Epidemics and Medical Responses in the Song Dynasty - Exclusion of Shamanistic Treatment and Propagation of Codified Medicine Treatment.

The efforts of the state and the literati, such as the implementation of beneficent politics and the rectification of folk customs, led to the alteration of the medical environment throughout the Song period. Epidemics with a severe impact that occurred frequently were what started the transition. Urbanization, increased transit accessibility, and population growth have all contributed to the emergence of epidemics. In addition, a disease that was indigenous to southern China, where regional development and population expansion were focused, started to spread widely. When an epidemic spread, the local population occasionally received medical care, but most of the time they relied on spiritual care from the neighborhood shaman or spirit medium. Spiritual treatment is utilized to treat malignant infectious diseases, even though professional doctors primarily focus on treating patients with traditional medicine. By editing and releasing publications on medicine at the national level, the Song dynasty government and intellectuals encouraged the development and transmission of efficient treatment procedures to advance medical practices. Meanwhile, folk remedies or medical prescriptions discovered by renowned scholars like Su Shi and Shen Kuo were included in the medical book and made available to the general public. Although there was a difference of opinion between the Song government and intellectuals, they commonly rejected shamanistic treatment and pursued the spread of medicine treatment through the transmission of codified medical knowledge. In the end, the spread of the epidemic and the subsequent transmission and development of Song dynasty medicine had a significant impact on the emergence of codified medicine treatment, but this was not solely to advance medical knowledge; it also served to further their political and ideological objectives. As a result, the following Jin and Yuan dynasties' physicians instantly criticized the Song dynasty's medical advancements. It is indisputable, however, that the medical development of the Song dynasty had a considerable influence on later Chinese medical practice in that it established the ideological superiority of formal and orthodox therapy over traditional and heterodox spiritual care.

The Significances of Water Volume to Decoct Formulas Described in Classical Chinese Medicine / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Although the descriptions of shigyakukachotanto in “Waitaimiyaofang” and tsumyakushigyakukachotanjuto in “Songban Shanghanlun” are quite similar to each other, the specifications of the dosages of crude drugs and the water volume in the books were considerably different. Focused on the specified water volume to decoct these formulas, each reasonable decocting period was estimated, then the decoctions were prepared using hard water that was common in mainland China. The dosages of aconite root were 2­-fold different between these two formulas, but the contents of aconitine-­type diester alkaloids (ADA) in both decoctions were found in the range of 1.2—1.4­-fold. It was suggested that in order to control the efficacy and the safety of aconite, the decocting period was well regulated by the specification of water volume for decocting at this ancient era. Moreover, the dosages of aconite root and glycyrrhiza in bukuryoshigyakuto (BSGT) formula of “Songban Shanghanlun” are equal to those of shigyakuto (SGT) but the specified water volume to begin decocting is as about twice as that of SGT. When prepared using hard water, BSGT resulted to make the contents of ADA lower and those of non-­ester alkaloids higher compared with those of SGT decoction. It was suggested the spe­cific water volume for each formula prescribed in classical Chinese medicine had considerable significance to determine the dosages of chemical ingredients in the decoctions especially in the circumstances using hard water to prepare them.

A study on the Introduction and Use of Cold Damage Diseases-related Literature in the Early Joseon Dynasty: Focusing on Publishing, Citation, and Textbooks.

The status or role of Shanghan Lun (Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases) in Joseon is quite different compared to neighboring China and Japan. This is a unique aspect that distinguishes Joseon's medicine from other East Asian countries at that time. Prior studies have conducted research on non-professional books of Shanghan Lun; however, this study aims to analyze the transmission and utilization of professional books of Shanghan Lun. In the citations of medical books in the first half of Joseon period, the domestic introduction of professional books of Shanghan Lun used at the time occurred mostly from the mid-thirteenth century to the first half of the fifteenth century. In particular, the version of professional books of Shanghan Lun quoted in Euibangyoochui (Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions) were centered on the Yuan edition. In other words, the acceptance of the theory of Cold Damage Diseases was based on the Yuan's medicine. Professional books of Shanghan Lun, which were published separately during the compilation or publication of Euibangyoochui, were intentionally selected. It is important to identify their characteristics. First of all, Shanghan Leishu (Classified Book of Cold Damage) was used as a textbook of Cold Damage in the first half of Joseon dynasty because the author of this book, Yang Shizhen and his practice acted as the basic text. The nature of Shanghan Leishu, which pursued the integration of "several symptoms of internal medicine" and "Cold Damage" instead of pursuing independent medicine of Cold Damage with different internal medicines, may have had some influence in forming the uniqueness of Joseon's medicine of Cold Damage. Shanghanfu (Harm Caused by Cold: A Poem) was an introduction for easy access to formal Cold Damage's content. Shanghanfu is presumed to be a medical book made out of prose poems, the core of Shanghanzhizhangtu. Non-professional books of Shanghanlun have also been cited in the first half of Joseon period's medical texts in relation to Cold Damage. However, these books were not used as textbooks in medical bureaucracy's education. The exclusion of major Cold Damage-related texts from the medical bureaucracy's education may have hampered the development of Joseon's Cold Damage medicine.

