudaimonic well-being in middle-aged and older adults. Data were collected at pickleball events at the 2017 Huntsman World Senior Games from a convenience sample of 250 players aged between 50 and 91 years (M = 65.11, SD = 7.49). Of the five personality dispositions examined, conscientiousness (ß = 0.32, p < .001), neuroticism (ß = -0.22, p < .01), and openness to experience (ß = 0.18, p < .01) were discovered to be significant predictors of eudaimonic well-being. Serious leisure also contributed to eudaimonic well-being (ß = 0.28, p < .01). The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the behaviors exhibited by older adults and elucidate the positive impact exerted on eudaimonic well-being by personality and serious leisure.

"When I Sing, I Feel Peaceful": Experiences of Older Choral Singers From North Korea.

North Korean (NK) defectors fled their homeland and traveled thousands of miles in search of a better life. This qualitative study explored the experiences of older NK defectors who were part of a serious leisure choral group. In-depth interviews were conducted with eight NK defector members of a South Korean choir group, from which four central themes emerged: (a) conquering adversity and promoting health; (b) making good friends and having great adventures; (c) providing an arena to develop a new identity; and (d) developing proficiency through vigorous efforts. Involvement in choral singing as a serious leisure activity assisted the members in overcoming the various adversities they were facing, promoted their physical and mental health, and helped them develop comradery and new social identities.

Structural Relationships among Strategic Experiential Modules, Motivation, Serious Leisure, Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Bicycle Tourism.

It seems that people's quality of life can be positively influenced through bicycle tourism. Bicycle tourism can be an effective measure to enhance serious leisure, tourism satisfaction, and quality of life. To verify this empirically, a survey was conducted of bicycle tourists who visited Qinghai Lake in China during an international road bike race. The purpose of the present research is to prove the association between latent variables related to bicycle tourism through statistical analysis. For this, hypothetical relationships based on tourism motivation, serious leisure, tourism satisfaction, and quality of life were presented as research models. As a result of empirical analysis, it was analyzed that friends and nature had an effect on serious leisure among the motivation of bicycle tourism. In addition, it was found that the level of serious leisure for bicycle tourism exerted a positive influence on the satisfaction and quality of life. This suggests that bicycle tourism can improve the quality of life during travel to Qinghai lake by bicycle and revealed the crucial role in relationships is serious leisure.

Mass violence planned as ultimate leisure experience? Four diverse cases.

As part of a larger project on contextual factors of mass murder, this paper identifies and discusses four cases that quite clearly suggest, based on the content of perpetrators' personal communications and/or reports from those who knew them, that the perpetrators purposely planned and experienced their attacks as desired leisure experience. Leisure science, while consistent with the multidisciplinary roots of forensic behavioral science, has not yet been applied to better understand cases of mass violence. Together with traditional forensic behavioral science approaches, leisure theory may produce insights in cases of mass violence that are uncoerced, largely intrinsically motivated, and committed for personal enjoyment.

"A Labour of Love": Active Lifestyle Entrepreneurship (Occupational Devotion) During a Time of COVID-19.

The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis management strategies adopted by world leaders across the globe in 2020 impacted the work-life balance of billions of people. Entire populations were forced to stay at home and maintain a safe distance from family members, friends, colleagues, and customers. Occupational devotion is defined as a feeling of strong, positive attachment to a form of self-enhancing employment, where achievement and fulfillment are high, and the core activity has such intense appeal that the line between this work and leisure is virtually erased. Although it is not a new concept, this area of the serious leisure perspective has been largely overlooked by scholars observing the world of sport events and entrepreneurship. Using Creative Analytical Practice (CAP), a post-qualitative methodology, we present the personal narrative of a New Zealand-based active lifestyle entrepreneur who, as a result of a nationwide COVID19 lockdown, was forced to re-assess his long-established occupational devotion. Our co-constructed story offers an emotive insight into the personal cost and consequences of finding yourself living in a lockdown.

The relationship between serious leisure and recreation specialization in sportspeople with and without physical disabilities.

