Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) with mandibular advancement devices-A statement of the Portuguese society of pulmonology, the Portuguese society of stomatology and dental medicine, the Portuguese dental association, and the Portuguese society of temporomandibular disorders, orofacial pain and sleep.

With the purpose of establishing a consensus around clinical orientations for professionals involved in managing patients with sleep breathing disorders (SBD), an interdisciplinary group of scientific societies involved in this field discussed and reviewed all the published international guidelines from the American Dental Association, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine and the European counterparts. Treatment of SBD is multidisciplinary and should be made in concert with the patient, the sleep physician, and the qualified dentist to solve the individual, social, and economic burden of the disease,. This consensus document represents the current thinking of a team of Portuguese experts on managing patients with SBD based on the available evidence.

Decrypting the putative interrelation between sleep bruxism, masticatory muscle pain and sleep breathing disorders: Nosology and the role of hypoxia.

This commentary on sleep medicine explores whether the potential relationship between sleep bruxism (SB), masticatory muscle pain (MMP) and sleep breathing disorders (SBDs)contributes to improving the management of co-occurring conditions.The paper is divided into 2 sections: (1) reviewing the debate on SB nosology; and (2) based on the publications from the Martynowicz & Wieckiewicz research group, exploringthe role of intermittent hypoxia as a putative mechanism endotype that may link such co-occurrence among individuals for whom characteristics are not yet clear.

Detection of episodic nocturnal hypercapnia in patients with neurodegenerative disorders.

PURPOSE: Episodic nocturnal hypercapnia (eNH) in transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure (PtcCO2) corresponding to rapid eye movement sleep hypoventilation is a useful biomarker for detecting nocturnal hypoventilation. However, the relationship between eNH and neurodegenerative diseases with sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between eNH and nocturnal hypoventilation in neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS: Patients with neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, were enrolled and received overnight PtcCO2 monitoring. The patients were divided into groups for eNH and sleep-associated hypoventilation (SH) prevalence analysis: A (ALS), B (MSA), and C (others). RESULTS: Among 110 patients, twenty-three (21%) and 10 (9%) of the patients met eNH and SH criteria, respectively. eNH and SH were significantly more frequent in groups A and B than in C. The prevalence of SH in the patients with eNH was 39% whereas most of patients with SH (90%) presented with eNH. Among patients with daytime carbon dioxide pressure in arterial blood ≤ 45 mmHg, eNH frequency was 13%, whereas none of the patients met SH criteria. The frequency of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation after PtcCO2 monitoring was significantly higher in those with than without eNH. CONCLUSIONS: eNH is common in patients with MSA and ALS who present with SRBD. eNH with overnight PtcCO2 monitoring is a useful biomarker to detect hypoventilation among neurodegenerative diseases with different SRBD mechanisms.

Sleep bruxism and sleep respiratory disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Sleep bruxism (SB) is a repetitive rhythmic and nonrhythmic activity. It can be a comorbid condition for other disorders, such as sleep breathing disorders (SBD). However, a clear causal link between these factors is yet to be established. Moreover, this relationship is even more unknown in children. Thus, this systematic review aimed to determine the relationship between SB and SBD in children and teenagers and consolidate the current knowledge about the possible association between both phenomena at the pediatric age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Advanced searches were performed in five electronic databases with the last search updated on February 1, 2023. The methodological quality of the selected studies was analyzed using the quality assessment tool for experimental bruxism studies. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of 6378 articles were selected for detailed analyses. Most articles found a comorbid relationship between SB and SBD, though no study analyzed a temporary relationship. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a meta-analysis could not be performed. CONCLUSION: Despite the limitations of this systematic review, it can be concluded that there is an association between SB and SBD in children. However, the level of evidence is low.

The objective assessment of sleep in cluster headache: State of the art and future directions.

Several lines of evidence suggest that cluster headache is related to chronobiology and sleep. Nevertheless, the nature of such a relationship is unclear. In this view, the objective evaluation of sleep in cluster headache has strong theoretical and clinical relevance. Here, we provide an in-depth narrative review of the literature on objective sleep assessment in cluster headache. We found that only a small number of studies (N = 12) focused on this topic. The key research aims were directed to assess: (a) the relationship between cluster headache and sleep breathing disorders; (b) the temporal relationship between sleep stages/events and cluster headache attacks; (c) sleep macrostructure in patients with cluster headache. No studies considered sleep microstructure. The reviewed studies are heterogeneous, conducted by a few research groups, and often characterised by relevant methodological flaws. Results are substantially inconclusive considering the main hypothesis. We outline several methodological points that should be considered for future research, and suggest that evaluating sleep microstructure, local sleep electrophysiology and actigraphic measures may strongly increase knowledge on the relationship between sleep and cluster headache.

