Key points for the thermal comfort of water buffaloes in Eastern Amazon / Pontos-chave do conforto térmico de bubalinos na Amazônia Oriental

ABSTRACT: This study presented relevant aspects about the Amazonian environment and how it impacts the thermal comfort of domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Eastern Amazon. Furthermore, strategies for monitoring and mitigating animal heat stress are presented, based on research results with the species. Although domestic buffaloes are considered adaptable animals, exposure to intense solar radiation causes thermal discomfort. This condition is expressed in biophysical indicators, in metabolic, endocrine, behavioral responses, and in body thermographic patterns. Therefore, the biometeorological monitoring of production is crucial to support decision-making regarding environmental management strategies, genetic selection of thermotolerant individuals, and increase in animal welfare. Lastly, the use of silvopastoral systems can help to provide higher thermal comfort, which is a condition that directly impacts the productivity of milk and meat buffaloes when they are raised in tropical regions, such as in the Eastern Amazon.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se apresentar aspectos relevantes sobre o ambiente amazônico e como este impacta no conforto térmico de búfalos domésticos (Bubalus bubalis) criados na Amazônia Oriental. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas estratégias para monitoramento e mitigação do estresse térmico animal, a partir de resultados de pesquisa com a espécie. Apesar dos búfalos domésticos serem considerados animais adaptáveis, a exposição à intensa radiação solar provoca desconforto térmico. Essa condição é expressa em indicadores biofísicos, nas respostas metabólicas, endócrinas, comportamentais e nos padrões termográficos corporais. Assim, o monitoramento biometeorológico da produção é crucial para subsidiar tomadas de decisão em relação a estratégias de manejo ambiental, seleção genética de indivíduos termotolerantes e incremento do bem-estar animal. Por fim, o uso de sistemas silvipastoris pode auxiliar na oferta de maior conforto térmico, que é uma condição que impacta diretamente na produtividade de bubalinos de leite e carne, quando estes são criados em regiões tropicais, como na Amazônia Oriental.

Key points for the thermal comfort of water buffaloes in Eastern Amazon / Pontos-chave do conforto térmico de bubalinos na Amazônia Oriental

This study presented relevant aspects about the Amazonian environment and how it impacts the thermal comfort of domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Eastern Amazon. Furthermore, strategies for monitoring and mitigating animal heat stress are presented, based on research results with the species. Although domestic buffaloes are considered adaptable animals, exposure to intense solar radiation causes thermal discomfort. This condition is expressed in biophysical indicators, in metabolic, endocrine, behavioral responses, and in body thermographic patterns. Therefore, the biometeorological monitoring of production is crucial to support decision-making regarding environmental management strategies, genetic selection of thermotolerant individuals, and increase in animal welfare. Lastly, the use of silvopastoral systems can help to provide higher thermal comfort, which is a condition that directly impacts the productivity of milk and meat buffaloes when they are raised in tropical regions, such as in the Eastern Amazon.

Objetivou-se apresentar aspectos relevantes sobre o ambiente amazônico e como este impacta no conforto térmico de búfalos domésticos (Bubalus bubalis) criados na Amazônia Oriental. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas estratégias para monitoramento e mitigação do estresse térmico animal, a partir de resultados de pesquisa com a espécie. Apesar dos búfalos domésticos serem considerados animais adaptáveis, a exposição à intensa radiação solar provoca desconforto térmico. Essa condição é expressa em indicadores biofísicos, nas respostas metabólicas, endócrinas, comportamentais e nos padrões termográficos corporais. Assim, o monitoramento biometeorológico da produção é crucial para subsidiar tomadas de decisão em relação a estratégias de manejo ambiental, seleção genética de indivíduos termotolerantes e incremento do bem-estar animal. Por fim, o uso de sistemas silvipastoris pode auxiliar na oferta de maior conforto térmico, que é uma condição que impacta diretamente na produtividade de bubalinos de leite e carne, quando estes são criados em regiões tropicais, como na Amazônia Oriental.

Effect of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray intake on in vivo methane (CH4) emission and milk production in dual-purpose cows in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont.

The inclusion of Tithonia diversifolia in pasture-based diets is a promising alternative to increase bovine productivity, due to its chemical composition and wide adaptation, but there are few in vivo studies to determine its effect on methane yield and animal production in grazing systems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the T. diversifolia inclusion in a basal diet of Brachiaria humidicola on methane (CH4) emissions by enteric fermentation, and on milk yield and quality in dual-purpose cows. The polytunnel technique was used for the determination of methane yield and two diets were evaluated (Diet 1: Brachiaria humidicola 100%; Diet 2: T. diversifolia 15% + B. humidicola 85% dry matter basis) in the moderate rainy and rainy seasons using a cross-over experimental design; milk production was measured by daily milk weighing, and milk quality was determined using a LACTOSCAN analyzer. The inclusion of T. diversifolia did not increase the dry matter intake (P = 0.369), but increased the intake of crude protein and minerals, and reduced fiber intake, resulting in the increased yield of milk and its components in the moderate rainy season (P = 0.012). The inclusion of T. diversifolia reduced the absolute CH4 emissions (P = 0.016), Ym and emission intensity (per unit of fat, protein and kilogram fat and protein corrected milk yields) both in the moderate rainy and rainy seasons (P < 0.05). We conclude that the inclusion of T. diversifolia in the forage feed base in the humid tropics such as the Amazon piedmont can be used as a tool to both mitigate enteric CH4 emissions and to increase animal productivity and hence reduce emissions intensity, and thus reduce pressure on the agricultural frontier in critical areas such as the Amazon.

Analyzing influencing factors to scale up agroforestry systems in Colombia: A comparative ex-ante assessment of cacao farming and cattle ranching in two regions.