This study analyzes whether the relationship between serious leisure and recreation specialization differs for federated sportspeople with and without physical disabilities. Sportspeople with and without physical disabilities in the Basque Country (Spain) (n = 370) completed a questionnaire assessing the component dimensions of two constructs, "serious leisure" and "recreation specialization". The Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (SLIM) and the Recreation Specialization Index (RSI) were used in the analysis. Results showed an association between these concepts in competitive sports in both samples. However, the magnitudes of association between the total of both concepts were higher in the group with physical disabilities. Regarding perceptions about their sports practice, the group without physical disabilities showed higher levels of specialization but there were no substantial differences between their levels of serious leisure participation. In conclusion, seriousness and specialization were found to be key issues for sportspeople's practice of leisure, regardless of their physical condition.

Self-actualization and self-efficacy in the elderly in a ludic italian language learning program: a theoretical framework / O sentimento de autorrealização e de autoeficácia de idosos no aprendizado da língua italiana: quadro teórico

This article presents the conceptual framework developed for the study "Self-actualization and self-efficacy in the elderly in a ludic foreign language program." We explicate the theoretical grounds for the ludic teaching approach used in the Italian language learning program Pian, piano si va lontano. Based on the concept of ludicity, this serious leisure activity is a form of social participation that fosters self-actualization and hence feelings of self-efficacy in older learners. We conclude with some research avenues to gain a deeper understanding of the protective effects of bilingualism on cognitive functioning in the elderly and the role of a ludic teaching approach in enhancing these protective effects from a gerontagogical perspective.

Este artigo apresenta o quadro teórico desenvolvido no âmbito do estudo "O Sentimento de Autorrealização e de Autoeficácia de Idosos em um Programa de Aprendizado Lúdico da Língua Italiana". Explicamos os fundamentos teóricos para a metodologia de ensino lúdica usada no programa de aprendizagem de língua italiana Pian, piano si va lontano. Com base no conceito de ludicidade, essa atividade de lazer sério é uma forma de participação social que promove a autorrealização e, portanto, os sentimentos de autoeficácia em alunos idosos. Concluímos sugerindo alguns caminhos de pesquisa que possam obter uma compreensão mais profunda dos efeitos protetores do bilinguismo sobre o funcionamento cognitivo em idosos e o papel de uma metodologia de ensino lúdica para aumentar esses efeitos protetores de uma perspectiva gerontagógica.

Women Runners in China: Constraints Negotiation Process of Serious Leisure.

The constraint negotiation process is a prominent part of serious leisure, and leisure-oriented women runners in China may behave differently in this process. An adjusted model was proposed to examine the constraint negotiation process of serious leisure for women runners. An online questionnaire was conducted that contained 239 valid samples measuring the participation, intrinsic motivation, constraints and negotiation of women runners. The structure of variables was confirmed based on the good results of reliability and validity test. Then the structural equation modeling results showed that constraints had a negative impact and negotiation had a positive impact on participation. Negotiation acts on constraints to reduce their negative perception. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation has a significant positive effect on negotiation. There are high intrinsic motivation and fewer constraints reporting for women runners under high negotiation in serious leisure. The results provide additional explanation for the serious leisure participation of women runners. Future research should integrate women's life experiences to better understand the behavior revealed in this study.

The Role of Leisure Satisfaction in Serious Leisure and Subjective Well-Being: Evidence From Chinese Marathon Runners.

The topics of serious leisure and subjective well-being have been discussed extensively in previous research. It is generally acknowledged that people prefer to experience deeper satisfaction and happiness through serious participation in leisure-time physical activities. However, it is essential to examine the relationship between serious leisure and subjective well-being in an urban setting as well as the mediating effect of leisure satisfaction. Data were collected from 447 recreational runners at the 2018 Wuxi International Marathon event in China. The study results showed that serious leisure was positively associated with leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being, that leisure satisfaction was positively associated with subjective well-being, and that leisure satisfaction completely mediated the relationship between serious leisure and subjective well-being. Running group membership significantly affected the path from serious leisure to leisure satisfaction, while other demographic variables (e.g., gender and education) did not moderate any paths. These results help explain the intricate relationship between serious leisure and subjective well-being and offer theoretical and managerial implications for serious leisure.

