Chitosan Nanoparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Sida cordifolia Extract: Formulation, Optimization and Bioactivity Assessment.

In a continuous search for an essential antidiabetic agent, Sida cordifolia hydroalcoholic (SCHA) extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SCHA-CS-NP) were optimized. The Box-Behnken design (BBD Design-Expert software, version 14) with three parameters was used to optimize the nanoparticles after creating them using the ion gelation method. The chitosan and Tween 20 contents and the stirring speed were chosen as the independent variables, and their separate and combined effects on particle size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2) and entrapment efficiency (Y3) were observed. The optimized formulation showed a particle size of 51 nm, an entrapment efficiency of 84.54% and a polydispersity index of 0.391. Physicochemical characterization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a drug release study, an ex vivo permeation study, and an antioxidant study were performed. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images demonstrated that chitosan nanoparticles loaded with rhodamine B-laden SCHA extract had superior penetration compared to the control (rhodamine B solution). Furthermore, compared to conventional ascorbic acid (IC50 = 45 µg/mL), a superior antioxidant activity was discovered for SCHA-CS-NPs (IC50 = 86.45 ± 2.24 µg/mL), while SCHA-CS-NPs also exhibited strong antidiabetic potential (IC50 = 93.71 ± 1.79 µg/mL) compared to standard acarbose (IC50 = 97.25 ± 1.43 µg/mL). The overall results demonstrated that SCHA-CS-NPs are a promising and efficient formulation for oral delivery.

Sida cordifolia L.: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Phytonanotechnology, and Commercial Application.

BACKGROUND: After a period of prolonged indifference, where synthetic drugs were preferred, interest in the biological aspects and bioactive ingredients of plants accountable for therapeutic potential has been explored eminently. Sida cordifolia L. is a perennial herb that has been widely utilized in Indian (Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha), American, and Chinese folk medicine and herbalism practice for curing a wide range of ailments in human beings. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this review is to elucidate indigenous knowledge parallelly with the pharmacotherapeutics potential of Sida cordifolia L. against various diseases. It is also intended to display pertinent information related to nanoparticle profiling. METHODS: In the current comprehensive study, web-based searches were performed by using several databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Science Direct, and Scopus, to figure out relevant research work and data published in academic journals from 1930 to July, 2023 using single or combination of keywords listed herewith. RESULTS: More than 50 chemical constituents, including quinazoline and phenethylamine alkaloids, flavones, flavonol, phytosterol, fatty acids, etc., were reported to be found in different parts of healthy plants. Apart from traditional claims and pharmacological aspects, several marketed herbal formulations and granted patents were also described. CONCLUSION: Several in-vitro and in-vivo studies validated the usage of S. cordifolia as antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anthelmintic, anticancer, antiulcer, cardioprotective, hypoglycemic, etc. agent. Few patents are also related to S. cordifolia, and more research work needs to be carried out for its potential granted to use as an antiviral agent and other new drug discovery molecules.

Evaluation of Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia extracts in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia are regarded as useful herbs as they have been shown to be effective, inexpensive and harmless in the prevention of diabetes, and are recognized as valuable therapeutic substances. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of S. cordifolia and S. rhombifolia in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy using a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Extracts of S. cordifolia and S. rhombifolia were obtained using the Soxhlet method. The hydroalcoholic extract solvent was used in the following proportions: 70:30, 50:50 and 80:20. The 80:20 hydroalcoholic extract was observed to be the most potent. The inhibitory effects of the extract were determined using the α-amylase assay. The most potent extract also underwent total flavonoid, phenolic and free radical scavenging tests, and was incorporated into an animal study. Diabetes was induced in rats by administering nicotinamide (NAD; 230 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. In addition to a standard control of pioglitazone, the rats received extract dosages of 100 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day. Body weight, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum albumin, serum creatinine, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and oral glucose tolerance were assessed at various time points. The animals also underwent histopathological examination to observe alterations induced by the treatment. RESULTS: Sida cordifolia was the most successful in lowering blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Renal function indices and antioxidant enzyme levels were regained in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, S. cordifolia (200 mg/kg/day) extract, similar to pioglitazone, inhibited the production of advanced glycation byproducts by the kidney. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of various S. cordifolia and S. rhombifolia extracts on rats with diabetic nephropathy were observed. Sida cordifolia may be further explored for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy and, due to its diverse nature, may be utilized for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, as it provided more significant findings.

Bio-functionalized copper oxide/chitosan nanocomposite using Sida cordifolia and their efficient properties of antibacterial, anticancer activity against on breast and lung cancer cell lines.

