Phosphoproteome analyses pinpoint the F-box protein SLOW MOTION as a regulator of warm temperature-mediated hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis.

Hypocotyl elongation is controlled by several signals and is a major characteristic of plants growing in darkness or under warm temperature. While already several molecular mechanisms associated with this process are known, protein degradation and associated E3 ligases have hardly been studied in the context of warm temperature. In a time-course phosphoproteome analysis on Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to control or warm ambient temperature, we observed reduced levels of diverse proteins over time, which could be due to transcription, translation, and/or degradation. In addition, we observed differential phosphorylation of the LRR F-box protein SLOMO MOTION (SLOMO) at two serine residues. We demonstrate that SLOMO is a negative regulator of hypocotyl growth, also under warm temperature conditions, and protein-protein interaction studies revealed possible interactors of SLOMO, such as MKK5, DWF1, and NCED4. We identified DWF1 as a likely SLOMO substrate and a regulator of warm temperature-mediated hypocotyl growth. We propose that warm temperature-mediated regulation of SLOMO activity controls the abundance of hypocotyl growth regulators, such as DWF1, through ubiquitin-mediated degradation.

The impact of acute weight loss following bariatric surgery on Eustachian tube function.

Obesity has emerged as a pressing concern in contemporary society, prompting an increase in bariatric surgery (BS) procedures for severe obesity management. Post-bariatric weight loss might cause complications, such as a reduction in the soft tissue surrounding the Eustachian tube, potentially affecting its function. This cohort prospective study, conducted between May and December 2022, aimed to assess the impact of post-bariatric acute weight loss on Eustachian tube function. A total of 54 cases of bariatric surgery and 157 control subjects were included in the study. Data on socio-demographics, weight, and the type of bariatric surgery were collected for the study group. ET function was assessed using the Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7). Approximately 55% of the participants fell within the age range of 18-25 years, with the majority (91.4%) having not undergone bariatric surgery. Conversely, participants who underwent BS were significantly more prevalent in the older age groups, specifically those over 50, between 40-50, and 31-40 years (p<0.001). Our sample consisted of 82.5% females and 17.5% males, with BS being significantly more common among male subjects (45.9%) compared to females (21.3%) (p=0.002). The mean total ETDQ-7 in control subjects was significantly higher (11.29±5.49) compared to those who had BS (9.11±4.09). Moreover, when comparing the ETDQ-7 between subjects who had BS and the control group, no statistically significant differences were observed in the total ETDQ-7 score and across all seven items within the ETDQ-7. Based on these findings, bariatric surgery did not have a major effect on ET function.

The impact of physical load on duration estimation in sport.

We investigated whether physical load has an influence on the accuracy of duration estimation of sporting activities presented in real time and slow motion. 86 participants were studied in two single sessions of 45 min each. Our results showed no general effects for physical load, when comparing physical load versus rest. However, we could replicate findings of past research (Schütz et al., 2021), showing that the duration of sports performance is estimated more accurately when presented in real time compared to slow motion. Further we found, that under physical load, participants perceiving the physical exercise as hard (RPE ≥15) estimated time significantly shorter and more accurately compared to participants perceiving the physical exercise as light or moderate (RPE <15). Thus, our results suggest that using slow motion may worsen the assessment of sports performance. Additionally, we could show that intense physical exertion contributes to reducing the overestimation of time.

[Development of a One-minute Educational Video for Eye-drop Instillation and Changes in Instillation Behavior after Watching the Video].

We created a one-minute video titled "a simple method of eye-drop instillation" (video) for online instillation guidance, to compare the instillation method before and after study participants watch the video and verify the usefulness of watching the video. Moreover, we prepared a document questionnaire to investigate instillation habits and clarify instillation behavior. Study participants were randomly recruited from among students and faculty members via a poster posted at Tokushima Bunri University. The instillation behavior of the study participants was videotaped before and after they watched the video created by the authors. The images were played in a super slow motion, to confirm success or failure in instillation, drop sites, and eye-opening method. Of the 109 participants in the study, the successful instillation rate before and after watching the video was 55.0% and 69.7%, respectively. The use rate of wet wipes for finger disinfection before instillation increased from 0.0% before watching the video to 74.3% after watching the video. After watching the video, the blinking rate after instillation decreased from 95.4 to 45.0%, the rate of pressing the nasolacrimal duct increased from 2.8 to 77.1%, and the rate of wiping the drug solution spilled around the eyes increased from 89.9 to 98.2%. According to the questionnaire, 72.5% of the participants instilled one drop, 22.0% instilled two drops, and 5.5% instilled three drops or more. Watching the video significantly increased the successful instillation rate and improved instillation behavior. Thus, the video created by the authors can be used for online instillation guidance.

