Eggshell translucency: its relationship with specific gravity and eggshell color and its influence on broiler egg weight loss, hatchability, and embryonic mortalities.

Eggshell quality is among the most important factors affecting hatchability in broiler breeders, and therefore several methods for its assessment are available in the poultry industry. Among them, eggshell translucency has received special attention in recent years due to its connection with ultrastructural disorganization of the shell layers. However, there is very limited data on the impact of translucency on hatching eggs and on the possible links between this trait and specific gravity (SG) or shell color. Thus, our study investigated associations and interactions between eggshell translucency, SG, and color on incubation parameters of eggs from the same breeding flock (Ross 308AP, 51 wk of age). To this end, light and dark eggs within 5 different SG categories (≥1.065, 1.070, 1.075, 1.080, and ≤1.085) were selected from 15,976 eggs, graded into 3 translucency scores, and later incubated to evaluate egg weight loss, hatchability and embryonic mortalities. In general, translucency scores were evenly distributed within SG categories (χ2 [8, N = 1,138] = 13.67, P = 0.090) and color (χ2 [2, N = 1,138] = 4.93, P = 0.084). No interactions between eggshell translucency and SG or between translucency and color were found for the analyzed variables. An interaction was observed between SG and eggshell color for the variable egg weight loss, where the light-shelled eggs, in most SG categories lost more weight throughout incubation than dark eggs. Eggshell translucency affected egg weight loss, hatchability, and embryonic mortality on 11 to 18 d of incubation, with highly translucent eggs showing the worst results. At the same time, eggs with SG lower than 1.070 displayed the greatest weight loss, lowest hatchability, and highest contamination. We found no influence of eggshell color on weight loss or hatchability, but light-shelled eggs exhibited higher late embryonic mortality. Together, these data suggest that despite its effects on certain hatching parameters, shell translucency bears no relationship to SG or color.

Calcium and available phosphorus requirements of Japanese quails in early egg-laying stage.

An experiment was conducted to estimate the nutritional requirements of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) for Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in the egg-laying stage (64-168 D). The experiment was an entirely randomized design, in a factorial scheme (Ca = 1.70, 2.40, 3.10, and 3.80% and aP = 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60%), with 3 replicates and 10 quails per experimental unit. No interactions were found for quail body weight and daily feed intake (DFI) (P > 0.05). However, body weight decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the levels of Ca increased, whereas DFI exhibited a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for both Ca and aP. The lowest values of DFI were estimated in 2.79 and 0.36% for Ca and aP, respectively. Egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio per egg dozen presented significant interaction in which all of them had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05), with estimations for maximum yield in feed containing 2.74, 2.71, 2.75, and 2.74% Ca and 0.40, 0.39, 0.39, and 0.40% aP. The concentration of Ca in the eggshell increased linearly as per the levels of Ca studied, having a quadratic effect for aP levels, with a maximum point of 0.44%. In relation to the bone parameters, there was a linear interaction for Ca and aP in bone density and bone resistance (BR) of the femur, with a quadratic effect in BD estimating 2.84 and 0.50% for Ca and aP, respectively. In BR, the estimation was 3.27% Ca, with linear increase for aP. The BR of the tibiotarso increased linearly as per the Ca levels, obtaining the same Ca concentration response in this bone. As conclusion, when considering the estimations obtained through overlapped contour plots, the best responses to the effects of Ca and aP on productive characteristics were estimated at 2.68% Ca and 0.38% aP to produce feed for egg-laying Japanese quails.

Inclusion of kaolin in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle / Caulim na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo produtivo