Nanoparticles synthesis from green chemistry method is gaining a lot of attention due to their non-toxic, low cost and facile. In this study, a copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO NPs) was synthesized using Sida cordifolia aqueous leaf extract and incorporated chitosan biomolecules to potential enhancing of biological properties. The CuO NPs and chitosan (CS) embedded nanocomposite was noted as CuO-CS nanocomposite, its was physicochemical characterized by using of UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Bio-functionalized CuO-CS nanocomposite was performed antibacterial efficiency against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli) bacteria through the Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) well diffusion techniques. The highest bactericidal activity was revealed Gram positive of B. subtilis and Gram negative of S. typhi bacteria, respectively. Further, the cytotoxicity effect of biosynthesized nanocomposite was an examined against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and lung cancer A549 cell lines. The half maximal inhibitory concentration is showed at 2 µg/mL for MDA-MB-231and 4 µg/mL was A549 cells. Live/dead cells were detected by fluorescence microscopic observation at the IC50 concentration. In furthermore, bio-functionalized CuO-CS nanocomposite was performed photocatatlytic dye degradation against for industrial dyes of crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG). From the results, synergic bio-functionalized CuO-CS nanocomposite was suggested potential suitable for biomedical applications as well as industrial wastewater treatment.

Quality by design-based optimization of Soxhlet extraction and identification of ephedrine by a HPTLC method for Sida rhombifolia and Sida Cordifolia.

The study objective was to analyse the phytochemical constituents in aerial extracts of these plants using an HPTLC method and optimization by quality by design. Qualitative analysis of ephedrine in hydro-alcoholic extract was done via HPTLC, using a mobile phase of toluene-ethyl acetate-chloroform-formic acid in the ratio of 1:0.5:0.5:01 and the peaks were monitored at 366 nm. In the hydro-alcoholic aerial part extract, ephedrine was identified using the HPTLC method and the retardation factor (Rf) value was found to be 0.69 ± 0.01 and 0.69 ± 0.01, as compared with the standard sample. The extraction of plant materials was done using different concentration of water and alcohol solvents and quality by design was applied to optimize the extraction process and to find out the best extraction in an 80:20 ratio of hydro-alcoholic extract. In the hydro-alcoholic extract, the ephedrine was characterized using the HPTLC method and compared with the standard solution, and this method was used in herbal as well as academic research for the identification of ephedrine in poly herbal formulations as well as the ephedrine present in different plant extracts. Response surface methodology software was utilized to predict the path or choose the best extraction method. Sida rhombifolia and Sida cordifolia can be used as substitutes for Ephedra gerardiana based on the HPTLC profile.

Ethanolic extract from the root and leaf of Sida cordifolia promotes osteoblast activity and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice.

BACKGROUND: Sida cordifolia is traditionally found in the Indian system of medicine, well known for its medicinal and nutritional properties among local natives. PURPOSE: The present study aims to investigate the osteo-protective effect of root and leaf ethanolic extract of S. cordifolia (RE and LE) and its underlying mechanism. METHODS: Antioxidant activity of RE and LE was assessed. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined. HPLC profiling of RE and LE was performed to examine the polyphenol content. The effect of RE and LE on osteoblast cells proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and expression of the protein associated with osteogenesis were evaluated using primary calvarial osteoblast culture. Skeletal effects of RE and LE of S. cordifolia were investigated in C57BL/6J ovariectomized mice. Micro CT was employed to evaluate the alteration in trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture. Histology studies were performed on the isolated vertebra. qPCR analysis and western blotting was done to check the key bone markers. RESULTS: RE and LE showed a potent antioxidant activity, owing to a notable polyphenol content. Both RE and LE did not alter the cell viability but significantly increased the osteoblast cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Moreover, they enhanced the mRNA expression of osteogenic genes. Both RE and LE stimulated the activation of ERK, AKT, and CREB. Both RE and LE had no direct effect on osteoclastogenesis, but both increased Opg/Rankl ratio expression in osteoblast cells. Both RE and LE at 750 mg/kg/day significantly improved the trabecular and cortical microarchitecture of femur and tibia by increasing bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness, and decreasing trabecular separation and structural model index in ovariectomized mice. Furthermore, vertebral histology of lumbar vertebrae revealed that RE and LE significantly enhance the vertebral bone mass and exert osteo-protective effects by stimulating osteoblast function and inhibiting osteoclast function. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, both RE and LE stimulate osteoblast differentiation through activating ERK, AKT, and CREB signalling pathways and indirectly inhibits osteoclast differentiation. RE and LE also improve the trabecular and cortical microarchitecture of ovariectomized mice, making it a promising agent to prevent postmenopausal bone loss.