Slow motion bias: Exploring the relation between time overestimation and increased perceived intentionality.

Recent research on time perception has revealed that actions which are replayed in slow motion are perceived to take longer and rated to be more intentional (e.g., foul plays). Interestingly, the bias on duration estimations seems to disappear when information on the slow motion factor (i.e., the degree the video was slowed down) was provided. Here, we scrutinize the question whether also the intentionality bias disappears when explicit information about the slow motion factor is provided. To this end, two groups watched the same video clips, all displaying foul situations in a basketball match, in different video speeds. While the uninformed group saw the videos without further information, the informed group received additional information about the current slow motion factor. This study replicated the overestimation of original duration with increasing slow motion and indicated that this effect might be reduced when information about the slow motion factor is provided. However, despite generally lower intentionality ratings in the informed group, video speed information was not able to reduce the rise in intentionality ratings with increasing slow motion. Potential reasons and open questions regarding the nature and mechanisms behind these perceptual temporal biases (e.g., different time processing systems) are discussed.

Evaluation of Eustachian Tube Function in Cases of Chronic Otitis Media by Dynamic Slow Motion Videoendoscopy and Impedance Audiometry.

Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction is known to be a cause for various middle ear diseases. Dynamic slow motion videoendoscopy (DSVE) and impedance audiometry (IA) can both be employed to evaluate ET dysfunction. To assess the role of DSVE and IA for diagnosing ET dysfunction in cases of middle ear disorders. It is a prospective case control study. 102 ears with chronic otitis media were taken as cases and 102 healthy ears as controls. IA and DSVE were performed to assess ET function in both the groups. Sensitivity/ specificity of both the diagnostic tests were evaluated in case and control groups. Out of 102 ET of case group exposed to both tests, 87 were found to have ET dysfunction by DSVE and 80 by IA. Among 102 ET of control group 78 were identified as normal by DSVE while 87 by IA. On applying chi square test in both these groups, the associations were significant. (p value < 0.0001). Patients with grade 2B or higher on DSVE endoscopy had abnormal IA findings, indicating that higher the grade on DSVE, higher the chance of abnormal IA. DSVE and IA are potentially useful tools in evaluation of cases of COM and which provide information regarding functional and pathological factors responsible for ET dysfunction.

The Impact of Video Speed on the Estimation of Time Duration in Sport.

The authors investigated the impact of video speed on judging the duration of sport performance. In three experiments, they investigated whether the speed of video presentation (slow motion vs. real time) has an influence on the accuracy of time estimation of sporting activities (n1 = 103; n2 = 100; n3 = 106). In all three studies, the time estimation was more accurate in real time than in slow motion, in which time was overestimated. In two studies, the authors initially investigated whether actions in slow motion are perceived to last longer because the distance they cycled or ran is perceived to be longer (n4 = 92; n5 = 106). The results support the hypothesis that the duration of sporting activities is estimated more accurately when they are presented in real time than in slow motion. Sporting officials' judgments that require accurate time estimation may thus be biased when based on slow-motion displays.

Usability and Reliability of the Edinburgh Visual Gait Score in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy Using Smartphone Slow-Motion Video Technology and a Motion Analysis Application: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: The Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (EVGS) is a comprehensive measure of gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and has good psychometric properties. However, it is cumbersome to administer and requires multiple devices to record and measure its various components. We conducted this study to determine if a smartphone video protocol could be used to improve the usability and reliability of the EVGS for daily use in a clinic setting. METHODS: We used a handheld smartphone camera with slow-motion video technology and a motion analysis application to record and measure the EVGS of 30 ambulatory children with spastic CP. We tested the inter- and intra-rater reliability of various components of the EVGS between two observers. RESULTS: Average age was 7 years 3 months (range 4-14 years). The mean (range) EVGS scores for the trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, ankle, and foot were 1.18 (0-3), 0.68 (0-3), 1.1 (0-4), 3.95 (1.5-7.5), 1.87 (0-4) and 4.13 (2-6.5) respectively. Total score was 12.92 (7-21.5). The mean (SD) scores for Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels II and III were 10.73 (3.86) and 14.96 (4.2) (p < 0.001). The intra-observer and inter-observer reliability using percentage of complete agreement was 65-98.3% and 61.7-92.5% respectively, with kappa values ranging from 0.15 to 0.87. Reliability was more for distal limb segments as compared to proximal segments. CONCLUSION: We have described a simple and reliable method for quantitative OGA of children with CP, using smartphone video technology and motion analysis application, which can be performed by every clinician in an office setting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Time Distortions: A Systematic Review of Cases Characteristic of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome.