The Decocting Time and the Contents of the Aconitine-type Diester Alkaloids in the Decoctions of the Formula Containing Unprocessed Aconite Root in “Songban Shanghanlun” / 日本東洋医学雑誌

We investigated the decocting time to prepare the formulas containing unprocessed aconite root, such as shigyakuto, tsumyaku shigyakuto, and kankyobushito, which had been registered in “Shanghanlun” edited in Song Dynasty, using the weights and measures in Houhan Dynasty when the original “Shanghanlun” was regarded to have been established. Also the contents of aconitine-type diester alkaloids (ADA) eluted from unprocessed aconite root in the decoction were analyzed in time-dependent manners. As regards the modified formula for the “physically strong patients” in the texts of tsumyakushigyakuto in “Shanghanlun”, adding dried ginger was found to lead the decocting time to be shorter and the sum of ADA content in the decoction of the modified formula to increase about 20%. It was also found that the compositions of diterpene alkaloids derived from aconite root in kankyobushito decoction were highly different from those in shigyakuto decoction, containing less ADA and more aconine and hypaconine, due to the high pH of the decoction, which was the consequence of lacking glycyrrhiza in kankyobushito formula. It is suggested that the doctors in the era of “Shanghanlun” establishment may have carefully adjusted the contents of ADA in the decoctions using unprocessed aconite root by choosing co-decocted crude drugs.

The Case of the Suzhou Hospital of National Medicine (1939-41): War, Medicine, and Eastern Civilization.

This article explores the founding of the Suzhou Hospital of National Medicine in 1939 during the Japanese occupation of Suzhou. We argue that the hospital was the culmination of a period of rich intellectual exchange between traditional Chinese and Japanese physicians in the early twentieth century and provides important insights into the modern development of medicine in both countries. The founding of this hospital was followed closely by leading Japanese Kampo physicians. As the Japanese empire expanded into East Asia, they hoped that they could revitalize their profession at home by disseminating their unique interpretations of the famous Treatise on Cold Damage abroad. The Chinese doctors that founded the Suzhou Hospital of National Medicine were close readers of Japanese scholarship on the Treatise and were inspired to experiment with a Japanese approach to diagnosis, based on new interpretations of the concept of "presentation" (sho / zheng ). Unfortunately, the Sino-Japanese War cut short this fascinating dialogue on reforming medicine and set the traditional medicine professions in both countries on new nationalist trajectories.

The Study of the Three Blood Statsis Removal Decoction in ShangHanLun / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective]To investigate the thought of manipulating The Three Blood Statsis Removal Decoctions(Taohe Chengqi Decoction, Di Dang Decoction, Di Dang Pills) of ZHANG Zhongjing.[Method]Collect and analyse the explanations of the scriptures involving the Three Blood Statsis Removal Decoctions of ShangHanLun interpreters from past to nowadays, combine with the theory said in Huang Di Nei Jing, knowledge of exegetics and personal view, in order to summarise the original intention of manipulating the Three Blood Statsis Removal Decoctions by ZHANG Zhongjing. [Result] The main purpose of Taohe Chengqi Decoction is to purge heat, since heat is the main reason of stagnation of blood. It applies to the preliminary stage of combination of heat and blood clot. The main purpose of Di Dang Decoction is to attack the rigid blood-heat stagnation in lower-energizer, it is applied to the late stage of combination of heat and blood clot. Di Dang Pill is the milder prescription of Di Dang Decoction, which is applied to the milder situation of blood-heat combination. [Conclusion]Comparing the Three Blood Statsis Removal Decoctions,“ Superficial”and“ deep”words should be used to differentiate the application of Taohe Chengqi Decoction and Di Dang Decoction, while“ light”and“ severe”words should be used to differentiate that of Di Dang Decotion and Di Dang Pills.