This study investigated the inclusion of kaolin levels in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle. A completely randomized design involved the distribution of 288 brown egg layers into six treatments of eight replications, with six birds per replication. When the birds reached the age of 63 weeks, the feeding of the experimental diets began. Diets differed by the inclusion of increasing levels of kaolin: Control (no additive), and the inclusion of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% kaolin. The performance, egg quality, intestinal morphometry, and excreta moisture were evaluated. The inclusion of kaolin promoted improvement in the jejunum villus height, enabling less feed intake; however, there were no significant differences in egg quality. The excreta moisture decreased linearly as the kaolin level in the diet increased. The inclusion of 5% kaolin in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle improved intestinal morphometry and the quality of excreta through a reduction of moisture.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a inclusão de níveis de caulim na dieta de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 288 galinhas semipesadas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos de oito repetições, contendo seis aves por repetição. Quando as aves atingiram a idade de 63 semanas, foi iniciada a alimentação com as dietas experimentais. As dietas diferiam entre si pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de caulim: controle (sem aditivo); e a inclusão de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5% de caulim na dieta. Foram avaliados o desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos, a morfologia intestinal e a umidade das excretas. A inclusão de caulim promoveu melhora na altura das vilosidades do jejuno, possibilitando menor consumo de ração. Não houve diferenças significativas para a qualidade dos ovos. A umidade das excretas diminuiu com o aumento do nível de caulim na dieta, respondendo de forma linear. A inclusão de caulim ao nível de 5% nas rações de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo de produção melhorou a morfometria intestinal e a qualidade dos excrementos por meio da redução de sua umidade.(AU)

Inclusion of kaolin in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle / Caulim na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo produtivo

This study investigated the inclusion of kaolin levels in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle. A completely randomized design involved the distribution of 288 brown egg layers into six treatments of eight replications, with six birds per replication. When the birds reached the age of 63 weeks, the feeding of the experimental diets began. Diets differed by the inclusion of increasing levels of kaolin: Control (no additive), and the inclusion of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% kaolin. The performance, egg quality, intestinal morphometry, and excreta moisture were evaluated. The inclusion of kaolin promoted improvement in the jejunum villus height, enabling less feed intake; however, there were no significant differences in egg quality. The excreta moisture decreased linearly as the kaolin level in the diet increased. The inclusion of 5% kaolin in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle improved intestinal morphometry and the quality of excreta through a reduction of moisture.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a inclusão de níveis de caulim na dieta de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 288 galinhas semipesadas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos de oito repetições, contendo seis aves por repetição. Quando as aves atingiram a idade de 63 semanas, foi iniciada a alimentação com as dietas experimentais. As dietas diferiam entre si pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de caulim: controle (sem aditivo); e a inclusão de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5% de caulim na dieta. Foram avaliados o desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos, a morfologia intestinal e a umidade das excretas. A inclusão de caulim promoveu melhora na altura das vilosidades do jejuno, possibilitando menor consumo de ração. Não houve diferenças significativas para a qualidade dos ovos. A umidade das excretas diminuiu com o aumento do nível de caulim na dieta, respondendo de forma linear. A inclusão de caulim ao nível de 5% nas rações de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo de produção melhorou a morfometria intestinal e a qualidade dos excrementos por meio da redução de sua umidade.

Inclusion of kaolin in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle / Caulim na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo produtivo

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the inclusion of kaolin levels in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle. A completely randomized design involved the distribution of 288 brown egg layers into six treatments of eight replications, with six birds per replication. When the birds reached the age of 63 weeks, the feeding of the experimental diets began. Diets differed by the inclusion of increasing levels of kaolin: Control (no additive), and the inclusion of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% kaolin. The performance, egg quality, intestinal morphometry, and excreta moisture were evaluated. The inclusion of kaolin promoted improvement in the jejunum villus height, enabling less feed intake; however, there were no significant differences in egg quality. The excreta moisture decreased linearly as the kaolin level in the diet increased. The inclusion of 5% kaolin in the diet of brown egg layers at the end of the production cycle improved intestinal morphometry and the quality of excreta through a reduction of moisture.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a inclusão de níveis de caulim na dieta de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 288 galinhas semipesadas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos de oito repetições, contendo seis aves por repetição. Quando as aves atingiram a idade de 63 semanas, foi iniciada a alimentação com as dietas experimentais. As dietas diferiam entre si pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de caulim: controle (sem aditivo); e a inclusão de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5% de caulim na dieta. Foram avaliados o desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos, a morfologia intestinal e a umidade das excretas. A inclusão de caulim promoveu melhora na altura das vilosidades do jejuno, possibilitando menor consumo de ração. Não houve diferenças significativas para a qualidade dos ovos. A umidade das excretas diminuiu com o aumento do nível de caulim na dieta, respondendo de forma linear. A inclusão de caulim ao nível de 5% nas rações de poedeiras semipesadas ao final do ciclo de produção melhorou a morfometria intestinal e a qualidade dos excrementos por meio da redução de sua umidade.