Of the perceptual distortions characteristic of Alice in Wonderland syndrome, substantial alterations in the immediate experience of time are probably the least known and the most fascinating. We reviewed original case reports to examine the phenomenology and associated pathology of these time distortions in this syndrome. A systematic search in PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the historical literature yielded 59 publications that described 168 people experiencing time distortions, including 84 detailed individual case reports. We distinguished five different types of time distortion. The most common category comprises slow-motion and quick-motion phenomena. In 39% of all cases, time distortions were unimodal in nature, while in 61% there was additional involvement of the visual (49%), kinaesthetic (18%), and auditory modalities (14%). In all, 40% of all time distortions described were bimodal in nature and 19% trimodal, with 1% involving four modalities. Underlying neurological mechanisms are varied and may be triggered by intoxications, infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, CNS lesions, paroxysmal neurological disorders, and psychiatric disorders. Bizarre sensations of time alteration-such as time going backwards or moving in circles-were mostly associated with psychosis. Pathophysiologically, mainly occipital areas appear to be involved, although the temporal network is widely disseminated, with separate component timing mechanisms not always functioning synchronously, thus occasionally creating temporal mismatches within and across sensory modalities (desynchronization). Based on our findings, we propose a classification of time distortions and formulate implications for research and clinical practice.

Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition.

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) is one of the most common tools for assessing the fundamental movement skills (FMS) in children between 3 and 10 years. This study aimed to examine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the TGMD-3rd Edition (TGMD-3) between expert and novice raters using live and video assessment. Five raters [2 experts and 3 novices (one of them BSc in Physical Education and Sport Science)] assessed and scored the performance of the TGMD-3 of 25 healthy children [Female: 60%; mean (standard deviation) age 9.16 (1.31)]. Schoolchildren were attending at one public elementary school during the academic year 2019-2020 from Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Raters scored each children performance through two viewing moods (live and slow-motion). The ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) was used to determine the agreement between raters. Our results showed moderate-to-excellent intra-rater reliability for overall score and locomotor and ball skills subscales; moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability for overall and ball skills; and poor-to-good for locomotor subscale. Higher intra-rater reliability was achieved by the expert raters and novice rater with physical education background compared to novice raters. However, the inter-rater reliability was more variable in all the raters regardless of their experience or background. No significant differences in reliability were found when comparing live and video assessments. For clinical practice, it would be recommended that raters reach an agreement before the assessment to avoid subjective interpretations that might distort the results.

Why Do Actions in Slow Motion Appear to Last Longer? On the Effect of Video Speed Information.

When displayed in slow motion, actions are often perceived longer compared with original speed. However, it remains to be determined why this bias exists. Is it possible that the bias emerges because participants underestimate the factor by which a video was slowed down and hence arrive at erroneous conclusions about the original duration? If true, providing explicit information about the respective video speed should eliminate this slow motion effect. To scrutinize the nature of this bias, participants rated the original duration of sports actions displayed at original speed or slow motion. Results revealed the expected overestimation bias consisting in longer ratings with increasing slow motion. However, the bias disappeared when information about the current video speed was provided. The observations suggest an influence of knowledge about video playback speed on cognitive-evaluative processes which may hold important implications for future research and practice.

Varied speeds of video demonstration do not influence the learning of a dance skill.