Extracts of Sida cordifolia contain polysaccharides possessing immunomodulatory activity and rosmarinic acid compounds with antibacterial activity.

BACKGROUND: The overuse of antibiotics has led to increased antimicrobial resistance, but plant-derived biological response modifiers represent a potential alternative to these drugs. This investigation examined the immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities of Sida cordifolia (used in ethnomedicinal systems to treat infectious disease). METHODS: Successive extractions were performed from the roots of these plants in hexane, chloroform, methanol and water. Immunomodulatory activity was determined in a series of experiments measuring the responses of splenocytes, macrophages and an in vivo model of innate immunity (Galleria mellonella). Antibacterial activity was assessed by determining minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBCs) for various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. RESULTS: Immunomodulatory activity was confined to the aqueous extract, and further fractionation and biochemical analysis yielded a highly potent polysaccharide-enriched fraction (SCAF5). SCAF5 is a complex mixture of different polysaccharides with multiple immunomodulatory effects including immune cell proliferation, antibody secretion, phagocytosis, nitric oxide production, and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Galleria mellonella pre-treated with SCAF5 produced more haemocytes and were more resistant (P < 0.001) to infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a 98% reduction in bacterial load in pre-treated larvae compared to the negative control. The antibacterial activity of Sida cordifolia was confined to the methanolic fraction. Extensive fractionation identified two compounds, rosmarinic acid and its 4-O-ß-d-glucoside derivative, which had potent activity against Gram-positive antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including MRSA. CONCLUSIONS: Sida cordifolia counters bacterial infections through a dual mechanism, and immunomodulatory polysaccharides from this plant should be isolated and characterised to realise their potential as anti-infective agents. Such properties could be developed as an antibiotic alternative (1) in the clinic and (2) alternative growth promoter for the agri-food industry.

An assessment of growth, floral morphology, and metabolites of a medicinal plant Sida cordifolia L. under the influence of elevated ozone.

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major secondary air pollutant and greenhouse gas, and its impact on growth, yield, and its quality is well established in the case of crop plants. However, the effects of tropospheric O3 have not been comprehensively studied on medicinal plants. Therefore, a field study was planned on a medicinally important Sida cordifolia L. plant (commonly known as country mallow or Bala) to assess the expected changes on the morphology, growth, and leaf injury under elevated O3 (ambient + 20 ppb) by using open-top chambers (OTCs) at 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment (DAT), while leaf and root metabolites were observed at 60 DAT. At all the growth stages, significant leaf damage was recorded as foliar injury symptoms. Most of the growth parameters also showed significant reductions at all the growth stages. Plants under elevated O3 showed a significant negative impact on most of the reproductive parts of the plant. Leaf weight ratio (LWR) showed significant increment at early stages while reduced at 90 DAT; however, root shoot ratio (RSR) showed a significant reduction at 60 DAT. The majority of the steroid metabolites showed an increase in root and leaves under elevated O3, while terpenes showed variable response. Due to O3 stress, most of the major metabolites showed an increase possibly due to their role in defense and other metabolic activities. Based on the outcomes, it is concluded that the future increase in the levels of tropospheric O3 will impact a significant effect on important metabolites of medicinal plants growing in tropical countries like India.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Malva sylvestris, Sida cordifolia, and Pelargonium graveolens Is Related to Inhibition of Prostanoid Production.

The ability of plant extracts and preparations to reduce inflammation has been proven by different means in experimental models. Since inflammation enhances the release of specific mediators, inhibition of their production can be used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of plants widely used in folk medicine for this purpose. The study was performed for leaves and flowers of Malva sylvestris, and leaves of Sida cordifolia and Pelargonium graveolens. These are three plant species known in Brazil as Malva. The anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and residual) was evaluated by quantitation of prostaglandins (PG) PGE2, PGD2, PGF2α, and thromboxane B2 (the stable nonenzymatic product of TXA2) concentration in the supernatant of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibition of anti-inflammatory mediator release was observed for plants mainly in the crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and residual fraction. The results suggest superior activity of S. cordifolia, leading to significantly lower values of all mediators after treatment with its residual fraction, even at the lower concentration tested (10 µg/mL). M. sylvestris and P. graveolens showed similar results, such as the reduction of all mediators after treatment, with leaf crude extracts (50 µg/mL). These results suggest that the three species known as Malva have anti-inflammatory properties, S. cordifolia being the most potent.