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are proved to enhance sustainable land management. Thus, there is increasing demand for effective ways to scale up AFS so that more people can benefit. Consequently, this study assesses the scaling-up potential of agroforestry systems (AFS) using cacao farming and cattle ranching in Caquetá and Cesar, Colombia, as examples. An ex-ante assessment using the ScalA tool is conducted through interviews with AFS experts from institutions promoting AFS. Using a comparative approach, results reveal that AFS have different scaling-up potential depending on the type of farming system and location characteristics. In our case, it is slightly higher for cacao farming than for cattle ranching in both regions and it is higher in Caquetá than in Cesar for both systems. Factors hindering the scaling-up potential for both regions are economic conditions at the local and regional levels since there is a lack of stable and differentiated markets to absorb AFS products. In contrast, the scaling-up potential in both regions is increased by the factors related to the capacity of the organizations that promote AFS and the attitudes of local communities toward them. The study generates information about factors that may hinder or foster AFS scaling-up, including not just the capacities and mechanisms to promote them but also the enabling conditions. This contributes to prioritizing AFS interventions and better allocating their resources to increase their chances of successful scaling-up. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10457-022-00730-1.

A classification of cultivated pastures in the Brazilian Cerrado for sustainable intensification and savanna restoration.

The Brazilian Cerrado, with over 200 million hectares, has approximately 28% of its area occupied by cultivated pasturelands and 39% of them are degraded. In this study, we propose a new classification of the Cerrado pastures and recommendations for sustainable intensification and savanna restoration. We propose seven classes of pastures based on the ground cover proportions of exotic grass, bare soil, and native vegetation. These lands need to be acknowledged for their biodiversity conservation and potential for sustainable intensification and restoration. In order to make ecological intensification available for the ranchers, research and technology transfer have to embrace native tree species-based silviculture, native-grass-based forage management and enhancement, and value chain of biodiversity-friendly products. The pasture management proposals of this paper are based on a concept of biodiversity as an ecosystem service, promoting local productivity and global ecosystem services.

Benefits of Silvopastoral Systems for Keeping Beef Cattle.

The potential benefits of keeping Zebu cattle in silvopastoral systems are well described in tropical regions. In order to obtain information on European breeds of beef cattle (Bos taurus taurus) in temperate climate zones, individual records of body weight and welfare indicators were obtained from 130 beef cattle. These belonged to four herds and were randomly allocated to two contiguous plots: Silvopastoral Systems (SPS) and Open Pastures Systems (OPS). The SPS in this study were areas with exotic trees of Eucalyptus globulus globulus for paper pulp production planted in a 2 × 2 design (two meters between each tree) over diverse, native grasses. The OPS were large open areas with a great diversity of native grasses, herbs, and small plots of trees where the animals could rest and shelter from extreme weather conditions. Over the course of one year, individual body weights and a number of specific animal welfare indicators were measured every 45 days. After a descriptive analysis, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a Gaussian distribution, with time and system (OPS or SPS) fitted as fixed effects and individuals nested by herd as random intercepts, was used. The results showed that weight gain did not differ between the two systems. None of the animals showed any sign of impaired welfare in either system over the study period. Silvopastoral systems offer animals a sustainable and richer environment that will improves their welfare. The additional income provided by the wood production allows the farmers to maintain their traditional cattle farming lifestyle.

Efecto del componente arbóreo sobre la dinámica de crecimiento y calidad nutricional de una pradera mixta en trópico alto / Effect of tree component on the growth dynamics and nutritional quality of a mixed grassland in the high tropic

Resumen Los sistemas ganaderos se basan en el monocultivo de gramíneas. El pastoreo comúnmente no tiene en cuenta la fisiología de las especies, lo que afecta la persistencia y calidad del forraje. Los sistemas silvopastoriles favorecen la producción y calidad del forraje. Por eso es importante conocer la dinámica de crecimiento de la pastura para determinar el momento óptimo de pastoreo. Con base en esto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de Acacia melanoxilum sobre la producción y calidad nutricional de una pradera mixta en trópico alto. La investigación se desarrolló en el Centro de Investigación y Capacitación "Santa María del Puyón", ubicado en Sopo, Colombia. Se evaluó una pradera de Cenchrus clandestinum y Lolium perenne, en pasturas en callejones se establecieron parcelas bajo y fuera de los árboles, y se evaluó el crecimiento (15, 30, 45 y 60 días) durante nueve meses. Luego se determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo, la altura sin disturbar del pasto, el número de hojas, el índice de área foliar y la producción y calidad de forraje. Después se utilizó un diseño al azar, y se realizó estadística descriptiva y análisis de varianza, mediante el programa Infostat® para el análisis de datos. Bajo los árboles se observó mayor pH, materia orgánica, minerales y capacidad de intercambio catiónico, mayor altura sin disturbar (p = 0,0001), diferencias en producción de forraje verde (p = 0,0128), composición botánica y mayor proteína cruda (p = 0,0061). Los árboles de A. melanoxilum favorecen el crecimiento y la calidad nutricional de praderas mixtas en trópico alto.

Abstract Livestock systems are based on the monoculture of grasses, grazing does not usually take into account the physiology of the species, this affects the persistence and quality of the forage. Silvopastoral systems favor forage production and quality, it is important to know the growth dynamics of the pasture to determine the optimal grazing moment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Acacia melanoxilum on the production and nutritional quality of a mixed meadow in the high tropics. The research was carried out at the "Santa María del Puyón" Research and Training Center, located in Sopo, Colombia. A meadow of Cenchrus clandestinum and Lolium perenne was evaluated, in alley pastures, plots were established under and outside the trees, the growth was evaluated (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) for nine months. The physicochemical properties of the soil, undisturbed height, number of leaves, leaf area index, production and quality of forage were determined. A random design was used, descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were performed. The Infostat® program was used for data analysis. Under the trees there is a higher ph, organic matter, minerals and cation exchange capacity, higher undisturbed height (p = 0.0001), differences in green forage production (p = 0.0128), botanical composition, and higher protein crude (p = 0.0061). A. Melanoxilum trees favor the growth and nutritional quality of mixed grasslands in the high tropics.