Quality of brown-shelled eggs marketed in different commercial establishments

This study aimed at evaluating the internal and external quality of brown-shelled eggs commercialized in the municipality of Parintins-AM. A total of 540 eggs were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized design, which consisted of three treatments and six replications of 30 eggs each. The treatments were: eggs sold in supermarkets; in grocery stores; and eggs sold directly at the farm. The age of the eggs from supermarkets and grocery stores was unknown, however, the eggs bought at the farm were marketed as being from the day of laying. The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability. There were no differences (p > 0.05) of treatments in the percentage of dirty eggs, however, grocery and farm eggs presented higher (p < 0.05) crack percentage. The eggs at the farm presented higher incidence (p < 0.05) of internal stains of blood. The weight of the egg and albumen presented no differences (p > 0.05). However, the albumen percentage of the farm eggs was higher than the other treatments (p < 0.05). The percentages for yolk and eggshell weight from the farm eggs were lower than the supermarket and grocery eggs (p < 0.05). For the variables albumen height, Haugh unit, albumen index, yolk and albumen pH, the best results were observed for the farm eggs, however, regarding these variables, eggs sold in supermarkets and grocery stores did not differ from each other. The brown shell eggs sold in the city of Parintins/AM have high rates of external defects, and the eggs bought directly from the farm presented better internal quality, when compared to eggs sold in different establishments.(AU)

Quality of brown-shelled eggs marketed in different commercial establishments

This study aimed at evaluating the internal and external quality of brown-shelled eggs commercialized in the municipality of Parintins-AM. A total of 540 eggs were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized design, which consisted of three treatments and six replications of 30 eggs each. The treatments were: eggs sold in supermarkets; in grocery stores; and eggs sold directly at the farm. The age of the eggs from supermarkets and grocery stores was unknown, however, the eggs bought at the farm were marketed as being from the day of laying. The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability. There were no differences (p > 0.05) of treatments in the percentage of dirty eggs, however, grocery and farm eggs presented higher (p 0.05). However, the albumen percentage of the farm eggs was higher than the other treatments (p < 0.05). The percentages for yolk and eggshell weight from the farm eggs were lower than the supermarket and grocery eggs (p < 0.05). For the variables albumen height, Haugh unit, albumen index, yolk and albumen pH, the best results were observed for the farm eggs, however, regarding these variables, eggs sold in supermarkets and grocery stores did not differ from each other. The brown shell eggs sold in the city of Parintins/AM have high rates of external defects, and the eggs bought directly from the farm presented better internal quality, when compared to eggs sold in different establishments.

Níveis de cálcio na manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas japonesas após armazenamento / Levels of calcium in the maintenance of internal egg quality of Japanese quails after storage

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a influência de níveis crescentes de cálcio na dieta na melhoria da qualidade externa e consequente manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas em final de produção, armazenados por 14 dias em temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas com 46 a 58 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado onde foram testados cinco níveis de cálcio: 2,95%, 3,25%, 3,55%, 3,85%, 4,15% Ca. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: espessura de casca, peso e porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen, peso médio dos ovos e a perda de peso de ovos de codornas. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis crescentes de cálcio promoveram após o período de armazenamento (P<0,05) melhor espessura da casca, maior porcentagem de gema, menor porcentagem de albúmen e aumento no peso dos ovos sem influenciar significativamente o peso, porcentagem de casca e a perda de peso de ovos de codornas após o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de níveis crescentes de cálcio na ração foi eficiente na manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas japonesas após o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of dietary calcium in improving the external quality and consequent maintenance of internal quality quail eggs at the end of production, stored for 14 days at room temperature. 400 Japanese quails with 46-58 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design where they were tested five calcium levels: 2.95%, 3.25%, 3.55%, 3.85%, 4.15% Ca. The parameters evaluated were: shell thickness, weight and percentage of shell, percentage of yolk, albumen percentage, average egg weight and weight loss of quail eggs. The results showed that increasing levels of calcium promoted after the storage period (P <0.05) better skin thickness, higher percentage of yolk, albumen and a lower percentage of increase in egg weight without significantly influence the weight percentage of bark and weight loss quail eggs after storage at room temperature for 14 days. It was concluded that the increasing levels of calcium in the diet was effective in maintaining the internal egg quality of Japanese quails after room temperature storage for 14 days.(AU)