The effects of slow-motion and real time video speed demonstration, under mixed-modeling conditions (skilled model plus self-observation), were examined to identify whether there was an optimal demonstration speed, or combination thereof, for learning the dance pirouette en dehors skill. Fifty-one participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups with different video demonstration speeds: (1) slow-motion, (2) real-time, or (3) a combination of slow-motion and real-time. Following a pre-test, participants completed eight blocks of nine training trials (comprised of five physical and four observational practice trials). Physical performance and cognitive representation assessments revealed that participants' scores significantly improved for both assessments throughout acquisition (p's < 0.05), as well as from pre- to post-test (p's < 0.001), indicating learning of the skill. There were no significant differences, however, between the three experimental groups. These findings suggest that both real-time and slow-motion video demonstration, or their combined presentation, do not yield differences in motor learning outcomes related to the pirouette en dehors.

High-Speed Video Cryomicroscopy for Measurement of Intracellular Ice Formation Kinetics.

Quantitative information about the kinetics and cumulative probability of intracellular ice formation is necessary to develop minimally damaging freezing procedures for the cryopreservation of cells and tissues. Conventional cryomicroscopic assays, which rely on indirect evidence of intracellular freezing (e.g., opacity changes in the cell cytoplasm), can yield significant errors in the estimated kinetics. In contrast, the formation and growth of intracellular ice crystals can be accurately detected using temporally resolved imaging methods (i.e., video recording at sub-millisecond resolution). Here, detailed methods for the setup and operation of a high-speed video cryomicroscope system are described, including protocols for imaging of intracellular ice crystallization events and stochastic analysis of the ice formation kinetics in a cell population. Recommendations are provided for temperature profile design, sample preparation, and configuration of the video acquisition parameters. Throughout this chapter, the protocols incorporate best practices that have been drawn from two decades of experience with high-speed video cryomicroscopy in our laboratory.

Is the perception of intent by association football officials influenced by video playback speed?

Recent research on motion perception indicates that when we view actions in slow-motion, the perceived degree of intent behind those actions can increase. Slow-motion replays are widely used in the checking and review of refereeing decisions by video assistant referees (VAR) in association football. To test whether the decisions of referees are subject to such a bias, 80 elite English professional football officials made decisions about 60 incidents recorded in professional European leagues (recorded as fouls, yellow-card offences or red-card offences by the on-field referee). Both real-time (1×) and slow-motion (0.25×) playback speeds were used. Participants had no prior knowledge of the incidents, playback speeds or disciplinary sanctions relating to each clip. Three judgements were made about each incident: extent of contact, degree of intent, and disciplinary sanction. Results showed an effect of playback speed on decision-making, but not a consistent bias due to slow-motion. Instead the distinction between yellow-card and red-card offences was clearer: Under slow-motion, yellow-card incidents were judged as less severe, and red-card incidents are judged as more severe, thus enhancing the distinction between these offences. These results are inconsistent with previous scientific reports that perceived intent is heightened by slow video playback speed.

Role of Eustachian Dysfunction and Primary Sclerotic Mastoid Pneumatisation Pattern in Aetiology of Squamous Chronic Otitis Media: A Correlative Study.

Squamous chronic otitis media (COM) implies formation of a retraction pocket (inactive form) or frank cholesteatoma (active form) in pars tensa or pars flaccida of tympanic membrane. A retraction pocket or frank cholesteatoma are believed to occur due to tubal dysfunction. The present study was undertaken to investigate the pattern of mastoid pneumatisation and Eustachian dysfunction by dynamic slow motion videoendoscopy (DSVE) in cases of both, active and inactive type of squamous chronic otitis media (COM). 52 patients (65 ears) comprising of twenty-six ears with pars flaccida squamous disease and 39 ears with Pars Tensa squamous disease were enrolled for the study. DSVE findings, in terms of grade and type of Eustachian dysfunction were noted. Mastoid pneumatization pattern on CT-scans, and peroperative status of mastoid pneumatisation, especially contracted mastoid with anteriorly placed sigmoid sinus or low lying dura were also recorded for every case while performing tympano-mastoidectomy. Primary sclerotic/diploic type of mastoid pneumatisation pattern and Eustachian dysfunction were found to have inverse relationship in the cases of squamous otitis media. Eustachian dysfunction, diagnosed on DSVE, had significant association with both pars flaccida (P = 0.0001) and pars tensa disease (P = 0.0007). Primary sclerotic or diploic mastoid were found to be more common in ears with pars flaccida squamous disease than pars tensa COM (46.15% vs. 38.46%, P < 0.05).