[Alternative methods of therapy for comorbid sleep disorders as a method of choice in adult patients with epilepsy]. / Al'ternativnye sposoby terapii komorbidnykh rasstroistv sna kak metod vybora u vzroslykh patsientov s epilepsiei.

OBJECTIVE: Systematization and generalization of data from domestic and foreign literature on alternative methods of treatment of sleep disorders in epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search for data from domestic and foreign literary sources was carried out in the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar. RESULTS: The data of modern randomized trials, meta-analyzes on the effectiveness of various non-traditional methods as a method of choice for epilepsy with comorbid sleep disorders have been analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Complementary (alternative) treatments have many advantages over the classical pharmacotherapy of sleep disorders in epilepsy, in the form of non-invasiveness, low incidence of side-effects, ease of use, and lack of a dose-dependent effect. Of course, the targets of most of the above methods are not focused and not very specific, and the sample size is too small to obtain impartial and meaningful clinical conclusions, but this once again emphasizes the urgent need for large-scale clinical trials, which is necessary to develop evidence-based treatments for comorbid sleep disorders in epilepsy.

Orofacial myofunctional reeducation assisted by a prefabricated reeducation appliance: towards a necessary paradigm shift / Rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale assistée par gouttière de rééducation préfabriquée et orthodontie : vers un nécessaire changement de paradigme

Introduction: Orofacial myofunctional reeducation (OFMR) is the rehabilitation of the muscles, functions and resting postures of the orofacial complex. It is used in the therapeutic management of orofacial dysfunction in patients of all ages and with a wide range of disorders and comorbidities. Objective: The main objective of this article was to advocate the association of orofacial myofunctional reeducation (OFMR) with the use of prefabricated reeducation appliances (PRAs) in orthodontics. Material and Method: A summary of published data was carried out and the conclusions of a cross-sectional epidemiological study were reported. The aim of the study was to assess the current state of orofacial myofunctional rehabilitation in orthodontics in France. Consideration was given to the relevance of the arguments put forward by manufacturers regarding the specific features of their devices and their supposed effects. Results: Published data, albeit of uneven methodological quality, seem to show the superiority of orofacial myofunctional reeducation combined with the use of a prefabricated reeducation appliance (PRA), compared with the use of OFMR without PRA. A new, more effective, simpler and less time-consuming approach to PRA-assisted OFMR is proposed. The project for a new model of prefabricated reeducation appliance is presented. Ten clinical cases are presented to illustrate the clinical and administrative aspects of this PRA-assisted RMOF. Original clinical approaches are also presented: mandibular disocclusion and recentering wedges (MDRW), anti-retrusion wedges (ARW) and sequential multi-attachment bonding (SMB), mandibular then maxillary. Conclusion: PRA-assisted OFMR appears to be a necessary paradigm shift, which it would be useful to offer our patients.

Introduction: La rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale (RMOF) est la rééducation des muscles, des fonctions et des postures de repos du complexe orofacial. Elle est utilisée dans la prise en charge thérapeutique des dysfonctionnements orofaciaux chez des patients de tous âges et présentant un large éventail de troubles et de comorbidités. Objectif: L'objectif principal de cet article était de prôner l'association de la rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale (RMOF) avec le port d'une gouttière de rééducation préfabriquée (GRP) en orthodontie. Matériel et méthode: Une synthèse des données publiées a été effectuée et les conclusions d'une étude épidémiologique transversale ont été rapportées. Elle avait été menée pour dresser un état des lieux de la pratique de la rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale en orthodontie en France. Une réflexion a été conduite sur la pertinence des arguments avancés par les fabricants quant aux particularités de leurs dispositifs et leurs effets supposés. Résultats: Les données publiées, même de qualité méthodologique inégale, semblent montrer la supériorité d'une rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale associée au port d'une gouttière de rééducation préfabriquée (GRP) comparée à la mise en œuvre d'une RMOF sans GRP. Une nouvelle approche de la RMOF assistée par GRP, plus efficace, plus simple et moins chronophage est proposée. Le projet d'un nouveau modèle de gouttière de rééducation préfabriquée est exposé. Dix cas cliniques sont présentés pour illustrer les volets clinique et administratif de cette RMOF assistée par GRP. Des approches cliniques originales sont également exposées : cales de désocclusion et de recentrage mandibulaire (CDRM), cales anti-rétrusion (CAR) et collage multiattache séquentiel (CMS), mandibulaire puis maxillaire. Conclusion: La RMOF assistée par GRP apparaît comme un nécessaire changement de paradigme, dont il semble utile de faire bénéficier nos patients.