Níveis de cálcio na manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas japonesas após armazenamento / Levels of calcium in the maintenance of internal egg quality of Japanese quails after storage

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a influência de níveis crescentes de cálcio na dieta na melhoria da qualidade externa e consequente manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas em final de produção, armazenados por 14 dias em temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas com 46 a 58 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado onde foram testados cinco níveis de cálcio: 2,95%, 3,25%, 3,55%, 3,85%, 4,15% Ca. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: espessura de casca, peso e porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen, peso médio dos ovos e a perda de peso de ovos de codornas. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis crescentes de cálcio promoveram após o período de armazenamento (P<0,05) melhor espessura da casca, maior porcentagem de gema, menor porcentagem de albúmen e aumento no peso dos ovos sem influenciar significativamente o peso, porcentagem de casca e a perda de peso de ovos de codornas após o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de níveis crescentes de cálcio na ração foi eficiente na manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas japonesas após o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of dietary calcium in improving the external quality and consequent maintenance of internal quality quail eggs at the end of production, stored for 14 days at room temperature. 400 Japanese quails with 46-58 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design where they were tested five calcium levels: 2.95%, 3.25%, 3.55%, 3.85%, 4.15% Ca. The parameters evaluated were: shell thickness, weight and percentage of shell, percentage of yolk, albumen percentage, average egg weight and weight loss of quail eggs. The results showed that increasing levels of calcium promoted after the storage period (P <0.05) better skin thickness, higher percentage of yolk, albumen and a lower percentage of increase in egg weight without significantly influence the weight percentage of bark and weight loss quail eggs after storage at room temperature for 14 days. It was concluded that the increasing levels of calcium in the diet was effective in maintaining the internal egg quality of Japanese quails after room temperature storage for 14 days.

Níveis de cálcio na manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas japonesas após armazenamento

p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of dietary calcium in improving the external quality and consequent maintenance of internal quality quail eggs at the end of production, stored for 14 days at room temperature. 400 Japanese quails with 46-58 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design where they were tested five calcium levels: 2.95%, 3.25%, 3.55%, 3.85%, 4.15% Ca. The parameters evaluated were: shell thickness, weight and percentage of shell, percentage of yolk, albumen percentage, average egg weight and weight loss of quail eggs. The results showed that increasing levels of calcium promoted after the storage period (P 0.05) better skin thickness, higher percentage of yolk, albumen and a lower percentage of increase in egg weight without significantly influence the weight percentage of bark and weight loss quail eggs after storage at room temperature for 14 days. It was concluded that the increasing levels of calcium in the diet was effective in maintaining the internal egg quality of Japanese quails after room temperature storage for 14 days. /p>

p>O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a influência de níveis crescentes de cálcio na dieta na melhoria da qualidade externa e consequente manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas em final de produção, armazenados por 14 dias em temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas com 46 a 58 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado onde foram testados cinco níveis de cálcio: 2,95%, 3,25%, 3,55%, 3,85%, 4,15% Ca. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: espessura de casca, peso e porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen, peso médio dos ovos e a perda de peso de ovos de codornas. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis crescentes de cálcio promoveram após o período de armazenamento (P 0,05) melhor espessura da casca, maior porcentagem de gema, menor porcentagem de albúmen e aumento no peso dos ovos sem influenciar significativamente o peso, porcentagem de casca e a perda de peso de ovos de codornas após o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de níveis crescentes de cálcio na ração foi eficiente na manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas japonesas após o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias. /p>

Níveis de cálcio na manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas japonesas após armazenamento

p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of dietary calcium in improving the external quality and consequent maintenance of internal quality quail eggs at the end of production, stored for 14 days at room temperature. 400 Japanese quails with 46-58 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design where they were tested five calcium levels: 2.95%, 3.25%, 3.55%, 3.85%, 4.15% Ca. The parameters evaluated were: shell thickness, weight and percentage of shell, percentage of yolk, albumen percentage, average egg weight and weight loss of quail eggs. The results showed that increasing levels of calcium promoted after the storage period (P 0.05) better skin thickness, higher percentage of yolk, albumen and a lower percentage of increase in egg weight without significantly influence the weight percentage of bark and weight loss quail eggs after storage at room temperature for 14 days. It was concluded that the increasing levels of calcium in the diet was effective in maintaining the internal egg quality of Japanese quails after room temperature storage for 14 days. /p>