Improved Pastures Support Early Indicators of Soil Restoration in Low-input Agroecosystems of Nicaragua.

Pasture degradation hinders livestock production and ecosystem services that support rural smallholder communities throughout Latin America. Silvopastoral systems, with improved pasture cultivars (especially Brachiaria spp.) and multipurpose trees, offer a promising strategy to restore soils and improve livelihoods in the region. However, studies evaluating the impact of such systems on pasture productivity and soil health under realistic smallholder constraints are lacking. We evaluated the impact of improved pasture grass and tree establishment on a suite of soil health indicators in actively grazed, low-input, farmer-managed silvopastoral systems. In August 2013, paired pasture treatments (improved grass with trees vs. traditional pastures) were established on nine farms with similar land-use histories near Matagalpa, Nicaragua. On each farm, one treatment was left as traditional pasture with naturalized grass (Hyparrhenia rufa), while the adjacent treatment was sown with the improved grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) and planted with tree saplings without fertilizer. In August 2015, we measured standing biomass and a suite of chemical, biological, and physical soil health variables. Improved silvopastoral systems with B. brizantha produced more standing grass biomass and supported higher levels of earthworm populations and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) compared to the traditional control. Correlations suggest that earthworms and POXC were associated with incipient improvements to soil aggregate stability and water holding capacity. We report measurable improvements to soil health just two years following the establishment of improved pasture systems under common smallholder management practices and suggest that these systems, even with minimal fertility inputs, have the potential to enhance regional sustainability.

Cercas vivas en sistemas de producción tropicales: una revisión mundial de los usos y percepciones / Live fences in tropical production systems: a global review of uses and perceptions

Resumen La expansión de la producción agrícola y ganadera ha sido un factor clave en la deforestación en el mundo y especialmente en la región tropical. En consecuencia, más de la mitad de la superficie terrestre del planeta se utiliza para el establecimiento de sistemas productivos, en este contexto las cercas vivas pueden generan efectos positivos sobre el ambiente y proveer bienes y servicios ambientales. En este trabajo hacemos una revisión sobre los efectos que tienen las cercas vivas sobre los sistemas productivos, analizando los usos y percepciones que tienen los agricultores. Esta revisión abarca las diferentes regiones tropicales del mundo. Se encontró que las cercas vivas estuvieron principalmente vinculadas a la delimitación de predios y potreros. No obstante, sus usos y beneficios son múltiples, entre los que se encontraron suministrar forraje, extracción de madera, proveer frutos, servir como rompevientos, generar medicinas, evitar la erosión del suelo, retener la humedad y suministrar aportes nutricionales. Además, se encontraron percepciones a favor como aumentar la conectividad del paisaje, aumentar los ingresos económicos, reducir los costos productivos, reducir la presión sobre la vegetación remanente, tener bajo costos de mantenimiento, contribuir al control de plagas y mejoran la fertilidad. Sin embargo, también se encontraron percepciones negativas como el excesivo trabajo al repararlas o podarlas, la sombra puede afectar la producción agrícola, la falta de información desestimula su establecimiento, costos elevados de establecimiento, generación de conflictos de propiedades y dificultad de manejo. Se encontró que los usos por parte de los agricultores están enfocados a mejorar los rendimientos de los sistemas productivos, pero también a la conservación de recursos naturales como el suelo y la biodiversidad. Se proponen temas de investigación para el futuro como determinar los criterios en la elección de especies nativas para establecer y enriquecer las cercas vivas dando valor a aspectos ecológicos y socioeconómicos, además, se debe profundizar en los beneficios que producen sobre los rendimientos de los sistemas productivos Se sugiere realizar estudios sobre las cercas vivas en la región tropical de Australasia debido a que no se encontraron estudios en esta región, así se podría conocer el estado de su biodiversidad y servicios que brinda a la comunidad rural. Por último, lo que se busca con esta revisión es generar iniciativas que fomenten la formulación de políticas rurales, la creación de programas que estimulen el establecimiento de cercas vivas, ya sea por medio de pagos por servicios ambientales, compensaciones tributarias u otro tipo de mecanismos. Proveer información adecuada a agricultores y ganaderos es un aspecto central de dinamiza el establecimiento de las cercas vivas.

Abstract The expansion of agricultural and livestock production has been a key factor in deforestation in the world and especially in the tropical region. Currently, more than half of the Earth's surface is used for the establishment of production systems; in this context, live fences can generate positive effects on the environment and provide environmental goods and services. In this work, we reviewed the effects of live fences on production systems from the tropical regions of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, analyzing the uses and perceptions of farmers that have made use of these fences. It was found that live fences were mainly related to the delimitation of farms and pastures. However, their uses and benefits are manifold, among which we found: provide forage, wood extraction, fruit supply, windbreaks, medicinal, to avoid soil erosion, moisture retention and nutritional support. In addition, other positive perceptions were: increasing landscape connectivity, increasing economic incomes, reducing production costs, reducing pressure on remaining vegetation, keeping maintenance costs down, contributing to pest control, and improving fertility. However, negative perceptions included the excessive work in repairing or pruning them, shade negative impact on agricultural production, lack of information discourages establishment, high establishment costs, generation of property conflicts and management difficulty. It was found that the uses by farmers are focused on improving the yields of productive systems, but also on the conservation of natural resources especially soil and biodiversity. We proposed research topics for the future, as determining the criteria in the selection of native species to establish and enrich living fences valuing ecological and socioeconomic aspects; in additionally, we must deepen the benefits they produce on the yields of productive systems. We suggest the development of live fences studies in the tropical region of Australasia, because no data was found for this region, in order to know the biodiversity and services status that they provide to the rural communities. As a conclusion, it will be important to generate initiatives that encourage the formulation of rural policies, the creation of programs that encourage the establishment of live fences, whether through payments for environmental services, tax compensation or other mechanisms. Providing adequate information to farmers and livestock farmers is a key aspect on dynamizing the establishment of live fences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 739-753. Epub 2018 June 01.