In-Vitro dual inhibition of protein glycation, and oxidation by some Arabian plants.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of epidemic proportion, projected to become the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world in future. Despite extensive research in understanding this disease at molecular level, and the discovery of new drugs, diabetes and its complications remain largely untreated. Many of the late diabetic complications are associated with the glycation of proteins in the body. Natural flora has long been a rich source for therapeutic agents, especially against diabetes. The present study deals with the anti-glycation properties of some medicinally important plants of Arabian region. METHODS: Twenty-six medicinal plants, commonly found in different regions of Arabian Peninsula, were evaluated for their protein anti-glycation activity by using BSA-MG glycation assay in-vitro. The extracts were incubated with BSA and MG at 37 °C for 9 days, each sample was then examined for the presence of fluorescence (λex 330 nm, and λem 420 nm), which represent the extent of protein glycation. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), iron chelation, and superoxide radical scavenging asaays. RESULTS: The data revealed that out of 26 medicinal plants, five plants viz. Sida cordifolia, Plumbago zeylanica, Tribulus terrestris, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Rosa indica were active against the in-vitro protein glycation with IC50 values between 0.408- 1.690 mg/mL. Among the active plants, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. was found to be the most potent (IC50 = 0.408 ± 0.027 mg/mL), followed by Rosa indica (IC50 = 0.596 ± 0.0179 mg/mL), and Sida cordifolia L. (IC50 = 0.63 ± 0.009 mg/mL). The antioxidant potential of these plant extracts were also determined by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), iron chelation, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Among five plants, Sida cordifolia exhibited a potent anti-oxidant activity in both DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays (IC50 = 0.005 ± 0.0004, and 0.078 ± 0.002 mg/mL, respectively), followed by Rosa indica (IC50 = 0.023 ± 0.0005 and 0.141 ± 0.003 mg/mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Protein glycation in hyperglycemic conditions involve oxidative changes. Therefore dual inhibition of protein glycation and oxidation are desirable properties in any test substance investigated for therapeutic purposes.

Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response by ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia provides protection against alcohol-induced oxidative stress in liver by upregulation of glutathione metabolism.

Objective The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant property of ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia (SAE) on alcohol-induced oxidative stress and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Methods Male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were grouped into four: (1) control, (2) alcohol (4 g/kg body weight), (3) SAE (50 mg/100 g body weight), and (4) alcohol (4 g/kg body weight) + SAE (50 mg/100 g body weight). Alcohol and SAE were given orally each day by gastric intubation. The duration of treatment was 90 days. Results The activities of toxicity markers in liver and serum increased significantly in alcohol-treated rats and to a lesser extent in the group administered SAE + alcohol. The activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and the reactive oxygen species level were increased significantly in alcohol-treated rats but attenuated in the SAE co-administered group. Oxidative stress was increased in alcohol-treated rats as evidenced by the lowered activities of antioxidant enzymes, decreased level of reduced glutathione (GSH), increased lipid peroxidation products, and decreased expression of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase in liver. The co-administration of SAE with alcohol almost reversed these changes. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase and translocation of Nrf2 from cytosol to nucleus in the liver was increased in both the alcohol and alcohol + SAE groups, but the maximum changes were observed in the latter group. Discussion The SAE most likely elicits its antioxidant potential by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing the translocation of Nrf2 to nucleus and thereby regulating glutathione metabolism, leading to enhanced GSH content.

Wound healing activity of Sida cordifolia Linn. in rats.

INTRODUCTION: The present study provides a scientific evaluation for the wound healing potential of ethanolic (EtOH) extract of Sida cordifolia Linn. (SCL) plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Excision, incision and burn wounds were inflicted upon three groups of six rats each. Group I was assigned as control (ointment base). Group II was treated with 10% EtOH extract ointment. Group III was treated with standard silver sulfadiazine (0.01%) cream. The parameters observed were percentage of wound contraction, epithelialization period, hydroxyproline content, tensile strength including histopathological studies. RESULT: It was noted that the effect produced by the ethanolic extract of SCL ointment showed significant (P < 0.01) healing in all wound models when compared with the control group. All parameters such as wound contraction, epithelialization period, hydroxyproline content, tensile strength and histopathological studies showed significant (P < 0.01) changes when compared with the control. CONCLUSION: The ethanolic extract ointment of SCL effectively stimulates wound contraction; increases tensile strength of excision, incision and burn wounds.