p>O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a influência de níveis crescentes de cálcio na dieta na melhoria da qualidade externa e consequente manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas em final de produção, armazenados por 14 dias em temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas com 46 a 58 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado onde foram testados cinco níveis de cálcio: 2,95%, 3,25%, 3,55%, 3,85%, 4,15% Ca. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: espessura de casca, peso e porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen, peso médio dos ovos e a perda de peso de ovos de codornas. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis crescentes de cálcio promoveram após o período de armazenamento (P 0,05) melhor espessura da casca, maior porcentagem de gema, menor porcentagem de albúmen e aumento no peso dos ovos sem influenciar significativamente o peso, porcentagem de casca e a perda de peso de ovos de codornas após o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de níveis crescentes de cálcio na ração foi eficiente na manutenção da qualidade interna de ovos de codornas japonesas após o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias. /p>

Exigências de cálcio e de fósforo disponível para codornas japonesas de 26 a 38 semanas de idade

This experiment was conducted to evaluate different levels of calcium and phosphorus available for Japanese quail. 12 diets were used and seven replications of eight birds per replicate for a total of 672 birds, which were distributed in a completely randomized in a factorial design, three levels of calcium (2.0; 2.5 and 3.0%) and four available phosphorus (0.10; 0.17; 0.24 and 0.31%). There was significant interaction between the levels of calcium and phosphorus available for feed intake and calcium, verifying linear and quadratic effect for the levels of available phosphorus of quail fed diets containing 2.0 and 2.5% calcium, respectively, for diets containing 3.0% calcium there was no significant effect. The commercial eggs production increased linearly influenced by the level of available phosphorus diets. Increased levels of available phosphorus in the diets, provided increase the phosphorus content in the tibia of birds fed with diets containing 3.0% calcium, and linear and quadratic effect on the ash content in the tibia of birds fed diets containing 2.5 and 3.0% calcium, respectively. For the calcium content in the tibia, there was a linear increase with increasing levels of available phosphorus in the diet. The consumption of 555.4mg of calcium (2.0%) and 88.18mg available phosphorus (0.31%) bird/day, meets the requirements of Japanese quail of the 26 to 38 weeks of age.

Este experimento foi conduzido com objetivo de avaliar niveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível para codornas japonesas. Foram utilizadas 12 dietas e sete repetições de oito aves por repetição num total de 672 aves, as quais foram distribuídas segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, com três níveis de cálcio (2,0; 2,5 e 3,0%) e quatro de fósforo disponível (0,10; 0,17; 0,24 e 0,31%). Observou-se interação significativa entre os níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível para o consumo de ração e de cálcio, verificouse efeito quadrático e linear para os níveis de fósforo disponível de codornas que consumiram dietas que continham 2,0 e 2,5% de cálcio, respectivamente, e para dietas que continham 3,0% de cálcio não houve efeito significativo. A produção de ovos comerciais cresceu linearmente, influenciada pelo nível de fósforo disponível das dietas. Verificou-se interação significativa entre o cálcio e fósforo disponível, para os teores de fósforo e cinzas nas tíbias. Aumento dos níveis de fósforo disponível nas dietas proporcionou aumento do teor de fósforo nas tíbias das aves alimentadas com dietas que continham 3,0% de cálcio e, efeito quadrático e linear sobre o teor de cinzas na tíbia das aves que receberam dietas com níveis 2,5 e 3,0% de cálcio, respectivamente. Para o teor de cálcio nas tíbias, verificou-se aumento linear com elevação dos níveis de fósforo disponível nas dietas. O consumo de 555,4mg de cálcio (2,0%) e de 88,18mg (0,31%) de fósforo disponível ave/dia, atende as exigências de codornas japonesas no período de 26 a 38 semanas de idade.

