Breastfeeding and diseases prevalent in the first two years of a child's life: a cross-sectional study / Lactancia materna y enfermedades prevalentes en los dos primeros años de vida del niño: un estudio transversal / Amamentação e as doenças prevalentes nos primeiros dois anos de vida da criança: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the association between breastfeeding and diseases prevalent in the first two years of a child's life. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study that analyzed electronic medical records of 401 children. Data on birth, growth, breastfeeding and medical care in the first two years of life were collected. In the analysis, Poisson regression with robust variance was used. Results: 27.9% of children were exclusively breastfed until six months, and, at 24 months, 93.3% had already had some prevalent childhood disease. In the crude analysis, 5-minute Apgar association, length, weight at 12 months, exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding time had association. In the adjusted analysis, only the variable breastfeeding at six months maintained the association with prevalent childhood diseases. Conclusions: children who were not breastfed, exclusively or not, up to six months of age, had a higher prevalence of diseases compared to breastfed children.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la asociación entre lactancia materna y enfermedades prevalentes en los dos primeros años de vida del niño. Métodos: estudio transversal retrospectivo que analizó las historias clínicas electrónicas de 401 niños. Se recogieron datos sobre nacimiento, crecimiento, lactancia y atención médica en los dos primeros años de vida. En el análisis se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: el 27,9% de los niños fueron amamantados exclusivamente hasta los seis meses de edad y, a los 24 meses, el 93,3% ya había tenido alguna enfermedad infantil prevalente. En el análisis crudo presentaron asociación de Apgar al minuto 5, longitud, peso a los 12 meses, tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva y no exclusiva. En el análisis ajustado, sólo la variable lactancia materna a los seis meses mantuvo la asociación con las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia. Conclusiones: los niños que no fueron amamantados, exclusivamente o no, hasta los seis meses de edad, presentaron mayor prevalencia de enfermedades en comparación con los niños amamantados.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a associação do aleitamento materno e as doenças prevalentes nos primeiros dois anos de vida da criança. Métodos: estudo transversal retrospectivo, que analisou prontuários eletrônicos de 401 crianças. Foram coletados dados sobre nascimento, crescimento, aleitamento materno e atendimentos médicos nos dois primeiros anos de vida. Na análise, utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: receberam aleitamento exclusivo até os seis meses 27,9% das crianças, e, aos 24 meses de vida, 93,3% já haviam tido alguma doença prevalente da infância. Na análise bruta, apresentaram associação Apgar no 5º minuto, comprimento, peso aos 12 meses, tempo de aleitamento exclusivo e não exclusivo. Na análise ajustada, apenas a variável aleitamento materno aos seis meses manteve a associação com as doenças prevalentes da infância. Conclusões: as crianças que não foram amamentadas, exclusivamente ou não, até os seis meses, apresentaram maior prevalência de doenças em relação às amamentadas.

Associated factors for acute kidney injury in preterm infants / Factores asociados para lesión renal aguda en recién nacidos prematuros / Fatores associados para lesão renal aguda em recém-nascidos prematuros

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with acute kidney injury in preterm newborns. Method: a cross-sectional study based on records data of preterm newborns hospitalized in two neonatal units in northwest Paraná State in 2015. For data analysis, the logistic regression model was used by the stepwise forward method and Fisher's Exact Test. Results: 132 preterm newborns, with a prevalence of 7.5% of acute kidney injury, were hospitalized. Majority of males, extremely preterm and very low birth weight. Associated factors were the use of non-nephrotoxic antibiotics and the presence of mechanical pulmonary ventilation, increasing the chance of developing acute kidney damage by 2.98 and 1.33/day, respectively. Hospitalization days constituted a protection factor. Conclusion: this study was able to identify the prevalence, and outline the variables associated with acute kidney injury in preterm newborns in a particular care situation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la lesión renal aguda en recién nacidos prematuros. Método: estudio transversal realizado a partir de datos de prontuarios de recién nacidos prematuros internados en 2 unidades neonatales del noroeste del estado de Paraná en 2015. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística por el método stepwise forward y Test Exacto de Fisher. Resultados: fueron internados 132 prematuros, con prevalencia del 7,5% de lesión renal aguda. La mayoría era del sexo masculino, prematuros extremos y con muy bajo peso al nacer. Los factores asociados fueron el uso de antibióticos no nefrotóxicos y la presencia de ventilación pulmonar mecánica, aumentando en 2,98 y 1,33/día la posibilidad del desarrollo de lesión renal aguda, respectivamente. Los días de hospitalización constituyeron un factor de protección. Conclusión: este estudio fue capaz de identificar la prevalencia y delinear las variables asociadas a la ocurrencia de lesión renal aguda en recién nacidos prematuros en una determinada realidad asistencial.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à lesão renal aguda em recém-nascidos prematuros. Método: estudo transversal realizado a partir de dados de prontuários de recém-nascidos prematuros internados em duas unidades neonatais do noroeste paranaense em 2015. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão logística pelo método stepwise forward e Teste Exato de Fisher. Resultados: foram internados 132 prematuros, com prevalência de 7,5% de lesão renal aguda. Maioria do sexo masculino, prematuros extremos e com muito baixo peso ao nascer. Os fatores associados foram o uso de antibióticos não nefrotóxicos e a presença de ventilação pulmonar mecânica, aumentando em 2,98 e 1,33/dia a chance do desenvolvimento de lesão renal aguda, respectivamente. Os dias de hospitalização constituíram fator de proteção. Conclusão: este estudo foi capaz de identificar a prevalência e delinear as variáveis associadas à ocorrência de lesão renal aguda em recém-nascidos prematuros numa determinada realidade assistencial.