A prática do futebol amador na cidade de Ibirité-MG sobre a teoria do lazer sério de Robert Stebbins / The amateur soccer in ibirité city on the perspective of serious leisure theory by Robert Stebbins

Esse artigo investiga as práticas do futebol amador na cidade de Ibirité/ MG e a perspectivas do lazer sério, de acordo com as teorias do autor Robert Stebbins. Na cidade de Ibirité ­ MG, o futebol amador é representado pelas escolas de futebol das categorias de base, pelas equipes amadoras que disputam os campeonatos, ligas e copas da região, sendo a Divisão Especial de Ibirité. O lazer sério é composto por seis características que a definem, são elas: perseverança; carreira; esforço; benefícios duráveis; ethos único; e identificação. Como metodologia, utilizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com um jogador de cada time da Divisão especial da cidade, somando 20 entrevistas. Estas foram transcritas e interpretados, fazendo correlações com os critérios estabelecidos por Robert A. Stebbins sobre a Perspectiva do lazer sério, e verificar se o futebol amador se encaixa neste contexto. Sobre a identificação do futebol amador na cidade de Ibirité ­ MG, concluímos que tal prática não pode ser inserida com evidência nas Perspectivas do lazer sério, segundo os relatos obtidos nas entrevistas.

This article investigates the practices of amateur soccer in Ibirité city (Minas Gerais - Brazil) and the serious leisure theory by the author Robert Stebbins. The amateur soccer in Ibirité is represented by the schools' soccer, by the amateur teams that compete in the championships, leagues and cups of the region. Serious leisure theory consists of six characteristics, they are: perseverance; career; effort; lasting benefits; unique ethos; and identification. As methodology we used semi-structured interviews with 1 player from each team of Ibirité special division (20 interviews). These were transcribed and interpreted, making correlations with the criteria established by serious leisure theory, and checking if amateur soccer in this context can be frame in the theory. The amateur soccer in the Ibirité city cannot be inserted with evidence in the perspectives of serious leisure.

"Grace Under Pressure": How CEOs Use Serious Leisure to Cope With the Demands of Their Job.

How chief executive officers (CEOs) use their leisure to help respond to the demands of their job is important for themselves, their employees, and their organizations. This study shines light on this hardly explored subject by focusing on CEOs of major US companies and their "serious leisure," the goal-oriented pursuit of a non-work passion. Serious leisure is increasingly practiced by the population at large as well as by top leaders. This study is based on 16 interviews with "serious leisurite" CEOs of Fortune 500, S&P 500, or comparable organizations. Novel insights are brought into the ways in which CEOs believe their passionate non-work pursuit supports not only coping with the strain of the top job but also optimal functioning in it, as well as into how they perceive the demands of the CEO role. This work contributes to research on leader personal resources and leader effectiveness, executive job demands, as well as to the leisure-based recovery literature.

¿Ocio o trabajo?: La actuación de músicos bajo el prisma del ocio serio / Trabalho ou lazer?: A atuação de músicos por meio do lazer sério / Work or leisure?: The performance of musicians through the topic of serious leisure / Travail ou loisirs?: La performance de musiciens à travers le prisme du serious leisure