Senna spectabilis fruit on hair lambs feeding: digestibility, blood metabolites, and ruminal kinetic / Farinha de fruto de Senna spectabilis na alimentação de cordeiros deslanados: digestibilidade, metabolitos sanguíneos e cinética ruminal

In recent years sheep, farming has emerged as an alternative production system especially in dry areas. The use of leaves and fruit from some trees has become an alternative for feeding for ruminants; however, studies on these species are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of S. spectabilis fruit meal on in vivo and in vitro digestibility, blood metabolites, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs. This study was carried out at Las Brisas farm, University of Tolima - Colombia. Twelve male hair lambs with body weight of 20.3 ± 2.5 kg were used. Animals were distributed in an experimental 4x4 Latin square design. The treatments consisted of diets based on Dichanthium spp hay with different inclusion levels of S. spectabilis fruit meal (15, 30, and 45%). A linear increasing effect (P <0.05) was observed for in vivo and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein; likewise, plasma urea and ruminal degradability increased as the level of supplementation of S. spectabilis increased. The meal of S. spectabilis improves digestibility, protein intake, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs; therefore, it is suggested as a promising alternative for ruminants feeding in dry tropic regions.(AU)

Nos últimos anos, a criação de ovelhas surgiu como um sistema de produção alternativo, especialmente em áreas secas. O uso de folhas e frutos de algumas árvores é uma alternativa para a alimentação dos ruminantes; no entanto, os estudos sobre essas espécies são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da farinha de S. spectabilis na digestibilidade in vivo e in vitro, nos metabolitos sanguíneos e na cinéticos ruminal em ovinos deslanados. este estudo foi realizado na fazenda Las Brisas da Universidade do Tolima - Colômbia. Doze machos com peso corporal de 20,3 ± 2,5 kg foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental quadrado Latino 4X4. Os tratamentos consistiram em dietas baseadas em feno de Dichanthium spp com diferentes inclusões de frutos de S. spectabilis (15, 30 e 45%). Foi observado um efeito linear crescente (P <0,05) para a digestibilidade in vivo e in vitro da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e proteína bruta; igualmente, para ureia plasmática e degradabilidade ruminal, à medida que o nível de suplementação de S. spectabilis aumentou. A farinha de S. spectabilis melhora a digestibilidade, o consumo de proteína e a cinética ruminal em cordeiros deslanados; portanto, pode ser sugerida como uma alternativa promissora para a alimentação de ruminantes nas regiões do trópico seco.(AU)

Senna spectabilis fruit on hair lambs feeding: digestibility, blood metabolites, and ruminal kinetic / Farinha de fruto de Senna spectabilis na alimentação de cordeiros deslanados: digestibilidade, metabolitos sanguíneos e cinética ruminal

In recent years sheep, farming has emerged as an alternative production system especially in dry areas. The use of leaves and fruit from some trees has become an alternative for feeding for ruminants; however, studies on these species are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of S. spectabilis fruit meal on in vivo and in vitro digestibility, blood metabolites, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs. This study was carried out at Las Brisas farm, University of Tolima - Colombia. Twelve male hair lambs with body weight of 20.3 ± 2.5 kg were used. Animals were distributed in an experimental 4x4 Latin square design. The treatments consisted of diets based on Dichanthium spp hay with different inclusion levels of S. spectabilis fruit meal (15, 30, and 45%). A linear increasing effect (P <0.05) was observed for in vivo and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein; likewise, plasma urea and ruminal degradability increased as the level of supplementation of S. spectabilis increased. The meal of S. spectabilis improves digestibility, protein intake, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs; therefore, it is suggested as a promising alternative for ruminants feeding in dry tropic regions.

Nos últimos anos, a criação de ovelhas surgiu como um sistema de produção alternativo, especialmente em áreas secas. O uso de folhas e frutos de algumas árvores é uma alternativa para a alimentação dos ruminantes; no entanto, os estudos sobre essas espécies são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da farinha de S. spectabilis na digestibilidade in vivo e in vitro, nos metabolitos sanguíneos e na cinéticos ruminal em ovinos deslanados. este estudo foi realizado na fazenda Las Brisas da Universidade do Tolima - Colômbia. Doze machos com peso corporal de 20,3 ± 2,5 kg foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental quadrado Latino 4X4. Os tratamentos consistiram em dietas baseadas em feno de Dichanthium spp com diferentes inclusões de frutos de S. spectabilis (15, 30 e 45%). Foi observado um efeito linear crescente (P <0,05) para a digestibilidade in vivo e in vitro da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e proteína bruta; igualmente, para ureia plasmática e degradabilidade ruminal, à medida que o nível de suplementação de S. spectabilis aumentou. A farinha de S. spectabilis melhora a digestibilidade, o consumo de proteína e a cinética ruminal em cordeiros deslanados; portanto, pode ser sugerida como uma alternativa promissora para a alimentação de ruminantes nas regiões do trópico seco.