Orofacial myofunctional reeducation assisted by a prefabricated reeducation appliance: a systematic review of the literature / Rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale assistée par gouttière de rééducation préfabriquée : une revue systématique de la littérature

Introduction: Several cross-sectional studies have shown the association of a dysfunctional orofacial environment with a greater prevalence of malocclusions. Orofacial myofunctional reeducation (OFMR) is the rehabilitation of the muscles, functions and resting postures of the orofacial complex. It is used in the therapeutic management of orofacial dysfunction in patients of all ages and with a wide range of disorders and comorbidities. RMOF mainly uses isotonic and isometric exercises targeting the oral and oropharyngeal structures, combined with specific exercises for ventilation, swallowing and mastication. It may involve the use of prefabricated reeducation appliances (PRAs), which may also be prescribed to modify the shape and relationship of the dental arches. Objectives: The primary objective of this systematic review of the literature was to describe and evaluate the efficacy of prefabricated reeducation appliance-assisted OFMR in orthodontics, occlusodontics and dental sleep medicine. Its secondary objective was to assess whether the use of currently available PRAs is associated with adverse effects. Materials and Methods: The systematic literature review was undertaken using five electronic databases: Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Google Scholar, to identify studies evaluating the efficacy of PRA-assisted OFMR in the treatment of orofacial dysfunctions and parafunctions, temporo-mandibular dysfunction (TMD) or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children, adolescents and adults, published until 20 March 2023. The primary outcome of interest was the therapeutic efficacy of PRA-assisted OFMR. In patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), efficacy was assessed primarily by a decrease in the apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) of at least five episodes per hour from baseline, improvement in subjective sleep quality, sleep quality measured by nocturnal polysomnography and subjectively measured quality of life. In patients with orofacial dysfunctions, parafunctions or TMD, efficacy was assessed mainly by electromyography (EMG), history and clinical examination. Secondary outcomes were dentoalveolar or skeletal improvements, and possible adverse effects of the PRAs used, including adverse effects on occlusion. Results: Only fourteen studies met all inclusion criteria: two randomised controlled trials, one non-randomised controlled trial, five prospective case-control studies, two retrospective case-control studies, two prospective case series and two retrospective case series. The two randomised controlled trials were assessed as "low risk of bias" according to the Cochrane Back Review Group's 12 risk of bias criteria. The methodological quality of the remaining 12 included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool, according to the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook. One was judged to have a measured risk of bias, eight a significant risk of bias and three a critical risk of bias. Based on the available evidence, PRA-assisted OFMR results in a statistically significant (p=0.0425) reduction in AHI in children with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. In children with obstructive sleep apnoea undergoing adenoid and/or tonsil surgery, postoperative OFMR combined with a flexible PRA leads to a greater reduction in AHI compared to a control group and an improvement in SaO2 at 6 months and 12 months after surgery (p<0.01). It also contributes to greater improvement in sleep disturbance, physical fitness, daytime lethargy in the treated group than in the control group 6 months and 12 months after surgery (p<0.05). PRA-assisted OFMR provides correction of atypical swallowing and improvement in orofacial muscle balance. GRPs are generally less effective than activators for the treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusions and appear to cause more adverse effects, mainly vestibuloversion of the mandibular incisors. The use of PRA-assisted OFMR for the management of TMD is not validated by current evidence. Conclusions: Published data, albeit of uneven methodological quality, appear to show the superiority of OFMR combined with the use of a PRA, compared with the implementation of OFMR without PRA. Prospective studies with large sample sizes would be useful to better evaluate the new therapeutic possibilities brought by the combination of OFMR with a PRA. Continued attention should be paid to the monitoring of possible adverse effects of PRA-assisted OFMR on the dental arches, especially the vestibuloversion of the mandibular incisors. It might be useful to reflect on the relevance of the arguments put forward by manufacturers about the particularities of their devices and their supposed effects. PRA-assisted OFMR appears to be a necessary paradigm shift , which it seems useful to bring to our patients. Protocol registration: This protocol was registered on March 02, 2023 in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) and received the CRD number: CRD42023400421.