El artículo tiene como objetivo general analizar la relación entre ocio y trabajo en la actuación de músicos en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil, bajo el prisma del concepto de serious leisure. Serious leisure se define como actividades practicadas por aficionados, voluntarios y practicantes de hobbys. Para tales individuos estas actividades son inmensamente importantes y gratificantes, y que en algunos casos pueden significar el inicio de una carrera centrada en la adquisición y expresión de habilidades especiales, conocimientos y experiencias. Este concepto también se define por la perseverancia que los participantes deben poseer para superar los eventuales momentos de dificultad relacionada al desarrollo del serious leisure y los beneficios tanto personales como sociales que acompañan esta práctica tal como la auto-realización, el auto-enriquecimiento, el sentimiento de pertenencia y la interacción social. Cuando las habilidades y los conocimientos adquiridos permiten que los participantes sean considerados "serios", en algunos casos, en la medida en que las oportunidades aparecen, algunos de estos participantes pueden salir de la condición de aficionados, volviéndose profesionales. Los objetivos específicos son los siguientes: a) investigar los motivos que llevaron a estos músicos a transformar esa actividad, inicialmente considerada una actividad de ocio, en un ejercicio profesional; b) comprender cómo las seis características fundamentales del sistema serious leisure se presentan en la actuación de los músicos. La metodología utilizada fue una investigación de tipo cualitativo, en un estudio de caso entendiéndolo cómo el método apropiado a la determinación de características únicas de individuos de instituciones o comunidades. La investigación posee un carácter exploratorio que combina los enfoques bibliográficos y de campo. La dimensión bibliográfica abarca artículos científicos, libros y demás publicaciones sobre el concepto de serious leisure. Y la de campo, con investigaciones in loco a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con músicos que actúan en la ciudad de São Paulo. Los resultados de la investigación indican que el placer proporcionado por la música, así como la remuneración obtenida a través de ella, son los factores que más influenciaron a los entrevistados en la elección de la música como profesión. Se concluye también que la relación establecida entre el contenido artístico y la música es evidente ya que la música como arte se remite principalmente a la subjetividad de las personas, traduciendo sentimientos, expresando deseos y manifestando ideas. Las ideas como destino, predestinación, el talento innato, contribuyen a formar en las personas la concepción de que un músico, así como artistas de otras ramas, ya nació 'sabiendo' realizar esa actividad y, por lo tanto, son personas únicas y especiales. En este sentido, el artista ejerce un cierto "lenguaje especial", en este caso por la música, que tiende a obtener cierto reconocimiento por la sociedad como un todo. Los datos refuerzan que el ocio se caracteriza por resultar de una elección libre que no puede estar sometido a ningún fin lucrativo, utilitario o ideológico. Debe ser marcado por la búsqueda de un estado de satisfacción, tomando como fin en sí mismo, respondiendo a las necesidades individuales, frente a las obligaciones impuestas por la sociedad.

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre lazer e trabalho no desempenho de músicos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, sob o prisma do conceito de lazer sério. Lazer sério é definido como atividade praticada por voluntários e amadores. Para tais indivíduos essas atividades são imensamente importantes e gratificantes. Em alguns casos, podem significar o início de uma carreira voltada para a aquisição e expressão de habilidades, conhecimentos e experiências especiais. Esse conceito também é definido pela perseverança que os participantes devem possuir para superar todos os momentos de dificuldade relacionados com o desenvolvimento do lazer e ambos os benefícios, pessoais e sociais, que acompanham essa prática, como autorrealização, autoenriquecimento, sensação de pertencimento e interação social. Quando as habilidades e conhecimentos adquiridos permitem que os participantes sejam considerados "sérios", em alguns casos, à medida que as oportunidades aparecem, alguns desses participantes podem deixar o status de amador, tornando-se profissionais. Os objetivos específicos são os seguintes: a) investigar as razões que levaram esses músicos a transformar essa atividade, inicialmente considerada uma atividade de lazer, em um exercício profissional; b) entender como as seis características fundamentais do conceito atrelado ao lazer sério são apresentadas no desempenho dos músicos. A metodologia utilizada foi uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso, entendendo-se como método apropriado para determinar as características únicas de indivíduos de instituições ou comunidades. A pesquisa possui caráter exploratório, que combina as abordagens bibliográfica e de campo. A dimensão bibliográfica inclui artigos científicos, livros e outras publicações sobre o conceito de lazer sério, e a de campo, inclui investigações in loco através de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com músicos que atuam na cidade de São Paulo. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o prazer proporcionado pela música, bem como a remuneração obtida através dessa arte, são os fatores que mais influenciaram os entrevistados na escolha da música como uma profissão. Conclui-se também que a relação estabelecida entre o conteúdo artístico e a música é evidente, pois a música como arte refere-se, principalmente, à subjetividade das pessoas, traduzindo sentimentos e expressando desejos e ideias. Tem-se, nessa conjuntura, as ideias associadas aos elementos de predestinação e talento inato, contribuindo para a concepção de que um músico, bem como artistas de outros ramos, são pessoas únicas e especiais pela arte desenvolvida. Nesse sentido, o artista exerce uma certa "linguagem especial" (nesse caso, a música), e tende a obter certo reconhecimento pela sociedade como um todo. Os dados reforçam que o lazer é caracterizado pelo resultado de um livre arbítrio que não deveria estar sujeito a qualquer finalidade lucrativa, utilitária ou ideológica. O lazer deveria ser marcado pela busca de um estado de satisfação, tomando como fim em si mesmo, respondendo às necessidades individuais frente às obrigações impostas pela sociedade.