Intraoperative real-time identification of abnormal vessels within the bright field by superselective arterial injection of saline and its slow-motion recording using a high frame rate digital camera during surgical treatment of spinal arteriovenous shunts: technical note.

The authors describe a novel method of observing blood flow in abnormal vessels with slow-motion video during surgical treatment of spinal arteriovenous shunts. The method is based on the use of superselective angiography with saline for visualizing abnormal vessels in bright field and commercially available high frame rate digital camera for recording slow-motion video.

The impact of video speed on the decision-making process of sports officials.

There is an increasing trend in association football (soccer) to assist referees in their decision-making with video technology. For decisions such as whether a goal has been scored or which player actually committed a foul, video technology can provide more objective information and be valuable to increase decisional accuracy. It is unclear, however, to what extent video replays can aid referee decisions in the case of foul-play situations in which the decision is typically more ambiguous. In this study, we specifically evaluated the impact of slow-motion replays on decision-making by referees. To this end, elite referees of five different countries (n = 88) evaluated 60 different foul-play situations taken from international matches, replayed in either real time or slow motion. Our results revealed that referees penalized situations more severely in slow motion compared to real time (e.g. red card with a yellow card reference decision). Our results provide initial evidence that video replay speed can have an important impact on the disciplinary decision given by the referee in case of foul play. The study also provides a real-life test-case for theories and insights regarding causality perception.

Dynamic Slow Motion Video Endoscopy as an Adjunct to Impedance Audiometry in the Assessment of Eustachian Tube Function

Abstract Introduction Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction plays an important role not only in the pathophysiology of various middle ear disorders, but also in predicting the outcome of the treatment. As there is no single test that assesses both the anatomic and physiological functions of the ET, a combination of tympanometry and dynamic slow motion video endoscopy may improve the sensitivity of ET function assessment. Objective To find out if there is any correlation between dynamic slow motion nasal video endoscopy and impedance audiometry in assessing ET function in patients with middle ear diseases. Methods Ours was a descriptive study performed with 106 patients attending the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Outpatient Department of a tertiary care center in South India with features suggestive ofmiddle ear disease. All patients underwent impedance audiometry and dynamic slow motion nasal video endoscopy, and were graded based on the severity of the ET pathology. Results A total of 47 out of 97 patients with abnormal endoscopy findings also had abnormal impedance audiometry. The correlation was greater among the patients with higher grades of ET dysfunction. The endoscopy findings of 106 cases, when correlated with middle ear manometry, revealed that 56 cases showed complete agreement, and 50 cases showed disagreement. The nasal endoscopy results, when correlated with middle ear manometry studies by using McNemar's chi-squared (χ2) test, showed a significant association between the 2 tests (p = 0.017). Conclusion There is a significant alteration in middle ear pressure as the severity of the ET tube dysfunction increases. Impedance audiometry and nasal endoscopy provide a better measure of ET function.

Dynamic Slow Motion Video Endoscopy as an Adjunct to Impedance Audiometry in the Assessment of Eustachian Tube Function.

Introduction Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction plays an important role not only in the pathophysiology of various middle ear disorders, but also in predicting the outcome of the treatment. As there is no single test that assesses both the anatomic and physiological functions of the ET, a combination of tympanometry and dynamic slow motion video endoscopy may improve the sensitivity of ET function assessment. Objective To find out if there is any correlation between dynamic slow motion nasal video endoscopy and impedance audiometry in assessing ET function in patients with middle ear diseases. Methods Ours was a descriptive study performed with 106 patients attending the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Outpatient Department of a tertiary care center in South India with features suggestive of middle ear disease. All patients underwent impedance audiometry and dynamic slow motion nasal video endoscopy, and were graded based on the severity of the ET pathology. Results A total of 47 out of 97 patients with abnormal endoscopy findings also had abnormal impedance audiometry. The correlation was greater among the patients with higher grades of ET dysfunction. The endoscopy findings of 106 cases, when correlated with middle ear manometry, revealed that 56 cases showed complete agreement, and 50 cases showed disagreement. The nasal endoscopy results, when correlated with middle ear manometry studies by using McNemar's chi-squared (χ 2 ) test, showed a significant association between the 2 tests ( p = 0.017). Conclusion There is a significant alteration in middle ear pressure as the severity of the ET tube dysfunction increases. Impedance audiometry and nasal endoscopy provide a better measure of ET function.