Introduction: Plusieurs études transversales ont montré l'association d'un environnement orofacial dysfonctionnel avec une plus grande prévalence de malocclusions. La rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale (RMOF) est la rééducation des muscles, des fonctions et des postures de repos du complexe orofacial. Elle est utilisée dans la prise en charge thérapeutique des dysfonctionnements orofaciaux chez des patients de tous âges et présentant un large éventail de troubles et de comorbidités. La RMOF met principalement en œuvre des exercices isotoniques et isométriques ciblant les structures buccales et oropharyngées, associés à des exercices spécifiques pour optimiser la ventilation, la déglutition et la mastication. Elle peut faire appel à des gouttières de rééducation préfabriquées (GRP) dont la prescription peut également viser l'objectif d'une modification des formes et des rapports d'arcades dentaires. Objectif: L'objectif principal de cette revue systématique de la littérature était de décrire et d'évaluer l'efficacité de la RMOF assistée par gouttières de rééducation préfabriquées en orthodontie, en occlusodontie et en médecine dentaire du sommeil. Son objectif secondaire était d'évaluer si l'emploi des GRP, actuellement disponibles, s'accompagne d'effets indésirables. Matériels et méthodes: La revue systématique de la littérature fut entreprise à partir de cinq bases de données électroniques : Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase et Google Scholar, afin d'identifier les études évaluant l'efficacité de la RMOF assistée par GRP dans le traitement des dysfonctions orofaciales et des parafonctions, des dysfonctionnements temporaux-mandibulaires (DTM) ou des syndromes d'apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) de l'enfant, de l'adolescent et de l'adulte, publiées jusqu'au 20 mars 2023. Le critère de jugement principal de cette revue systématique était l'efficacité thérapeutique de la RMOF assistée par GRP. Chez les patients souffrant d'apnée obstructive du sommeil (AOS), l'évaluation de l'efficacité s'appuyait principalement sur une diminution statistiquement significative de l'indice d'apnée/hypopnée (IHA) et sur une amélioration de la qualité subjective du sommeil, de la qualité du sommeil mesurée par polysomnographie nocturne et de la qualité de vie mesurée subjectivement. Chez les patients présentant des dysfonctions orofaciales, des parafonctions ou des DTM, l'évaluation de l'efficacité l'était principalement par l'électromyographie (EMG), l'anamnèse et l'examen clinique. Les critères de jugement secondaires étaient les améliorations dentoalvéolaires ou squelettiques, et les éventuels effets indésirables des GRP employées, dont des effets indésirables sur l'occlusion. Résultats: Seulement quatorze études répondaient à tous les critères d'inclusion : deux essais contrôlés randomisés, un essai contrôlé non randomisé, cinq études cas témoins prospectives, deux études cas-témoins rétrospectives, deux séries de cas prospectives et deux séries de cas rétrospectives. Les deux essais cliniques contrôlés randomisés ont été évalués à « faible risque de biais ¼ d'après les douze critères de risque de biais du Cochrane Back Review Group. La qualité méthodologique des 12 autres études incluses a été évaluée à l'aide de l'outil ROBINS-I, conformément aux recommandations du Cochrane Handbook. L'une a été jugée comme présentant un risque de biais mesuré, huit un risque de biais important et trois un risque de biais critique. D'après les données probantes disponibles, la RMOF assistée par GRP permet une réduction statistiquement significative (p = 0,0425) de l'IAH d'enfants souffrant d'apnée obstructive du sommeil légère à modérée. Chez des enfants souffrant d'apnée obstructive du sommeil et opérés des adénoïdes et/ou des amygdales, une RMOF postopératoire associée au port d'une GRP souple conduit à une plus grande réduction de l'IAH, comparativement à un groupe témoin, et une amélioration de la saturation en oxygène (SaO2), 6 mois et 12 mois après l'opération (p < 0,01). Elle contribue également à une amélioration des troubles du sommeil, de la condition physique, de la léthargie diurne plus importante dans le groupe traité que dans le groupe témoin, 6 mois et 12 mois après l'opération (p < 0,05). La RMOF assistée par GRP permet une correction jusqu'à 100 % de la déglutition atypique et une amélioration de l'équilibre musculaire orofacial. Les GRP sont généralement moins efficaces que les activateurs pour le traitement des malocclusions de classe II, division 1 et semblent entraîner davantage d'effets indésirables, principalement une vestibuloversion des incisives mandibulaires. L'utilisation de la RMOF assistée par GRP pour la prise en charge des DTM n'est pas validée par les preuves actuelles. Conclusions: Les données publiées, même de qualité méthodologique inégale, semblent montrer la supériorité d'une RMOF associée au port d'une GRP comparée à la mise en œuvre d'une RMOF sans GRP. La mise en œuvre d'études prospectives avec de grands échantillons serait utile pour mieux évaluer les nouvelles possibilités thérapeutiques apportées par l'association de la RMOF avec une GRP. Une attention constante devra être portée à la surveillance des éventuels effets indésirables sur les arcades dentaires des GRP associées à la RMOF, notamment la vestibuloversion des incisives mandibulaires. Il pourrait être utile de conduire une réflexion quant à la pertinence des arguments avancés par les fabricants sur les particularités de leurs dispositifs et leurs effets supposés. La RMOF assistée par GRP apparaît comme un nécessaire changement de paradigme, dont il semble utile de faire bénéficier nos patients. Enregistrement du protocole: Ce protocole a été enregistré le 2 mars 2023 dans l'International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) et a reçu le numéro CRD : CRD42023400421.