Diversidad de aves en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical en paisajes ganaderos del Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia / Bird diversity in tropical dry forest fragments in cattle landscapes of the Department of Córdoba, Colombia

Resumen En Colombia el bosque seco tropical es una de los ecosistemas más amenazados y menos conocidos del país. Se desconoce mucho cómo los procesos de transformación y fragmentación de hábitat han afectado las condiciones y supervivencia de la avifauna del bosque seco. Este trabajo evaluó la influencia de los elementos del paisaje (bosques y potreros de producción ganadera con diferentes densidades de árboles) en la diversidad de aves en la región del bosque seco tropical del Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. El trabajo se desarrolló caracterizando la avifauna en cuatro localidades conformadas por fragmentos de bosque secundario dentro de un paisaje dominado por áreas de ganadería extensiva. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de hábitats en el paisaje según la densidad de cobertura arbórea: fragmentos de bosque secundario, potreros con alta cobertura de árboles, potreros con baja cobertura árboles y potreros sin árboles. Con el fin de evaluar la influencia de la cobertura arbórea en la diversidad de aves, se realizaron muestreos en transectos de observación durante los meses de septiembre 2011 a mayo 2012 con muestreos mensuales. Los transecto tuvieron 200 m de longitud para el conteo de aves en cada hábitat, las observaciones se hicieron en la mañana (6:00 - 9:00) y en la tarde (15:00 - 18:00). Se registraron 6 667 individuos pertenecientes a 180 especies y 48 familias de aves. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Columbina talpacoti (5.37 %), Brotogeris jugularis (5.14 %), Tyrannus melancholicus (4.81 %) y Bubulcus ibis (4.80 %). La familia con mayor abundancia fue Tyrannidae (16.4 %), seguida de Psitacidae (9.0 %) y Columbidae (8.2 %). La familia que presentó mayor número de especies fue: Tyrannidae con 28 especies, seguida de Accipitridae e Icteridae con 10 especies cada una. La mayor riqueza de especies se presentó en el hábitat de bosque secundario, seguido de los potreros con alta cobertura de árboles y potreros con baja cobertura de árboles; la menor abundancia y riqueza de especies se encontró en los potreros sin árboles, presentándose diferencias significativas entre los hábitats (Fisher, p<0.05). La diversidad de aves fue mayor en los bosques secundarios según el índice de Shannon, en contraste, la menor diversidad se encontró en los potreros sin árboles. La mayor riqueza de especies se presentó en octubre y noviembre; en el resto del período de muestreo hubo estabilidad en el número de especies e individuos registrados. Se evidenció la importancia de la presencia de árboles en áreas de ganadería extensiva, debido a que ayudan a contener una importante diversidad de especies, así como a generar conectividad con los fragmentos de bosques secundarios presentes en el paisaje ganadero.

Abstract In Colombia the tropical dry forest is one of the most threatened and least known ecosystems; these have been impacted by different transformation processes and habitat fragmentation, which have affected bird conditions and survival. This research evaluated the influence of landscape elements (forest and pastures with different tree covers) on bird diversity in the tropical dry forest of Córdoba, Colombia. The study was developed within an extensive livestock landscape to characterize the avifauna in four habitat types formed by fragments of secondary forests with different tree cover: secondary forest, pastures with high tree cover, pastures with low tree cover and only pastures. The influence of tree cover on bird diversity was evaluated with monthly samplings in 200 m long transects (per habitat), with two observation intervals (6:00 - 9:00 and 15:00-18:00), from September 2011 to May 2012. A total of 6 667 individuals belonging to 180 species and 48 families of birds were registered. The most abundant species were Columbina talpacoti (5.37 %), Brotogeris jugularis (5.14 %), Tyrannus melancholicus (4.81 %) and Bubulcus ibis (4.80 %). The most abundant family was Tyrannidae (16.4 %), followed by Psitacidae (9.0 %) and Columbidae (8.2 %). The family with the highest number of species was Tyrannidae with 28 species, followed by Accipitridae and Icteridae with 10 species each. The greatest species richness was present in the secondary forest habitat, followed by the pastures with high tree cover, and pastures with low cover. The lowest abundance and species richness was found in pastures without tree cover with significant differences between the habitats (Fisher, p <0.05). According to the Shannon index, the diversity of birds was higher in the secondary forests. In contrast, the lowest diversity was found in pastures without tree cover. The greatest species richness occurred in the months of October and November. In the rest of the sampling period, the number of recorded species and individuals showed some stability. The importance of trees presence in extensive livestock areas was evidenced because they help to contain an important diversity of bird species, and they also generate connectivity among fragments of secondary forests in the cattle landscape.

Silvopastoral systems of the Chol Mayan ethnic group in southern Mexico: Strategies with a traditional basis.