Efecto del butirato de sodio sobre algunos parámetros productivos de gallinas de postura en semilibertad / Effect of sodium butyrate on productive performance of laying hens in a semi-free range system

An experiment was conducted with 32 week-old 470 ISA-Babcock B380 laying hens, housed in floor pens with wheat-straw litter, to study the replacement of the antibiotic growth promoter (bacitracin zinc 30 ppm) with sodium butyrate (300 g/ton) in the diet. Results in 24 weeks of experimentation were similar between treatments (P > 0.05), in: egg production (92.6 and 91.9%), egg weight (63.0 and 62.9 g), egg mass / bird / day (58.4 and 57.7 g), feed consumption / bird / day (123.6 and 124.3 g), feed conversion (2.11 and 2.15), egg albumen quality (Haugh Units 82.9 and 83), yolk color DSM fan (10.3 and 9.9), shell thickness (0.392 and 0.394 mm) and weight of the shell (6.26 and 8.03 g). According to information obtained in 24 weeks with 32 week old hens, the addition of sodium butyrate to feed as a substitute for the growth promoter (bacitracin zinc), was similar in the productive performance and egg quality.

Se realizó un experimento con 470 gallinas de la estirpe ISA-Babcock B380 de 32 semanas de edad, alojadas en pisos con cama de paja de trigo, para estudiar la sustitución del antibiótico promotor de crecimiento (bacitracina cinc 30 ppm) por butirato de sodio (300 g/ton) en la dieta. Los resultados obtenidos en 24 semanas de experimentación fueron similares (P > 0.05) entre tratamientos, en: porcentaje de postura (92.6 y 91.9%), peso del huevo (63.0 y 62.9 g), masa del huevo/ ave/día (58.4 y 57.7 g), consumo/ave/día (123.6 y 124.3 g), conversión alimenticia (2.11 y 2.15), calidad de la albúmina del huevo (82.9 y 83 Unidades Haugh), color de la yema con el abanico DSM (10.3 y 9.9), grosor de cascarón (0.392 y 0.394 mm) y peso del cascarón (6.26 y 8.03 g). De acuerdo con la información obtenida en 24 semanas de experimentación, con gallinas de 32 semanas de edad, la adición de butirato de sodio en el alimento, como sustituto del promotor de crecimiento (bacitracina cinc), fue similar en el comportamiento productivo y la calidad del huevo.

Ensaios de penetração de Salmonella Enteritidis em ovos de galinha com diferentes qualidades de casca, submetidos ou não a lavagem industrial e a duas temperaturas de armazenagem / Penetration of Salmonella Enteritidis in chicken eggs, comparing different shell quality, industrial washing and temperature of storage

Estudou-se o comportamento da Salmonella Enteritidis quando em contato com a superfície de ovos de consumo, classificados de acordo com a qualidade da casca ou com tratamentos (lavados ou não), usando fezes de aves como veículo de contaminação, e armazenados a 8ºC e 70 por cento de umidade relativa ou a 30ºC e 90 por cento de umidade relativa. A 8ºC, o microrganismo permaneceu viável na superfície dos ovos, ao longo do tempo, enquanto a 30ºC foi possível identificar a sua inibição e até sua eliminação da superfície. A contaminação do conteúdo de ovos com defeito de casca foi mais frequente quando os ovos foram submetidos a temperaturas inadequadas de armazenagem (30ºC).(AU)

Salmonella Enteriditis behavior was studied when present on the surface of consume eggs, classified according to the shell quality or treatments (washed or not). Stools of fowls were used as a vehicle for contamination. The eggs were stored at 8ºC and 70 percent relative humidity or at 30ºC and 90 percent of relative humidity. At 8ºC, the microorganism stayed viable on the surface of the eggs throughout the study, while at 30ºC it was inhibited and eliminated from the egg shell. The contamination of content of the eggs with shell defect was more frequent when they were submitted to inappropriate temperatures of storage (30ºC).(AU)

Ensaios de penetração de Salmonella Enteritidis em ovos de galinha com diferentes qualidades de casca, submetidos ou não a lavagem industrial e a duas temperaturas de armazenagem / Penetration of Salmonella Enteritidis in chicken eggs, comparing different shell quality, industrial washing and temperature of storage

Estudou-se o comportamento da Salmonella Enteritidis quando em contato com a superfície de ovos de consumo, classificados de acordo com a qualidade da casca ou com tratamentos (lavados ou não), usando fezes de aves como veículo de contaminação, e armazenados a 8ºC e 70 por cento de umidade relativa ou a 30ºC e 90 por cento de umidade relativa. A 8ºC, o microrganismo permaneceu viável na superfície dos ovos, ao longo do tempo, enquanto a 30ºC foi possível identificar a sua inibição e até sua eliminação da superfície. A contaminação do conteúdo de ovos com defeito de casca foi mais frequente quando os ovos foram submetidos a temperaturas inadequadas de armazenagem (30ºC).