Ameliorative effect of Sida cordifolia in rotenone induced oxidative stress model of Parkinson's disease.

Present study focused on the evaluation of aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia (AESC), and its different fractions; hexane (HFSC), chloroform (CFSC) and aqueous (AFSC), against rotenone induced biochemical, neurochemical, histopathological and behavioral alterations in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). An estimation of the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) along with superoxide anion generation (SAG) in different brain regions (cortex, midbrain and cerebellum) was carried out to assess biochemical changes. Behavioral evaluation tests (catalepsy, rearing behavior and posture instability) and neurochemical estimations (norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin level) along with histopathological evaluations of different brain regions were also performed. The varying doses (50, 100, 250mg/kg; p.o.) of different test treatments (AESC, HFSC, CFSC and AFSC) were co-administered along with rotenone (2mg/kg; s.c.), for a period of 35 days to rats of various groups and compared with rotenone per se (negative control) and l-deprenyl (positive control; 10mg/kg; p.o.) treated groups for the above mentioned parameters. The increase in catalepsy and posture instability along with decrease in rearing behavior observed due to rotenone treatment was significantly attenuated by co-treatment with varying doses of AESC and AFSC. Results of the histopathological studies of different brain regions of rats showed eosinophilic lesions in the mid brain region due to rotenone treatment. The eosinophilic lesions were significantly attenuated in co-treated groups of AESC-100mg/kg and AFSC-100mg/kg. Rotenone induced oxidative damage, revealed by increased level of TBARS, SAG and decreased level of GSH and CAT in mid brain region of rats, was attenuated by the co-treatment of AESC and AFSC. The rotenone induced decrease of dopamine level in the midbrain region of rats was also attenuated by co-treatment of AESC-100mg/kg and AFSC-100mg/kg. The maximum effect in all the above activities was observed in AFSC (100mg/kg) treated group, which was comparable to l-deprenyl treated group. The HFSC and CFSC co-treatment failed to show significant attenuation of rotenone induced damage. These results indicate the possible therapeutic potential of most polar fraction of AESC i.e. AFSC in PD by virtue of its antioxidative actions.

Quantification, chemical and biological characterization of the saponosides material from Sida cordifolia L. (escobilla) / Cuantificación, caracterización química y biológica del contenido saponósido de Sida cordifolia L. (escobilla)

Introduction: Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae) is a weed about which not much is known in Colombia. This plant is used in folk medicine to treat oral mucosa, blennorrhea, asthma and bronchitis.In Brazil it finds application as an anti-inflammatory,while in Colombia its "baba" is used for treating hair loss, constipation and internal fever, among other ailments. Objectives: to quantify the saponoside content and evaluate its antioxidant and antifungal functionality. Methods: we prepared organic, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial section of the plant. The saponoside material was quantified by the DNS and p-anisaldehyde methods. The most concentrated extracts were selected for antioxidant and antifungal assays. Results: it was found that Sida cordifolia, collected in Ibague-Colombia, is a good source of saponins with diverse chemical structures, mainly of steroidal nature, some of which may be hecogenin, diosgenin or a homologue. Conclusions: these factors may contribute, at least in part, to the antioxidant and antifungal functionality of Sida cordifolia L., but this capacity may be modified if these saponins act independently or together with some other metabolites of the plant such as tannins, flavonoids steroids, and alkaloids among others.

Introducción: Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae) es una hierba de la cual se tiene un conocimiento limitado en Colombia. Se utiliza en la medicina popular para el tratamiento de la mucosa oral, la blenorragia, el asma y la bronquitis. En Brasil encuentra aplicación como antiinflamatorio, mientras que en Colombia su "baba" se utiliza para tratar la pérdida del cabello, el estreñimiento, y la fiebre interna, entre otros padecimientos. Objetivos: cuantificar el contenido saponósido y evaluar sus propiedades antioxidantes y funcionalidad antifúngica. Métodos: se prepararon extractos orgánicos, acuosos e hidroalcohólicos de la parte aérea de la planta. El material de saponósidos se cuantificó por los métodos del DNS (dinitrosalicylic acid reagent) y de p-anisaldehído. Los extractos más concentrados se seleccionaron para los ensayos antioxidante y antifúngico. Resultados: estos mostraron que Sida cordifolia, colectada en Ibague-Colombia, es una buena fuente de saponinas con diversas estructuras químicas, principalmente de naturaleza esteroidal, algunas de las cuales pueden ser hecogenina, diosgenina o un homólogo. Conclusiones: estos factores pueden contribuir, al menos en parte, en la funcionalidad antioxidante y antifúngica de Sida cordifolia L., pero su capacidad se puede modificar si esas saponinas actúan de forma independiente o en conjunto con otros metabolitos de la planta, como taninos, esteroides flavonoides, alcaloides, entre otros.