Silvopastoral systems combine trees and/or shrubs with grazing cattle. In the municipality of Salto de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico, some indigenous communities have developed silvopastoral systems based on their traditional knowledge regarding use of local natural resources. Through analysis of classification based on the composition of tree vegetation, two groups of grazing units were identified in the study area. Different attributes of tree and herbaceous vegetation, as well as of agricultural management and production, were compared between the two groups. Results indicate that at least two strategies of silvopastoral management exist. The first - LTD - is characterized by an average density of 22 adult trees ha(-1) in grazing units with an average surface area of 22.4 ha. The second - HTD - has an average of 54.4 trees ha(-1) in grazing units with an average surface area of 12.2 ha. Average richness per grazing unit for the LTD strategy was 7.2 species, and for HTD strategy it was 12.7 species. Average basal area for LTD was 1.7 m2 ha(-1), and for HTD 3.8 m2 ha(-1). Finally, the average level of fixed carbon for LTD was 2.12 mg ha(-1), and for HTD 4.89 mg ha(-1). For all variables, there was a significant difference between the two strategies. In addition, both strategies differ in prairie management. In the HTD strategy, growers spare their preferred spontaneously growing tree species by clearing around them. Many of these species, particularly those harvested for timber, belong to the original vegetation. In these prairies, average coverage of native grasses (60.8 ± 7.85) was significantly greater than in the LTD strategy (38.4 ± 11.32), and neither fertilizers nor fire are used to maintain or improve the pastures; by contrast, in HTD prairies, introduced grasses, principally Cynodon plectostachyus, have a higher average coverage (43.4 ± 13.75) than in the LTD prairies (17.08 ± 9.02). Regardless of the differences in composition of tree and herbaceous vegetation, in both types of grazing units a similar animal load is maintained. Many attributes of these silvopastoral strategies - based on traditional technology of the Chol farmers of the Tulija River Valley - concord with sustainable agriculture and provide a wide variety of services to the farmer and the environment. Diffusion of this technology in areas similar to that of this region could have a positive impact on the economy of conventional cattle raisers while generating environmental services.

A study of tick infestation on cattle in the Abanico de Ibagué, Colombiausing the complex systems approach / Estudio de infestación por garrapatas en ganado en el Abanico de Ibagué Colombia usando el enfoque de sistemas complejos / Estudo de uma infestação recorrente em gado no Abanico de Ibagué, Colômbia, usando uma aproximação ao sistema complexo

Cattle ranching systems have traditionally been studied based on Cartesian research models that break them down into each of their constitutive parts. For this reason, definition of biophysical and technical-productive parameters dominates knowledge in this area, but does not allow a complex vision of the production systems to be obtained. The emergence of agroecology and the implementation of new models of livestock rearing, such as silvopastoral systems (SPS), suggests that, in addition to studying the characteristics of the natural and technical-productive quantitative variables, sociocultural aspects should be incorporated to offer a more complex, transdisciplinary vision of agricultural systems and to allow new interpretations of agro-ecosystems, their components and interrelationships. The tick Rhipicephalus microplus has normally been considered a disruptor of the equilibrium of the ranching system, such that positivist research recommends its eradication. In this study, the structure and function of the system is related to a specific agricultural problem by describing the characteristics of a theoretical model to analyze tick infestation on cattle in the Abanico de Ibagué (Colombia), using the complex systems approach. Through development of this model, it was possible to postulate dynamic relationships between the SPS and conventional system components that can influence the behavior of the tick, demonstrating its presence in the system to be essential for achieving socioecological resilience.

Los sistemas de cría de ganado han sido tradicionalmente estudiados en base a modelos de investigación cartesiana que los dividen en cada una de sus partes constitutivas. Debido a esto la definición de los parámetros biofísicos y técnico-productivos domina el conocimiento en ésta área, pero no permite obtener una visión compleja del sistema de producción. La aparición de la agroecología y la implementación de nuevos modelos de cría de ganado, como los sistemas silvopastoriles (SPS), sugieren que además de estudiar las características de las variables componentes naturales de tipo cuantitativas y técnico-productivas, los aspectos socioculturales deben ser incorporados para ofrecer una visión compleja y transdisciplinaria de los sistemas agropecuarios y para permitir hacer nuevas interpretaciones de los agroecosistemas, sus componentes e interrelaciones. La garrapata Rhipicephalus microplus ha sido normalmente considerada como un disruptor del equilibrio de los sistemas de cría, tanto que la investigación positivista recomienda su erradicación. En este estudio, la estructura y función del sistema es relacionado a un problema agropecuario específico, al describir las características de un modelo teórico para analizar la infestación por garrapatas en Ganado del Abanico de Ibagué (Colombia), utilizando el enfoque de sistemas complejos. A través del desarrollo de éste modelo fue posible postular relaciones dinámicas entre componentes del SPS y los sistemas convencionales que influencian el comportamiento de la garrapata, demostrando que su presencia en el sistema es esencial para alcanzar adaptabilidad socioecológica.

Os sistemas de cria de gado tem sido tradicionalmente estudados em base a modelos de pesquisa cartesiana, os quais dividem-se em cada uma de suas partes constitutivas. Devido a isto, a definição dos parâmetros biofísicos e técnico-produtivos domina o conhecimento em esta área, mas não permite obter uma visão complexa do sistema de produção. A aparição da agroecologia e a implementação de novos modelos de cria de gado, com os sistemas silvopastoris (SPS), sugerem que além de estudar as características das variáveis componentes naturais de tipo quantitativas e técnico-produtivas, os aspectos socioculturais devem ser incorporados para oferecer uma maior visão: ampla, complexa e transdisciplinar dos sistemas agropecuários e para permitir fazer novas interpretações dos agroecossistemas, seus componentes e inter-relações. O carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus tem sido normalmente considerado como um disjuntor do equilíbrio dos sistemas de cria, tanto que a pesquisa positivista recomenda sua erradicação. Neste estudo, a estrutura e função do sistema é relacionado a um problema agropecuário especifico, ao descrever as características de um modelo teórico para analisar a infestação por carrapatos no gado do Abanico de Ibagué (Colômbia), utilizando o enfoque de sistemas complexos. A traves do desenvolvimento deste modelo, foi possível postular relações dinâmicas entre componentes do SPS e os sistemas convencionais que influenciam o comportamento do carrapato, demonstrando que sua presença no sistema é essencial para conseguir a adaptabilidade socio ecológica.