The article aims to analyze the relationship between leisure and work in the performance of musicians in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, under the prism of the concept of serious leisure. Serious leisure is defined as activities practiced by hobbyists and volunteers. For such individuals these activities are immensely important and rewarding, and in some cases it can mean the beginning of a career focused on the acquisition and expression of special skills, knowledge and experiences. This concept is also defined by the perseverance that participants must possess to overcome the eventual moments of difficulty related to the development of serious leisure and the personal and social benefits that accompany this practice such as self-realization, self-enrichment, feeling of belonging and social interaction. When the skills and knowledge acquired allow participants to be considered "serious", in some cases, to the extent that the opportunities appear, some of these participants can leave amateur status, becoming professionals. The specific objectives of this research: a) investigate the reasons that led these musicians to transform this activity, initially considered a leisure activity, into a professional exercise; b) understand how the six fundamental characteristics of the serious leisure system are presented in the performance of the musicians. The methodology used was a qualitative research, in a case study understanding it as the appropriate method to determine the unique characteristics of individuals from institutions or communities. The research has an exploratory character that combines bibliographical and field approaches. The bibliographical dimension includes scientific articles, books and other publications on the concept of serious leisure. As a field research, it was used an in loco investigations with semi-structured interviews conducted with musicians who perform in the city of Sao Paulo. The results of this research indicate that the pleasure provided by the music, as well as the remuneration obtained through it, are the factors that most influenced the interviewees in the choice of music as a profession. It is also concluded that the relationship established between artistic content and music is evident since music as art refers mainly to the subjectivity of people, translating feelings, expressing desires and expressing ideas. Ideas as destiny, predestination, innate talent, contribute to forming in people the conception that a musician, as well as artists from other similar activities, was already born 'knowing' that activity and, therefore, they are unique and special people . From this vision, due the fact that the artist work with a 'special language', in this case music, is evident its projection before society as a whole. The data reinforce that leisure is characterized by the result of a free choice that cannot be subjected to any lucrative, utilitarian or ideological purpose. It must be marked by the search for a state of satisfaction, taking as an end in itself, responding to individual needs, facing the obligations imposed by society.

L'article vise à analyser la relation entre les loisirs et le travail dans l'interprétation de musiciens dans la ville de São Paulo, au Brésil, sous le prisme du concept de loisir sérieux. Les loisirs sérieux sont définis comme des activités pratiquées par des passionnés, des bénévoles et des passionnés. Pour ces personnes, ces activités sont extrêmement importantes et enrichissantes. Dans certains cas, cela peut signifier le début d'une carrière axée sur l'acquisition et l'expression de compétences, de connaissances et d'expériences spécifiques. Ce concept est également défini par la persévérance que les participants doivent posséder pour surmonter les moments de difficulté éventuels liés au développement de loisirs sérieux et les avantages personnels et sociaux qui accompagnent cette pratique tels que la réalisation de soi, l'enrichissement de soi, la sensation d'appartenance et d'interaction sociale. Lorsque les compétences et les connaissances acquises permettent aux participants d'être considérés comme «sérieux¼, dans certains cas, dans la mesure où les opportunités se présentent, certains d'entre eux peuvent quitter le statut d'amateur pour devenir des professionnels. Ils sont divisés en objectifs spécifiques: a) rechercher les raisons qui ont amené ces musiciens à transformer cette activité, considérée à l'origine comme une activité de loisir, en un exercice professionnel; b) comprendre comment les six caractéristiques fondamentales du système de loisirs sérieux sont présentées dans l'interprétation des musiciens. La méthodologie utilisée était une recherche qualitative; dans une étude de cas, il s'agissait de la méthode appropriée pour déterminer les caractéristiques uniques d'individus, d'institutions ou de communautés. La recherche a un caractère exploratoire qui combine des approches bibliographiques et de terrain. La dimension bibliographique comprend des articles scientifiques, des livres et d'autres publications sur le concept de loisir sérieux. Et sur le terrain, des enquêtes in situ avec des entretiens semi-structurés menés avec des musiciens qui travaillent dans la ville de São Paulo. Les résultats de la recherche indiquent que le plaisir procuré par la musique, ainsi que la rémunération obtenue, sont les facteurs qui ont le plus influencé les personnes interrogées dans le choix de la musique en tant que profession. Il est également conclu que la relation établie entre le contenu artistique et la musique est évidente puisque la musique en tant qu'art se réfère principalement à la subjectivité des personnes, à la traduction des sentiments, à l'expression des désirs et à l'expression des idées. Les idées comme destin, prédestination, talent inné contribuent à faire croire aux gens qu'un musicien, ainsi que des artistes d'autres branches, est déjà né en «sachant¼ cette activité et qu'ils sont donc uniques et spéciaux. . À partir de cette vision, l'artiste doit travailler avec un «langage spécial¼, en l'occurrence la musique, avant la société dans son ensemble. Les données confirment que les loisirs se caractérisent par le résultat d'un choix libre qui ne peut être soumis à aucune fin lucrative, utilitaire ou idéologique. Il doit être marqué par la recherche d'un état de satisfaction, prenant pour finalité, de répondre aux besoins individuels, de faire face aux obligations imposées par la société.