Composicion quimica y actividad antibacteriana del extracto etanololico y fracciones de la parte aerea de Sida cordifolia L / Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract and fractions from the aerial parts of Sida cordifolia L

Se realizo la evaluacion de la actividad antibacteriana del extracto etanolico de la parte aerea de Sida cordifolia L(Malvaceae) y de las fracciones obtenidas por extraccion en condiciones diferenciales de ph empleando el metodo de microtitulacion en placa utilizando resazurina como indicador de de viavilidad celular frente a un panel constituido por 2 bacterias Gram positivos(+) y 2 Gram negativos(-).

Evaluacion of antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract from the aerial parts of sida cordifolia L(Malvaceae) and fraction obtaineid by differential pH extraction was performed againt a panel of2Gram positivos(+) y 2Gram negativos(-)

Antistress, Adoptogenic Activity of Sida cordifolia Roots in Mice.

Ethanol extract of roots of Sida cordifolia was evaluated for antistress, adaptogenic activity using cold restraint stress and swim endurance in mice. Mice pretreated with extract of Sida cordifolia showed significant improvement in the swim duration and reduced the elevated WBC, blood glucose and plasma cortisone.

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Sida cordifolia L. / Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de Sida cordifolia L.

The analysis of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Sida cordifolia was evaluated with four different strains of bacteria and nine fungi. The essential oil was tested "in natura" (100 percent) and diluted from 32 until 2 percent. The microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, were spread in agar Muller-Hinton and Sabouraud dextrose, respectively. S. cordifolia showed inhibitory activity against the microorganisms tested with efficacy of 80 percent. When tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyllococus epidermidis, Candida guilliermondii and Trichosporon inkin the essential oil showed the best performance.

A análise da atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de Sida cordifolia foi avaliada com quatro diferentes cepas de bactérias e nove de fungos. O óleo essencial foi testado "in natura" 100 por cento e diluído de 32 até 2 por cento. Os microrganismos, bactérias e fungos, foram semeados em ágar Muller-Hinton e Sabouraud dextrose, respectivamente. S. cordifolia mostrou atividade inibitória contra os microrganismos testados com eficácia de 80 por cento. Quando testado contra Staphyllococus aureus, Staphyllococus epidermidis, Candida guilliermondii e Trichosporon inkin o óleo essencial mostrou um melhor desempenho.

Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy / Efeito do extrato aquoso de Sida cordifolia na regeneração hepática após hepatectomia parcial

PURPOSE: The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of human diseases has increased worldwide. Many of them are used by oral administration and, after absorption, may affect many organs. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the effects of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia leaves, popularly known in Brazil as "malva-branca", on liver regeneration. METHODS: Twenty rats were divided into four groups: control, Sida100, Sida200 and Sida400 groups. All animals were submitted to oral administration of distilled water, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia, respectively. Immediately after this, they underwent 67 percent partial hepatectomy. Twenty four hours later, their livers were removed. Hepatic regeneration was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) using the PC-10 monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: Sida100 and Sida200 groups disclosed higher liver regeneration indices than control group (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia stimulates liver regeneration after 67 percent partial hepatectomy in rats.

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de plantas medicinais para o tratamento de patologias humanas tem aumentado em todo mundo. Muitas delas são usadas por administração oral, e após a absorção podem afetar muitos órgãos. OBJETIVO: Esse estudo, tem como objetivo verificar o efeito do extrato aquoso de Sida cordifolia, popularmente conhecida no Brasil como "malva-branca", na regeneração hepática. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos foram divididos em 4 grupos: controle, Sida 100, Sida 200 e Sida 400. Os animais foram submetidos a administração oral de água destilada, 100, 200 e 400 mg/kg de extrato aquoso de Sida cordifolia, respectivamente. Imediatamente após, foi realizada hepatectomia parcial 67 por cento. Vinte quatro horas após, os fígados foram removidos. A regeneração hepática foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica (PCNA), usando o anticorpo monoclonal PC-10. RESULTADOS: Os grupos Sida100 e Sida200 mostraram índices de regeneração hepática maiores que o grupo controle (p<0.001 e p<0.05, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: O extrato aquoso de Sida cordifolia estimula a regeneração hepática após hepatectomia parcial a 67 por cento em ratos.