The New Explanation of“Without High Fever”in ShangHanLun / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective]To clarify the meaning of the phase“without high fever”in ShangHan Lun. [Method]To sort out the explanation of “without high fever”of interpreters from past to nowadays,then to analyse the scriptures of ShangHanLun and Sypnosis of Golden Chamber that involve“without high fever”,to re-define the exact meaning of the phase. [Result] Two main opinions are found about the explanation of“without high fever”in the past literature:one is “heat is in interior not exterior”,while the other is“exterior syndrome is passed”,Both are not accorded with Zhong Jing’s word expression and the real clinical situation. If “high fever”is explained as“the fever characteristics of Yang-ming disease”,the scripture involved and the meaning of“without high fever”can be thoroughly understood.[Conclusion] “Without high fever”is the phase Zhang-zhong-jing used to differentiate the disease in scripture from Yang-ming visceral substantial syndrome .Clarifying the phase“without high fever”helps us to better understand the meaning of related scriptures.

Discussion of the Syndrome and Therapy with Exopathy in Six-meridians / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective] To study six-meridians’exopathy syndromes,to analyze the characteristics of six-meridians’exopathy,and to improve formulas concerned.[Method] Based on ZhangZhongJing’s works,to collect clauses concerned and to improve formulas,which would be compared with each other for analyzing the pathogenesis of six-meridians syndromes. [Result] Wind pathogen is hot ,so that clearing heat with pungent and cool-natured drugs should be used,while exopathy in Yang-meridians‘prognosis is better than Yin-meridians’.The formulas should refer to ZhangZhongJing,YeTianShi and WuJuTong’s works.Exopathy in Tai-yang meridian’s formula is GuiZhi decoction,exopathy in Yang-ming meridian’s formula is MaHuangGancaoXingRen decoction,exopathy in Shao-yang meridian’s formula is XiaoChaiHu decoction,while exopathy in Tai-yin meridian’s formula is GuiZhiRenShen decoction,exopathy in Shao-yin meridian’s formula is MaHuangFuZiXiXin decoction,exopathy in Jue-yin meridian’s formula is MaHuangShengMa decoction.[Conclusion] Formulas were improved,which suite to the pathogenesis of six-meridians’exopathy. Classical formulas and pungent and cool-natured drugs should be compared with each other,which provided an initial foundation to the discussion of hot and cold diseases.

The Study of Chenqi Decotion Familiy in WenBingTiaoBian / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective]To summarize the principle of usage of Chenqi Decoction Family, and compare with the similarities and differences of those in ShangHan Lun. [Method]To classify and analyse the scriptures related to Chenqi Decoction Family, and make a comparison with those in Chapter of Yangming Disease in ShangHan Lun. [Result]Besides the method of purgation and urgent purgation to preserve Yin, Wu Jutong inhertied and developed the purgation method of Zhang Zhongjing’s ShangHan Lun, such as Fluid-increasing Decoction, The New Yellow Dragon Decotion, The Lung-ventilating Chenqi Decotion, The Heart-fire Conduction Chenqi Decotion, The Calculi bovis Chenqi Decotion and The Fluid-increasing Chenqi Decotion, which enriched the syndrome differentiation system of ferbile disease. A deeper comparison of WenBingTiaoBian and ShangHanLun is worth researching.

<b>The Investigation of Metrological Standard in “</b><b><i>Songban Shanghanlun</i></b><b>” :Focus on the Absorbed Liquid in the Decoction Residues and the </b><b>Extraction Efficiency of Ephedra-alkal / 日本東洋医学雑誌

The dosage of crude drugs described in the <i>Shanghanlun </i>has long been discussed, and a conversion ratio for 1 liang in the <i>Songban Shanghanlun </i>into modern grams has not been established yet. <i>Ekisai Kariya</i>, a bibliologist in Edo period Japan, claimed that the formulas in the <i>Songban Shanghanlun </i>could not be decocted when weighed with the “Han shu (lu li zhi)” scale (1 liang = 14 g, “regular scale”), and the weight scale in the text should be “Scale of Shen nong” (1/10 scale of the regular scale). This claim leads to the standards for Kampo prescription dosages. We inspected this matter by focusing on the amount of liquid absorbed by decoction residues, and demonstrated that the formulas in <i>Songban Shanghanlun </i>could actually be decocted when weighed with the “regular scale”. In addition, we calculated the quantities of Ephedra-alkaloids in the one-time dose of “Ma huang tang” of the several books written in the Song period, and the <i>Songban Shanghanlun </i>text, with results showing that Chinese doctors in the Song period recognized 1 liang in the <i>Songban Shanghanlun </i>as 14 grams in modern terms, and that the “regular scale” could be applied clinically. This strongly suggests that the metrological standard in the <i>Songban Shanghanlun </i>should be the “regular scale”.