Investigating Cardiorespiratory Interaction Using Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography-A Narrative Review.

Ballistocardiography (BCG) and seismocardiography (SCG) are non-invasive techniques used to record the micromovements induced by cardiovascular activity at the body's center of mass and on the chest, respectively. Since their inception, their potential for evaluating cardiovascular health has been studied. However, both BCG and SCG are impacted by respiration, leading to a periodic modulation of these signals. As a result, data processing algorithms have been developed to exclude the respiratory signals, or recording protocols have been designed to limit the respiratory bias. Reviewing the present status of the literature reveals an increasing interest in applying these techniques to extract respiratory information, as well as cardiac information. The possibility of simultaneous monitoring of respiratory and cardiovascular signals via BCG or SCG enables the monitoring of vital signs during activities that require considerable mental concentration, in extreme environments, or during sleep, where data acquisition must occur without introducing recording bias due to irritating monitoring equipment. This work aims to provide a theoretical and practical overview of cardiopulmonary interaction based on BCG and SCG signals. It covers the recent improvements in extracting respiratory signals, computing markers of the cardiorespiratory interaction with practical applications, and investigating sleep breathing disorders, as well as a comparison of different sensors used for these applications. According to the results of this review, recent studies have mainly concentrated on a few domains, especially sleep studies and heart rate variability computation. Even in those instances, the study population is not always large or diversified. Furthermore, BCG and SCG are prone to movement artifacts and are relatively subject dependent. However, the growing tendency toward artificial intelligence may help achieve a more accurate and efficient diagnosis. These encouraging results bring hope that, in the near future, such compact, lightweight BCG and SCG devices will offer a good proxy for the gold standard methods for assessing cardiorespiratory function, with the added benefit of being able to perform measurements in real-world situations, outside of the clinic, and thus decrease costs and time.

Postoperative respiratory complications in children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

Objective: We aimed to prospectively assess the effect of comorbidities on the occurrence of postoperative respiratory complications (PoRCs) after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSA) and whether otherwise healthy children need a higher level of postoperative monitoring. Methods: 577 children who had OSA and underwent adenotonsillectomy were enrolled. The effects of demographics, comorbidities and OSA on PoRCs were investigated with logistic regression analysis. Results: The PoRC rate was 4.3%. Postoperative oxygen desaturations were more marked in patients with comorbidities (p = 0.005). The presence of comorbidity increased the risk of PoRCs (odds ratio 4.234/3.226-5.241, 95% confidence intervals, p < 0.001). There was no difference in apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) values between comorbid patients with and without PoRCs [8.2 (3.8-50.2) vs 14.3 (11.7-23.3)]. (p = 0.37). In the group of patients without comorbidities, PoRCs were associated with a higher AHI [14.7 (3.4-51.3) vs 3.9 (2.0- 8.0), p < 0.001]. Conclusions: Comorbidities are more closely linked with PoRCs than OSA severity. In patients without comorbidity, PoRCs are associated with OSA severity and usually occur within the first 2 hours after the intervention.

Optimizing Mandibular Advancement Maneuvers during Sleep Endoscopy with a Titratable Positioner: DISE-SAM Protocol.

Mandibular advancement devices (MAD) are an effective alternative treatment to CPAP. Different maneuvers were performed during drug sleep-induced endoscopy (DISE) to mimic the effect of MAD. Using the Selector Avance Mandibular (SAM) device, we aimed to identify MAD candidates during DISE using a titratable, reproducible, and measurable maneuver. This DISE-SAM protocol may help to find the relationship between the severity of the respiratory disorder and the degree of response and determine the advancement required to improve the collapsibility of the upper airway. Explorations were performed in 161 patients (132 males; 29 females) with a mean age of 46.81 (SD = 11.42) years, BMI of 27.90 (SD = 4.19) kg/m2, and a mean AHI of 26.51 (SD = 21.23). The results showed no relationship between severity and MAD recommendation. Furthermore, there was a weak positive relationship between the advancement required to obtain a response and the disease severity. Using the DISE-SAM protocol, the response and the range of mandibular protrusion were assessed, avoiding the interexaminer bias of the jaw thrust maneuver. We suggest prescribing MAD as a single, alternative, or multiple treatment approaches following the SAM recommendations in a personalized design.

Prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño en pacientes asmáticos que se controlan en el Hospital Roberto del Río: estudio piloto / Prevalence of sleep breathing disorders in asthmatic patients monitored at Roberto del Río Hospital: a pilot study

Introducción. El asma es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes en niños. Múltiples estudios han sugerido que en la infancia presenta una asociación significativa con los trastornos respiratorios del sueño, con una prevalencia en niños asmáticos de un 24%. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en pacientes con asma controlados en un hospital pediátrico (6-15 años). Pacientes y Método. Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios de sueño pediátrico validado en español (pediatric sleep questionnaire, PSQ) y el Cuestionario de Control del Asma en Niños (CAN) a los padres de los niños con diagnósticos de asma controlados en Hospital Roberto del Río, vía telefónica y vía email. Resultados: La prevalencia de TRS fue de 34,8%. Un 20% presenta mal control de asma definido como CAN >8. Un 58,1% de los padres reportaron sobrepeso en los pacientes Conclusiones: la prevalencia de TRS en los niños estudiados es alta y obliga a investigar en cada consulta por estos síntomas. Aplicar la encuesta en cada consulta, de forma online podría aportar al conocimiento de estos pacientes y mantener la prevalencia del problema actualizada, para focalizar las intervenciones apropiadas.

Introduction. Asthma is one of the most frequent chronic diseases in children, multiple studies have suggested that in childhood it presents a significant association with sleep-disordered breathing, with a prevalence in asthmatic children of 24%.The objective was to determine the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (RRT) in patients with asthma controlled in a pediatric hospital (6-15 years). Patients and Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional study. The pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) and the Child Asthma Control Questionnaire (CAN) were applied to the parents of children with controlled asthma diagnoses at Hospital Roberto del Río, by telephone and via e-mail. Results: The prevalence of RRT was 34.8%. 20% have poor asthma control defined as CAN> 8. 58.1% of parents reported overweight in patients Conclusions: the prevalence of RRT in the children studied is high and makes it necessary to investigate these symptoms at each visit. Applying the survey in each consultation, online, could contribute to the knowledge of these patients and keep the prevalence of the problem updated, in order to focalized the interventions.

Telemedicine Strategy to Rescue CPAP Therapy in Sleep Apnea Patients with Low Treatment Adherence: A Pilot Study.

Patients with sleep apnea are usually treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This therapy is very effective if the patient's adherence is satisfactory. However, although CPAP adherence is usually acceptable during the first months of therapy, it progressively decreases, with a considerable number of patients accepting average treatment duration below the effectiveness threshold (4 h/night). Herein, our aim was to describe and evaluate a novel telemedicine strategy for rescuing CPAP treatment in patients with low adherence after several months/years of treatment. This two-week intervention includes (1) patient support using a smartphone application, phone and voice recorder messages to be answered by a nurse, and (2) daily transmission and analysis of signals from the CPAP device and potential variation of nasal pressure if required. On average, at the end of the intervention, median CPAP adherence considerably increased by 2.17 h/night (from 3.07 to 5.24 h/night). Interestingly, the procedure was able to markedly rescue CPAP adherence: the number of patients with poor adherence (<4 h/night) was considerably reduced from 38 to 7. After one month, adherence improvement was maintained (median 5.09 h/night), and only 13 patients had poor adherence (<4 h/night). This telemedicine intervention (103€ per included patient) is a cost-effective tool for substantially increasing the number of patients with CPAP adherence above the minimum threshold for achieving positive therapeutic effects.

Determinants of sleep problems in children with intellectual disability.

Children with intellectual disabilities are more likely to experience sleep disorders of insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep breathing disorders than typically developing children. The present study examined risk factors for these sleep disorders in 447 children (aged 5-18 years), diagnosed with an intellectual disability and comorbid autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome or Rett syndrome. Primary caregivers reported on their child's sleep using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC), as well as medical comorbidities and functional abilities. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were used to examine the effects of these factors on SDSC t scores and a binary indicator, respectively for the relevant subscales. Receiving operating characteristic curves were generated for each logistic regression model to determine their ability to discriminate between poor and good sleep. Comorbidities rather than functional abilities were associated with poorer sleep. In particular, recurrent pain, frequent seizures, frequent coughing, constipation and prescription of sleep medications were associated with abnormal sleep across the entire sample, but predictors differed between diagnostic groups. The present study suggests that comorbidities are more strongly associated with quality of sleep than functional impairments. The present study provides new information on potential associations between frequent coughing, prescription sleep medications and sleep quality that should be further investigated.