Conforto térmico na reprodução de bubalinos criados em condições tropicais / Thermal comfort on reproductive processes of water buffaloes raised under tropical conditions

O aumento da demanda por alimentos, a restrição dos recursos naturais e o aquecimento global sãoatuais desafios para a produção animal. Uma vez que a população de bubalinos domésticos (Bubalus bubalis) é majoritariamente criada em países da zona intertropical, o estresse térmico constitui um problema real para sua produção. Por isso, alternativas estratégicas devem ser adotadas, a fim de garantir aos animais conforto térmico e bem-estar. Entre elas, as ações mais ecológicas e efetivas estão relacionadas ao manejo do ambiente. Uma vez que os búfalos são animais de epiderme escura e pouco refletivos à radiação solar, o oferecimento de sombra natural nas pastagens ajuda a prevenir a radiação direta sobre os animais e facilita sua termorregulação. Entre as consequências positivas da adoção dos sistemas silvipastoris estão a redução dos índices bioclimatológicos no microclima das pastagens e o aumento no conforto animal, o qual leva a um desenvolvimento folicular mais satisfatório, ao aumento nas taxas de concepção após inseminação artificial em tempo fixo, ao desenvolvimento fetal adequado e a partos normais.

Increasing demands for food, restriction of natural resources and global warming are contemporaneous challenges for livestock production. The domestic buffalo population (Bubalus bubalis) is mostly concentrated in countries of intertropical zone and crescent thermal stress is a real problem to the buffalo production. Therefore, strategic alternatives must be adopted in order to ensure thermal comfort and animal welfare. The most ecological and effective actions are related to environmental management. Since buffaloes have dark epidermis and are almost unreflective to the solar radiation, providing natural shadow in the paddocks helps to prevent direct radiation on the animals and benefits thermoregulation process. Positive consequences of silvopastoral systems adoption are reduced bioclimatic indexes on pastures and higher animal comfort, which isinvolved in satisfactory folliculogenesis, increases in conception rates after fixed time artificial insemination, normal fetal development and parturition.

Conforto térmico na reprodução de bubalinos criados em condições tropicais / Thermal comfort on reproductive processes of water buffaloes raised under tropical conditions

O aumento da demanda por alimentos, a restrição dos recursos naturais e o aquecimento global sãoatuais desafios para a produção animal. Uma vez que a população de bubalinos domésticos (Bubalus bubalis) é majoritariamente criada em países da zona intertropical, o estresse térmico constitui um problema real para sua produção. Por isso, alternativas estratégicas devem ser adotadas, a fim de garantir aos animais conforto térmico e bem-estar. Entre elas, as ações mais ecológicas e efetivas estão relacionadas ao manejo do ambiente. Uma vez que os búfalos são animais de epiderme escura e pouco refletivos à radiação solar, o oferecimento de sombra natural nas pastagens ajuda a prevenir a radiação direta sobre os animais e facilita sua termorregulação. Entre as consequências positivas da adoção dos sistemas silvipastoris estão a redução dos índices bioclimatológicos no microclima das pastagens e o aumento no conforto animal, o qual leva a um desenvolvimento folicular mais satisfatório, ao aumento nas taxas de concepção após inseminação artificial em tempo fixo, ao desenvolvimento fetal adequado e a partos normais.(AU)

Increasing demands for food, restriction of natural resources and global warming are contemporaneous challenges for livestock production. The domestic buffalo population (Bubalus bubalis) is mostly concentrated in countries of intertropical zone and crescent thermal stress is a real problem to the buffalo production. Therefore, strategic alternatives must be adopted in order to ensure thermal comfort and animal welfare. The most ecological and effective actions are related to environmental management. Since buffaloes have dark epidermis and are almost unreflective to the solar radiation, providing natural shadow in the paddocks helps to prevent direct radiation on the animals and benefits thermoregulation process. Positive consequences of silvopastoral systems adoption are reduced bioclimatic indexes on pastures and higher animal comfort, which isinvolved in satisfactory folliculogenesis, increases in conception rates after fixed time artificial insemination, normal fetal development and parturition.(AU)

Microclima e características agronômicas de Brachiaria decumbens em um sistema silvipastoril / Microclimate and agronomic characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens in a silvopastoral system

Os sistemas silvipastoris têm despertado interesse por permitir amplas possibilidades de combinar plantas no espaço e no tempo com múltiplos atributos. O Brasil possui a maior variedade de espécies florestais nativas do planeta e condições climatológicas favoráveis à produção de forragens tropicais. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar parâmetros produtivos e morfofisiológicos de Brachiaria decumbens em relação aos renques de árvores de um sistema silvipastoril implantado com espécies arbóreas nativas e sua relações com variáveis microclimáticas (transmissividade da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e armazenamento de água no solo). Para isso foi conduzido um experimento no campo experimental da Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, em São Carlos SP, entre novembro de 2009 e abril de 2011. O delineamento experimental foi aleatorizado em blocos completos. O efeito da distância das árvores sobre a massa de material morto, densidade, massa de forragem, massa de folha e de colmos, índice de área foliar, área foliar específica, relação folha:colmo, transmissividade e armazenamento de água foi avaliada ao longo das estações do ano. A interação distância x estação influenciou todas as variáveis analisadas da forragem e a transmissividade da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa. As variações dos níveis de armazenamento de água no solo entre as distâncias foram semelhantes, no entanto observou-se uma variação em relação ao volume em algumas épocas, principalmente entre os perfis.