Salmonella Enteriditis behavior was studied when present on the surface of consume eggs, classified according to the shell quality or treatments (washed or not). Stools of fowls were used as a vehicle for contamination. The eggs were stored at 8ºC and 70 percent relative humidity or at 30ºC and 90 percent of relative humidity. At 8ºC, the microorganism stayed viable on the surface of the eggs throughout the study, while at 30ºC it was inhibited and eliminated from the egg shell. The contamination of content of the eggs with shell defect was more frequent when they were submitted to inappropriate temperatures of storage (30ºC).

Bone mineral density of tibae and femura of broiler breeders: growth, development and production

The aim of this study was to follow-up the physiological variations in the development of the bone tissue, associating them with the egg production curve. This study was carried out in the facilities of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of the UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. Twenty-three families of Ross broiler breeders were used, each family consisting of 13 females and 1 male, distributed in 23 pens of 5.0m² each. The management was that recommended by the genetic company manual (Agroceres Ross, 2003), with daily feeding until 6th week of age; and birds were fed according to a 5:2 schedule (5 days fed, 2 days of fasting) between 7 and 17 weeks of age, returning to daily feeding starting at 18 weeks of age. Birds did not receive afternoon calcium supplementation. On the fourth week of rearing, 84 females were removed for bone analyses of the right tibia and femur, using optical densitometry in radiographic images technique. These analyses were sequentially carried out in 4, 8, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 35, 42, 47, and 52 week-old birds. The egg production curve of the birds was followed-up and associated to bone mineral density results. For bone mineral density evaluation (BMD) birds were divided by weight categories as light, intermediate, or heavy within each data age. BMD values of the tibias were not influenced by weight range, but by the age at collection. On the other hand, interactions were found among femur BMD values and weight and age categories. There was no correlation between eggshell quality and femur BMD. A negative correlation (-0.15) was observed between tibia BMD and eggshell percentage. It was possible to conclude that the egg production has little influence on bone mineral density of the birds probably because there was no need of bone mineral mobilization during the production period, since the observed egg production was below that observed under commercial conditions.

Bone mineral density of tibae and femura of broiler breeders: growth, development and production

The aim of this study was to follow-up the physiological variations in the development of the bone tissue, associating them with the egg production curve. This study was carried out in the facilities of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of the UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. Twenty-three families of Ross broiler breeders were used, each family consisting of 13 females and 1 male, distributed in 23 pens of 5.0m² each. The management was that recommended by the genetic company manual (Agroceres Ross, 2003), with daily feeding until 6th week of age; and birds were fed according to a 5:2 schedule (5 days fed, 2 days of fasting) between 7 and 17 weeks of age, returning to daily feeding starting at 18 weeks of age. Birds did not receive afternoon calcium supplementation. On the fourth week of rearing, 84 females were removed for bone analyses of the right tibia and femur, using optical densitometry in radiographic images technique. These analyses were sequentially carried out in 4, 8, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 35, 42, 47, and 52 week-old birds. The egg production curve of the birds was followed-up and associated to bone mineral density results. For bone mineral density evaluation (BMD) birds were divided by weight categories as light, intermediate, or heavy within each data age. BMD values of the tibias were not influenced by weight range, but by the age at collection. On the other hand, interactions were found among femur BMD values and weight and age categories. There was no correlation between eggshell quality and femur BMD. A negative correlation (-0.15) was observed between tibia BMD and eggshell percentage. It was possible to conclude that the egg production has little influence on bone mineral density of the birds probably because there was no need of bone mineral mobilization during the production period, since the observed egg production was below that observed under commercial conditions.

Choline supplementation for Hisex White and Hisex Brown laying hens. 1. Performance and egg quality / Suplementação de colina para poedeiras comerciais Hisex Brown e Hisex White. 1. Desempenho das aves e qualidade do ovo

One hundred twenty eight Hisex hens (64 sixty three week-old Hisex White and 64 sixty four week-old Hisex Brown) were divided into eight groups containing 16 hens each. 4 experimental treatments were prepared by addition of choline to a corn-soy basal diet. The methionine level was 0.253 % for all the experimental diets, equivalent to 30% of the National Research Council requirements. The experiment was conducted for four 28-day periods (from April 10 to July 31). Egg production, feed conversion (kg/kg eggs) and percentage of shell did not differ significantly between strains feed conversion ( kg / dozen eggs) and Haugh units were significantly higher for Hisex White strain. The shell thickness and eqg specific gravity of the brown shell eggs were significantly greater than the white shell eggs. Hen performance and albumen height (Haugh units) did not differ significantly for any level of choline supplementation. Choline was effective in improving the egg shell quality (percentage of shell, thickness shell and egg specific gravity) .