The effect of buprenorphine vs methadone on sleep breathing disorders.

Opioids are used widely as analgesics and can play an important role in agonist maintenance therapy for opium dependence. Despite their benefits, the negative effects on the respiratory system remain an important side effect to be considered. Ataxic breathing, obstructive sleep apnea, and most of all central sleep apnea are among these concerns. Obstructive sleep apnea leads to various metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and mental side effects and may result in abrupt mortality. Buprenorphine is a semisynthetic opioid, a partial mu-opioid agonist with limited respiratory toxicity preferably used by these patients, as it is accompanied by significantly lower risk factors in the development of obstructive and central sleep apnea. In this manuscript, the case of a patient is reported who underwent methadone maintenance therapy which was shifted to buprenorphine in order to observe possible changes in sleep-related breathing disorders. The results of this study indicate a reduction in these problems through the desaturation and apnea hypopnea index of methadone substituted by buprenorphine while no change in sleepiness was observed.

The effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia in cardiovascular gene expression is modulated by age in a mice model of sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a major determinant in obstructive sleep apnea cardiovascular morbidity and this effect is influenced by age. The objective of the present study was to assess the differential molecular mechanisms at gene-level expression involved in the cardiovascular remodeling induced by CIH according to chronological age. METHODS: Two- and 18-month-old mice (N = 8 each) were subjected to CIH or normoxia for 8 weeks. Total messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted from left ventricle myocardium and aortic arch, and gene expression of 46 intermediaries of aging, oxidative stress, and inflammation was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Cardiac gene expression of Nrf2 (2.05-fold increase, p < 0.001), Sod2 (1.9-fold increase, p = 0.035), Igf1r (1.4-fold increase, p = 0.028), Mtor (1.8-fold increase, p = 0.06), Foxo3 (1.5-fold increase, p = 0.020), Sirt4, Sirt6, and Sirt7 (1.3-fold increase, p = 0.012; 1.1-fold change, p = 0.031; 1.3-fold change, p = 0.029) was increased after CIH in young mice, but not in old mice. In aortic tissue, endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase was reduced in young mice (p < 0.001), Nrf2 was reduced in 80% (p < 0.001) in young mice and 45% (p = 0.07) in old mice, as its downstream antioxidant target Sod2 (82% reduced, p < 0.001). IL33. CONCLUSIONS: CIH effect in gene expression is organ-dependent, and is modulated by age. CIH increased transcriptional expression of genes involved in cardioprotection and cell survival in young, but not in old mice. In aortic tissue, CIH reduced gene expression related to an antioxidant response in both young and old mice, suggesting vascular oxidative stress and a proaging process.

Sleep Apnoea Adverse Effects on Cancer: True, False, or Too Many Confounders?

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder associated with increased cardiovascular, metabolic and neurocognitive morbidity. Recently, an increasing number of basic, clinical and epidemiological reports have suggested that OSA may also increase the risk of cancer, and adversely impact cancer progression and outcomes. This hypothesis is convincingly supported by biological evidence linking certain solid tumours and hypoxia, as well as by experimental studies involving cell and animal models testing the effects of intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation that characterize OSA. However, the clinical and epidemiological studies do not conclusively confirm that OSA adversely affects cancer, even if they hold true for specific cancers such as melanoma. It is likely that the inconclusive studies reflect that they were not specifically designed to test the hypothesis or because of the heterogeneity of the relationship of OSA with different cancer types or even sub-types. This review critically focusses on the extant basic, clinical, and epidemiological evidence while formulating proposed directions on how the field may move forward.

Investigation of Sleep Breathing Disorders in Young Patients (Under 55 years) with Mild Stroke.