The silvopastoral systems have attracted interest because it allows a lot of possibilities of combining plants in space and time with multiple attributes. Brazil has the largest variety of native species on the planet and favorable climatological conditions for the production of tropical forages. This work aimed to evaluate the productive and morphophysiological Brachiaria decumbens in relation to the rows of trees in a silvopastoral system deployed with native tree species and their relationships with microclimatic variables (transmissivity of photosynthetically active radiation and soil water storage). For this purpose an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Embrapa Southeast Cattle in Sao Carlos - SP, between November 2009 and April 2011. The experimental design was randomized complete block. The effect of distance from trees on the mass of dead material, density, herbage mass, leaf and stem, leaf area index, specific leaf area, leaf: stem ratio, transmissivity and storage of water was evaluated along the seasons. The interaction distance x season influenced all variables of forage and transmissivity of photosynthetically active radiation. Changes in levels of water storage in soil between the distances are similar, however there was a variation in the volume at some times, especially between the profiles. The average transmission of photosynthetic active radiation was 38, 59, 81 and 89% for the distances 0.0, 2.0, 4.75 and 8.5 m, for tutors trees respectively. Among the larger distances only difference was in the autumn when transmissivity of 4.75 m was 12% lower compared to the distance of 8.5 m.

¿Las cercas vivas ayudan a la conservación de la diversidad de mariposas en paisajes agropecuarios?

Do live fences help conserve butterfly diversity in agricultural landscapes? In Central America, natural forests have been transformed into agriculture production areas, generating forest fragmentation, desertification, erosion and loss of biodiversity, among other concerns. Different tree cover compositions are kept on these agricultural landscapes, including scattered trees in pastures, live fences, fragments of secondary forests, and riparian forests. These can help in biodiversity conservation because they generate shelter, feeding and reproduction areas, among others. We studied the composition, richness and abundance of diurnal butterflies on two types of live fences in a landscape where pastures are predominant in Costa Rica’s Central Pacific Region. Transects (120x5m) were observed for an hour (two days/habitat) in five multi-strata fences (with several plant species, strata and canopy width) and five simple fences (with smaller and pruned trees). A total of 2 782 butterflies were observed (75 species). The most abundant species were Anartia fatima, Eurema daria, Eurema nise, Hermeuptychia hermes, Junonia evarete and Phoebis philea. Multi-strata fences had more species and can help maintain 56% of the total species observed in secondary and riparian forests. This type of live fence can play an important role in butterfly conservation in livestock areas, and its benefits are influenced by the manner in which farmers manage their land. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 447-463. Epub 2010 March 01.

En Centro América, los paisajes agropecuarios mantienen diferentes formas de cobertura arbórea como árboles dispersos, cercas vivas, fragmentos de bosque, bosques ribereños, que pueden generar hábitats apropiados para la conservación de la biodiversidad. El presente estudio caracterizó la composición, riqueza y abundancia de mariposas en dos tipos de cercas vivas presentes en un paisaje dominado por pasturas en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica. Se seleccionaron un total de cinco cercas vivas por cada tipo de cerca (simples y multiestrato), donde se establecieron franjas de 120x5m que fueron recorridos por espacio de una hora durante dos días/hábitat. Se registró un total de 2 782 individuos, pertenecientes a 75 especies de mariposas. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Anartia fatima, Eurema daría, E. nise, Hermeuptychia hermes, Junonia evarete y Phoebis philea. Las cercas vivas multiestrato presentaron una mayor riqueza y abundancia de especies de mariposas que las cercas vivas simples. Las cercas vivas multiestrato pueden ayudar a mantener el 56% de las especies encontradas en los bosques secundarios y ribereños. Este tipo de cerca viva pueden jugar un papel importante para la conservación de mariposas en áreas de producción pecuaria, y su beneficio está influenciado por el tipo manejo que realizan los productores.

Indicadores agronómicos del pasto vidal (bothrichloa saccharoides) bajo sombra simulada en el valle cálido del magdalena, Tolima (Colombia) / Agrnomic indicattor of silver bluestern (bothriochloa saccharoidess) under simulated shade conditions in the magdalena river calido valley, tolima, Colombia

El pasto Vidal (Bothriochloa saccharoides) podría ser una buena opción forrajera en sistemas silvopastoriles del trópico, ya que tolera una alta cobertura arbórea, sin embargo, esta gramínea no ha sido suficientemente estudiada. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar indicadores agronómicos y otras características de B. Sacharoides bajo dos niveles de sombra simulada: 30%; 50% y total exposición a la radicación solar 0%. La producción de materia seca del Bothriochloa saccharoides en época húmeda fue de 3.47, 3.0 y 5.56 y, para la época seca, de 2.33, 2.44 y 2.5 ton/ha para las coberturas de 50%, 30% y control, respectivamente; no hay diferencias significativas (p <= 0.05) para las coberturas, lo cual sugiere un potencial del pasto para su uso en sistemas con cobertura arbórea. Estos resultados demuestran un comportamiento productivo similar en las diferentes coberturas, lo cual lo hace un pasto tolerante a la sombra y una buena opción para la utilización en sistemas silvopastoriles.

Silver Bluestern (Bothriochloa saccharoides) grass could be is a good feeding option managed under tropical silvopastoral systems, becausesince it is tolerant to a high degree of tree coverage; however, this grass has not been sufficiently studied. This study aimed to analyze agronomic indicators and other characteristics from of Bothriochloa saccharoides under two levels of simulated shade: 30%; 50% and total exhibition to sun radiation (0% of shade). Production of dry matter of the Bothriochloa saccharoides, duringin the humid season was 3.47, 3.0 and 5.56 ton/ha, and induring the dry season it was 2.33, 2.44 and 2.5 ton/ha, for the simulated coverage of 50%, 30% and control test, respectively. There are not significant differences (p <= 0.05) between treatments; it, which suggests a potentiality from use for this grass to use it in pastures with trees. These results demonstrated a similar productive performance under different simulated shade conditions, that which makinges it a tolerant grass to the shade and a good option in silvopastoral systems.