Cento e vinte e oito galinhas, 64 da linhagem Hisex Brown e 64 da Linhagem Hisex White, apresentando respectivamente, 63 e 64 semanas de idade, foram alimentadas com rações à base de milho e farelo de soja contendo suplementação de 500, 1000, 1500 e 2000 mg de colina por quilo e nível constante de 0,253% de metionina para todas as dietas experimentais, correspondendo a 80% das necessidades estabelecidas pelo National Research Council. O experimento teve a duração de 4 ciclos de 28 dias, sendo constituído de 16 galinhas por tratamento. Não foram consignadas diferenças entre as linhagens estudadas no relativo à produção de ovos, conversão alimentar (expressa em kg de ração por kg de ovo) e porcentagem de casca dos ovos. A eficiência alimentar (consumo de ração por dúzia de ovo) e a qualidade do albúmen (unidades Haugh) foram significativamente melhores para a linhagem Hisex White. Os ovos vermelhos apresentaram valores de espessura da casca e de gravidade específica significativamente maiores que os auferidos para os ovos brancos. A inclusão de colina à ração não revelou efeito significativo sobre o desempenho das aves e qualidade do albúmen (unidades Haugh ) mostrando-se, no entanto, efetiva no aumento da qualidade da casca (porcentagem da casca, espessura da casca e gravidade específica dos ovos ) .

Choline supplementation for Hisex White and Hisex Brown laying hens. 1. Performance and egg quality / Suplementação de colina para poedeiras comerciais Hisex Brown e Hisex White. 1. Desempenho das aves e qualidade do ovo

One hundred twenty eight Hisex hens (64 sixty three week-old Hisex White and 64 sixty four week-old Hisex Brown) were divided into eight groups containing 16 hens each. 4 experimental treatments were prepared by addition of choline to a corn-soy basal diet. The methionine level was 0.253 % for all the experimental diets, equivalent to 30% of the National Research Council requirements. The experiment was conducted for four 28-day periods (from April 10 to July 31). Egg production, feed conversion (kg/kg eggs) and percentage of shell did not differ significantly between strains feed conversion ( kg / dozen eggs) and Haugh units were significantly higher for Hisex White strain. The shell thickness and eqg specific gravity of the brown shell eggs were significantly greater than the white shell eggs. Hen performance and albumen height (Haugh units) did not differ significantly for any level of choline supplementation. Choline was effective in improving the egg shell quality (percentage of shell, thickness shell and egg specific gravity) .

Cento e vinte e oito galinhas, 64 da linhagem Hisex Brown e 64 da Linhagem Hisex White, apresentando respectivamente, 63 e 64 semanas de idade, foram alimentadas com rações à base de milho e farelo de soja contendo suplementação de 500, 1000, 1500 e 2000 mg de colina por quilo e nível constante de 0,253% de metionina para todas as dietas experimentais, correspondendo a 80% das necessidades estabelecidas pelo National Research Council. O experimento teve a duração de 4 ciclos de 28 dias, sendo constituído de 16 galinhas por tratamento. Não foram consignadas diferenças entre as linhagens estudadas no relativo à produção de ovos, conversão alimentar (expressa em kg de ração por kg de ovo) e porcentagem de casca dos ovos. A eficiência alimentar (consumo de ração por dúzia de ovo) e a qualidade do albúmen (unidades Haugh) foram significativamente melhores para a linhagem Hisex White. Os ovos vermelhos apresentaram valores de espessura da casca e de gravidade específica significativamente maiores que os auferidos para os ovos brancos. A inclusão de colina à ração não revelou efeito significativo sobre o desempenho das aves e qualidade do albúmen (unidades Haugh ) mostrando-se, no entanto, efetiva no aumento da qualidade da casca (porcentagem da casca, espessura da casca e gravidade específica dos ovos ) .