INTRODUCTION: Many patients with stroke also have sleep breathing disorders (SBD), most of which is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: Sixty patients with a history of stroke aged under 55 years were included in our study. The demographic characteristics (age at stroke, sex, body mass index) of the patients and etiology of stroke was evaluated according to the Trial of Org 10712 in Acute Stroke (TOAST) classification. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) were used to evaluate functionality. All patients underwent polysomnography (PSG) investigations. FINDINGS: Based on PSG investigations, seven patients were normal, 10 had primary snoring, and 14 had mild, 11 had moderate, and 18 had severe OSA. The demographic characteristics did not differ significantly between the groups. No significant correlation was found between disease severity and NIHSS, MRS or TOAST classifications. Large artery atherosclerosis in the etiology, facial paralysis and dysarthria in the neurological examination, and brain stem involvement in the stroke location were observed to accumulate in the severe OSA group. When the anterior system, posterior system, and association of both were compared for vessel location, no significant difference was found regarding circulatory systems. CONCLUSIONS: It is considered that SBD has also a role in the etiology of stroke in patients aged under 55 years, and it should be taken into consideration as much as other risk factors. This is the first study to emphasize the importance of this topic in the literature.

Reduced cortical arousability to nocturnal apneic episodes in patients with wake-up ischemic stroke.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep breathing disorders (SBD) have been linked to wake-up stroke (WUS). Respiratory arousals have an important role in responding to danger during sleep, yet currently no studies have investigated respiratory arousability in WUS. In this study, we used a clinical tool to predict low respiratory arousal threshold (ArTH), and then compared respiratory arousability in patients with WUS and non-WUS. METHODS: We enrolled 119 patients with acute ischemic stroke and assigned them into WUS (n = 34) and non-WUS (n = 85) groups. All participants underwent polysomnography (PSG) during the acute phase of stroke. The respiratory ArTH predictive tool assigns one point for each of the following: apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) < 30/h, nadir oxygen saturation (SaO2) > 82.5%, and fraction of hypopneas > 58.3%. An ArTH score ≥2 represents low respiratory ArTH. RESULTS: Our results reconfirmed the association between moderate-to-severe sleep apnea syndrome and WUS (OR 2.879, 95% CI 1.17-7.089, p = 0.021). Significantly fewer participants with obstructive sleep apnea (AHI ≥ 5/h) had low respiratory ArTH in the WUS group than in the non-WUS group (34.8% vs. 68.1%, respectively, p = 0.008). High respiratory ArTH was independently associated with WUS (OR 5.556, 95% CI 1.959-15.761, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between SBD and WUS suggests that sleep apnea might induce acute physiological changes that trigger the onset of stroke. We show that reduced respiratory arousability is associated with WUS, and hypothesize that reduced cortical capability to generate respiratory arousal may have a role in triggering stroke during sleep.

El paciente ortodóncico en dentición mixta y los trastornos del sueño / The orthodontic patient with mixed dentition and sleep disorders

Los desórdenes respiratorios del sueño (DRS) y, principalmente, roncopatías y apneas obstructivas afectan aproximadamente al 7% de los pacientes ortodóncicos. Los DRS no solo son importantes por la cantidad de pacientes afectados, sino por la gravedad de los posibles efectos secundarios a nivel de la salud general del paciente. La obstrucción de las vías aéreas superiores (VAS) provoca alteraciones del crecimiento y deformaciones craneofaciales importantes, por lo que el tratamiento temprano y la prevención de la respiración oral es muy importante.El papel del ortodoncista es muy importante en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento de los DRS, pero también en su prevención, realizando tratamientos que aumenten la dimensión y la permeabilidad de las VAS. El protocolo de exploración interdisciplinar en niños y adolescentes y la cefalometría de vías aéreas son importantes en el diagnóstico y deben ser tenidos en cuenta en el plan de tratamiento. Pero las pruebas más significativas, el CBCT de vías aéreas y la polisomnografía no son pruebas rutinarias por la dificultad logística y el precio de estas pruebas. En este artículo también se recomiendan los tratamientos de ortodoncia más indicados en estos casos y que tienden al aumento de la dimensión de las VAS (AU)

Sleep breathing disorders (SBD) and in the first place, roncopathy and obstructive apnea, affect approximately 7% of orthodontic patients. The SBD are not only important for the number of affected patients, but also for the severity of the possible side effects at the level of general health of a patient. The upper air ways (UAW) obstruction provokes important alterations in growth and craniofacial deformations, and this is why the early treatment and prevention of mouth breathing are very important. The role of an orthodontist in diagnosis and treatment of SBD is very important, but it is also in its prevention, carrying out the treatments which increase the dimension and permeability of UAW. The protocol of interdisciplinary examination.In children and adolescents and the air ways cephalometry analysis have an important role in diagnosis and they should be taken into account in treatment planning. But the most important tests, the air ways CBCT and polysomnography, are not routine tests due to the complicated logistics and their cost. In this article, the orthodontic treatments most indicated in these cases are recommended, because they tend to increase the UAW dimension (AU)