"Zhong Jingli Zhong Soup in Yu Chang""Meaning""in the Medical Records of The use of Grass" / 浙江中医药大学学报

Object] Yu Chang meaning the Lizhongtang grass in the medical records ,in order to reveal the Yu Chang on Lizhong decoction method inheritance. [Method] Yuyicao contained 4 cases of Lizhong Decoction for example ,combined with the Golden Chamber, Treatise on the related discussion and Yu Chang academic thought, this paper introduces the application of Lizhong decoction, a comprehensive analysis of its ideology. [Results] Found Lizhong decoction used in the medical records of its scope gradual y expanded, the basic rule for warming cold, spleen qi, syndrome and the evolution of the development to stop accumulation, ascending the clear and descending the turbid, clearing Yin and Yang, Wen Tong. The metaphor is spleen Yang, just the academic thoughts of being solid and soft. [Conclusion] Yu Chang clinical y used secondary decoction, playing outstanding characteristics, deeply researching on the related medical records, if they can combine the classic premise and Yu'sworks, it has a more profound understanding of traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment thought ,helping improve the ability of clinical diagnosis and treatment of disease.

The Adaptation of the Treatise on Cold Damage in Eighteenth-century Japan: Text, Society, and Readers.

This paper examines how the Shanghanlun, translated as the Treatise on Cold Damage (i.e., the Treatise), one of the most revered Chinese medical texts of the Han dynasty, was used in Japanese traditional medicine (Kanpo ), and particularly how it was reconfigured to fit with the societal shifts of the Edo period in Japan. The versatility of the Treatise in the formation of Kanpo is exemplified by the medicine of Yoshimasu Todo, an innovative eighteenth-century Japanese doctor. In this analysis of Todo's unique interpretation of the Treatise, some of his transitional ideas about medicine, the human body, and illness, as well as the transcultural influence from China, will be elucidated. To this end, first Todo's application of the Treatise will be re-defined within the historical context of changing medical needs in the consumer society of the Edo period. Secondly, by focusing on the idea of poison that forms the core of Todo's theory and practice, I show how his pathology resonated with the period's popular notions of the human body and illness, although it was said at the time to be drawn from Chinese classics. Associating Todo's use of the Treatise with such phenomena as the commercialisation and popularisation of medical treatment and the popular imagination of illness, I show the applicability of the Treatise to the evolution of Kanpo in the context of the surrounding social structure and cross-cultural intellectual ebb and flow across East Asia.

Shanghanlun in Korea, 1610-1945.

This article examines how Korean physicians of traditional medicine have utilized Zhang Ji's (150-219 CE) Shanghanlun (Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders, just Treatise hereafter) from the 17th century to the early twentieth century. As one of the two most influential pillars of Chinese medicine, the Treatise, with its clinical implications, has inspired many scholars and practitioners in their pursuit of medical innovation. What, then, have been the Korean motivations in referring to the Treatise over the past few centuries? What does the Korean utilization and modification of the Chinese classic tell us about the desires, limits, and possibilities of pursuing medical innovations in Korea? By examining the ways in which major pre-modern Korean texts employed the Treatise, this article primarily aims to reveal patterns of (re)arranging the Treatise that formed an indigenous style of medicine. Under the growing sense of nationalist concern and colonial contestation in the early twentieth century, the Korean compilation of the Treatise began to depart from the earlier interpretations. A range of nationalist rhetoric and editorial designs reflect the Korean urgency in seeking resources to compete with Western medicine. The postcolonial consumption of the Treatise also reflects Korean strategies in navigating medical references from outside to meet their social and clinical agendas. The changing pattern of textual and professional utilization of the Treatise exemplifies how a significant Chinese text continues to be a living tradition in Korea by expanding the targeted audience and satisfying local demands.