Inventário de lazer sério: adaptação transcultural e evidências de validade do Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (SLIM) / Serious leisure inventory: transcultural adaptation and evidence to validate the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (SLIM) / Inventario de ocio serio: adaptación transcultural y evidencias de validez del Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (SLIM)

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a tradução e a adaptação transcultural do Inventário de Lazer Sério ­ SLIM (Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure) e investigar evidências iniciais de validade de construto (confiabilidade e estrutura interna). Participaram 361 universitários (63% de mulheres), com idades entre 18 e 26 anos. A análise fatorial confirmatória indicou adequação do modelo de 18 fatores, com índices de ajuste apresentando valores próximos aos do artigo original [χ2/gl = 1,95; CFI = 0,90; TLI = 0,89; RMSEA = 0,05 (0,04-0,05); SRMR = 0,05]. Os índices de confiabilidade desses fatores variaram entre a 0,73 e 0,94. Conclui-se que o SLIM-Brasil possui evidências de validade satisfatórias para sua aplicação em jovens brasileiros. Com este instrumento à disposição em língua portuguesa, é importante realizar estudos na perspectiva do lazer sério em outras faixas etárias

This study aimed to conduct translation and transcultural adaptation of the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (SLIM) and investigate initial evidence of construct validity (reliability and internal structure). Participants were 361 university students (63% female) aged 18-26. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the adequacy of the 18-factor model, with adjustment indexes presenting values close to those of the original article [χ2 / gl = 1.95; CFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.89; RMSEA = 0.05 (0.04-0.05); SRMR = 0.05]. Reliability indexes for these factors varied from 0.73 to 0.94. SLIM-Brazil has satisfactory validity evidence to be used with young Brazilians. With this instrument available in Portuguese, it would be important to carry out studies from the perspective of serious leisure with other age groups

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar la traducción y la adaptación transcultural del Inventario de Ocio Serio (IOS), e investigar evidencias iniciales de validez de constructo (confiabilidad y estructura interna). Participaron 361 universitarios (63% de mujeres), con edades entre 18 y 26 años. El análisis factorial confirmatorio indicó adecuación del modelo de 18 factores, con índices de ajuste presentando valores próximos a los del artículo original [χ2/gl = 1,95; CFI = 0,90; TLI = 0,89; RMSEA = 0,05 (0,04-0,05); SRMR = 0,05]. Los índices de confiabilidad de estos factores variaron entre 0,73 y 0,94. Se concluye que el SLIM-Brasil posee evidencias de validez satisfactorias para su aplicación en jóvenes brasileños. Con este instrumento disponible en lengua portuguesa, sería importante realizar estudios en la perspectiva del ocio serio en otras franjas de edad