Policy challenges facing integrated community case management in Sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To report an in-depth analysis of policy change for integrated community case management of childhood illness (iCCM) in six sub-Saharan African countries. We analysed how iCCM policies developed and the barriers and facilitators to policy change. METHODS: Qualitative retrospective case studies drawing from document reviews, semi-structured interviews and in-country validation workshops were conducted in Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique and Niger. These countries were selected to maximise variation in iCCM policy status, community health worker (CHW) models and different African regions. RESULTS: Country iCCM policies evolved in an ad hoc fashion, but were substantially influenced by the history of primary health care and the nature of CHW programmes. Technical officers within Ministries of Health led iCCM policy change with support from international donors, but neither communities nor political leadership was mobilised. Concerns about achieving the Millennium Development Goals, together with recognition of the shortcomings of existing child health programmes, led to the adoption of iCCM policies. Availability of external financing played a critical role in facilitating policy change. CONCLUSIONS: iCCM policy change has been promoted by international agencies, but national governments have struggled to align iCCM with country health systems. Greater investment is needed in tailoring global policy initiatives to match country needs. High-level, political ownership of iCCM policies could facilitate policy change, as could clearer strategies for ensuring the long-term sustainability of such policies.

Ginecología infanto juvenil. Resultados de la consulta en el municipio Céspedes / Child and adolescent health services. Results of consultation at Cespedes municipality

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal para conocer los resultados de la consulta de ginecología infanto juvenil en el municipio Céspedes, de enero a diciembre de 1999. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por las 77 pacientes atendidas entre las edades de 0-19 años. El 40, 2 % de las pacientes pertencían a los infantes de 0-10 años y el 59, 8 % a las adolescentes de 11-19. Dentro de los motivos de consulta se destacan las vulvovaginitis en el 56, 3 % y la orientación anticonceptiva con 14, 4 % como las dos grandes razones de asistencia a consulta, dentro de los gérmenes más frecuentes detectados se encuentran el oxiuro, las monilias y las trichomonas. Las infecciones bajas del tracto genital, fueron el principal motivo de consulta. Esta consulta ha devenido en un salto de avance en la atención ginecológica de estas edades de la vida, así como en el desarrollo de la medicina comunitaria.

A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out to know the results of the infant -juvenile gynecology consultation in Cespedes municipality , from january to december 1999. The study universe was composed of 77 patientes assisted among ages 0-19 years. The 40, 2 % of patients was that of infants (0-10 years) and 59, 8 % to adolescents (11-19). Among the reasons for consultation, vulvovaginitis 56, 3 % and contraceptive counseling 14, 4 % are stressed as the two main reasons; the most frequent germs are oxyurus, monilias and trichomonas . Low infections of the genital tract were the main reasons for consultation, gynecological case of the ages of life, as well as in the community medicine development.

Comportamiento de indicadores hospitalarios durante el decenio 1990-1999

Se realiza un estudio de tipo serie cronológica, con el objetivo de precisar el comportamiento de indicadores hospitalarios seleccionados, durante el decenio 1990-1999, para lo cual se determinó la tendencia lineal por el método de los semipromedios. Se observó una ligera tendencia al incremento de las consultas realizadas y del promedio de casos vistos por consulta, asimismo la tendencia del número total de casos vistos en consulta mostró un franco incremento, fundamentalmente por el aumento de los casos atendidos en consultas de especialidades quirúrgicas y consultas multidisciplinarias. Se constató una franca tendencia decreciente del número de ingresos en la institución, del índice ocupacional y de la estadía; la tendencia decreciente del número de fallecidos y de la tasa de mortalidad neta fue más discreta. También se evidenció una franca tendencia al incremento del número de operaciones ambulatorias. Como conclusión se verificó un comportamiento favorable durante los últimos 10 años de casi todos los indicadores hospitalarios seleccionados para análisis, posiblemente relacionado con los cambios organizativos efectuados en la institución durante la segunda mitad de la década estudiada.

A chronological study was conducted aimed at knowing the behavior of selected hospital indicators during 1990-1999, for which the lineal trend was determined by the semiaverages method. It was observed a light trend towards the increase of the consultations made and of the average of cases seen at the physician’s office. The trend of the total number of patients that received attention at the physician’s office showed a high increase due mainly to the rise of cases attended by different surgery specialists and multidisciplinary teams. It was observed a decreasing trend of the number of hospital admissions, of the bed occupancy rate and of hospital stay. The trend towards the reduction of deaths and of the net mortality rate was more discrete. A trend towards the increase of the number of ambulatory operations was also observed. A favorable behavior of almost all the hospital indicators selected to be analyzed was confirmed during the last 10 years due possibly to the organizational changes that occurred during the second half of the studied decade.