Study on Juniritsuho: Todo Yoshimasu's Pills and Powder Formulations / 日本東洋医学雑誌

The author reveals that Todo Yoshimasu prescribed patients both decoctions from the <I>Shanhanglun</I> and the <I>Jinguiyaolue</I> in pill and powder formulations. The establishment of combined uses for his decoctions and pills and powders was the fruit of his many years of experience as a clinician. In his formularies are the “Juniritsuho ” which are his original twelve classes of pills and powders. In addition, his “Juniritsuho” terms originated from ancient “Juniritsu ” twelve-tones terms. Todo Yoshimasu proposed removing poison, or “Doku ” through his “Juniritsuho”, because, in his “Manbyoichidoku ” medical theory, he recognized all diseases as the action of one fundamental poison on various organs of the body. Additionally, he stated such poison results from the congestion of indigestible foods or drinks. With his clinical principles, Todo Yoshimasu insisted on the availability of abdominal palpation for the diagnosis of poison, and gave the pills and powders to take away that root of illness. Thus he applied a correspondence between the abdominal palpation of poison and “Juniritsuho” prescriptions. At the same time, he regarded “Sho ” in the <I>Shanghanlun</I> as the appearance of symptoms, and prescribed <I>Shanghanlun</I> decoctions corresponding to their “Sho”.

<b>Original Meaning of Concurrent Exogenous and Endogenous </b><b>Factor Disease Pathology in Oriental Medicine </b> / 日本東洋医学雑誌

In oriental medicine, when an exopathogen enters the body, the inner spirits (内精) and the exopathogen conflict with each other. Disease occurs in this deficient condition of inner spirits. In most classical formulary, such as the <i>Shanghanlun</i> (傷寒論), the cause of disease is regarded as the external circumstance, such as the cold, the wind or warmth. Here, the authors surveyed the significance of exopathogens and endogenous factors in medical books such as the <i>Shanghanlun</i>, as well as the <i>Jinkuiyaolue</i> (金匱要略), the <i>Suwen</i> (素問), the <i>Lingsue</i> (霊枢) and the others, to obtain the results herein. In the original pathology of a disease concurrent with both an exogenous and an endogenous factor, there is conflict between well-regulated seasonal <i>Qi</i> (四時正気) and unregulated inner spirits. Previous to the development of internal mechanisms for disease causes,this concurrent pathology thinking is concerned significantly with the external world and <i>Shenxien</i> (神仙) thought. Furthermore ambiguities arise from various relationships between exogenous factors and endogenous factors.

Discussion on treatment by differentiation of syndrome in ShangHanLun / 中华中医药杂志

After analyzing texts of ShangHanLun in this article,the author believes that ZHANG Zhong-jing's theory of treatment by di erentiation of syndrome is featured as:①Di erent treatments are given to the same disease based on the patient's speci c conditions such as cold,heat,de ciency and excess.②The illness develops in di erent way based on constitutional di erences.③Distinction must be done based on the location and character of illness.④The treatment must be changed based on the di erentiation of syndrome.ZHANG's treatment by di erentiation of syndrome is not only a great inspiration to the physicians in later generations but also provides great guidance to treatment by TCM.

Evolution of stagnation syndrome in Shanghanlun / 中华中医药杂志

Shanghanlun contains the theory of stagnation,though which is concealed among the treating system.This theory is great important to clinical practice.When we have a whole understanding to the theory of stagnation,it is easy to analyze the obstruction-removing therapy.Though this principle hasn't clearly definition,it is connected closely with other regular treating methods.Based on it,the dissertation analyzes all kinds of obstruction-removing therapy in Shanghanlun.That will be very helpful for readers to understand this theory and its significance in clinical practice.

Discussion of ShangHanLun's emergency medical principles / 中华中医药杂志

'Man-Langzhong'is a description for the general impression people have for traditional Chinese medicine.Chinese medicine does in fact emphasize the maintenance of one's health,and promotes taking precautions in order to prevent sickness.But through observations found in Shanghanlun's philosophies,taking into consideration the linguistic views and the world views of the East and the West,we have discovered that this general concept people have for Chinese medicine is inaccurate.This essay raised the notion that'Chinese medicine practices its philosophies and medical procedures based on emergency support and preventative medical science'.

On the Medical Ethics Education in the Teaching of ShangHanLun / 中国医学伦理学

In the educational process of medicine,not only medical knowledge and skills,but also the medical ethics of being a good doctor should be taught to medical students.In her teaching course of traditional Chinese medical doctrine of ShangHanLun,besides the curricular content proposed by the Ministry of Education of China,the author also arouses her students the enthusiasm and devotion to traditional Chinese medicine,builds up the spirit of hard working and probity as well.By introducing ZHANG Zhong-jing's respectable medical ethics,she also enlightens uhem with the gracious medical ethics.