Three in four smokers want to quit tobacco (reference to reassessing the smoking target in Japan): findings from the JASTIS2021 study.

BACKGROUND: To enhance tobacco control in Japan, the government set a future smoking rate target (smoking prevalence = 12% by 2022) arguing that the "smoking rate target is expected if only smokers who want to quit smoking now, actually quit". However, ideally both those wanting to quit now and those who wanted to in the past will succeed in the future. We aimed to re-define smokers who intend to quit and estimate their number. We also examined determinants of intention to quit, including daily tobacco consumption and tobacco use categories (exclusive combustible cigarette users, exclusive heated tobacco product (HTP) users, and dual (combustible cigarette and HTP)) users. METHODS: Using data from the 2021 Japan 'Society and New Tobacco' Internet Survey, we analyzed 5,072 current smokers (had used combustible cigarettes or HTPs in the past 30 days) aged 20-80 years. Smokers who intend to quit were defined as total smokers who want to quit now, have previously attempted or previously wanted to quit. Log-Poisson regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for intention to quit (current or current/past), adjusting for potential covariates such as tobacco use categories. RESULTS: Among current smokers, 40.6% want to quit now, 27.0% have previously attempted and 9.0% have previously wanted to quit. Smokers of over 20 tobacco sticks/day are less likely to want to quit now than 1-10 /day (aOR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.71-0.87) and less likely to intend to quit (both current and past) (aOR = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.88-0.98). Exclusive HTP and dual users were more likely to intend to quit (both current and past) than exclusive combustible cigarette users (aOR = 1.09, 95%CI = 1.04-1.14) and (aOR = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.03-1.12). CONCLUSIONS: In total, 76.6% of current smokers, were defined as having intention to quit (both current and past). Applying this percentage to the target calculation, Japan's smoking rate target would be 3.9%, considerably lower than the current target of 12%. The Japanese government may have to revise the smoking rate target. Additionally, we found that the usage of HTPs reduces intention to quit smoking. These insights have implications for setting of smoking rate targets and regulating HTPs in different countries.

The synergetic effect of alcohol consumption and cigarettes per day on smoking outcomes expectancies among Latinx adult smokers.

The present study investigated alcohol consumption and cigarettes per day in relation to smoking outcome expectancies among Spanish-speaking Latinx daily smokers (N = 371). There was a significant interaction between alcohol consumption and number of cigarettes per day on positive smoking expectancies. Specifically, alcohol consumption has a stronger association with positive expectancies for smoking at lower rates of cigarettes per day. No such interaction was evident for negative consequence smoking expectancies. The current study highlights the potential importance of alcohol consumption and smoking rate for better understanding smoking outcome expectancies among Latinx smokers.

Successful Smoking Cessation among Women Smokers Based on Utilizing National Smoking Cessation Service Type in Korea.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the successful smoking cessation across different national smoking cessation services. METHODS: This study included data that had been previously entered into the integrated information system for smoking cessation services and comprised 144,688 participants after excluding missing data. These clinics provide face-to-face counseling, phone calls, text messages, and e-mail services for six months and nine sessions. RESULTS: The women-only program had the lowest success rate (11.3%). Compared with the women-only program, the six-month success rate of smoking cessation clinic at public health centers (OR = 3.72, CI = [3.52, 3.92]), visiting-type smoking cessation clinics (OR = 2.97, CI = [2.79, 3.16]), the residential 4 -night 5-day program (OR = 7.79, CI = [6.49, 9.35]), and a program for inpatients (OR = 2.36, CI = [1.89, 2.94]) showed a significant increase. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional labor workers who participated in the women-only program had low smoking cessation success rates, while those who participated in the residential 4-night 5-day program had high success rates.

Text Messaging Intervention for Young Smokers Experiencing Homelessness: Lessons Learned From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Smoking rates are significantly higher among young people experiencing homelessness than in the general population. Despite a willingness to quit, homeless youth have little success in doing so on their own, and existing cessation resources tailored to this population are lacking. Homeless youth generally enjoy the camaraderie and peer support that group-based programs offer, but continuous in-person support during a quit attempt can be prohibitively expensive. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of an automated text messaging intervention (TMI) as an adjunct to group-based cessation counseling and provision of nicotine patches to help homeless youth quit smoking. This paper outlines the lessons learned from the implementation of the TMI intervention. METHODS: Homeless youth smokers aged 18 to 25 years who were interested in quitting (n=77) were recruited from drop-in centers serving homeless youth in the Los Angeles area. In this pilot randomized controlled trial, all participants received a group-based cessation counseling session and nicotine patches, with 52% (40/77) randomly assigned to receive 6 weeks of text messages to provide additional support for their quit attempt. Participants received text messages on their own phone rather than receiving a study-issued phone for the TMI. We analyzed baseline and follow-up survey data as well as back-end data from the messaging platform to gauge the acceptability and feasibility of the TMI among the 40 participants who received it. RESULTS: Participants had widespread (smart)phone ownership-16.4% (36/219) were ineligible for study participation because they did not have a phone that could receive text messages. Participants experienced interruptions in their phone use (eg, 44% [16/36] changed phone numbers during the follow-up period) but reported being able to receive the majority of messages. These survey results were corroborated by back-end data (from the program used to administer the TMI) showing a message delivery rate of about 95%. Participant feedback points to the importance of carefully crafting text messages, which led to high (typically above 70%) approval of most text messaging components of the intervention. Qualitative feedback indicated that participants enjoyed the group counseling session that preceded the TMI and suggested including more such group elements into the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The TMI was well accepted and feasible to support smoking cessation among homeless youth. Given high rates of smartphone ownership, the next generation of phone-based smoking cessation interventions for this population should consider using approaches beyond text messages and focus on finding ways to develop effective approaches to include group interaction using remote implementation. Given overall resource constraints and in particular the exigencies of the currently ongoing COVID-19 epidemic, phone-based interventions are a promising approach to support homeless youth, a population urgently in need of effective smoking cessation interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03874585; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03874585. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.1186/s13722-020-00187-6.

[Trends of smoking and passive smoking in residents in Shaanxi province: an analysis on results of four cross-sectional surveys, 2007-2015].

Objective: To understand the trends of smoking and passive smoking exposure in adults in Shaanxi province from 2007 to 2015. Methods: Data was from China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance in 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2015 to calculate the rates of smoking, smoking cessation and passive smoking exposure, as well as the amount of smoking of smokers indicated by each surveillance. Cochran-Armitage test was used to assess the trends across survey periods. The weighting rate was calculated by using sampling weight and data from the 6(th) national census in 2010. Sensitivity analysis was done to test the trends as well. Results: The results of the surveillance indicated that the smoking rate in 2007 was 38.26%, highest in the results of four surveys, it decreased to 30.95% in 2013 and then increased to 34.11% in 2015 (Cochran-Armitage test: Z=2.46, P=0.014). The amount of smoking increased from 16.90 cigarettes per day in 2007 to 17.76 cigarettes per day in 2015. The overall rate of smoking cessation was 11.02% in 2007 and 16.95% in 2015 (Cochran- Armitage test: Z=-4.18, P<0.01). We observed the passive smoking exposure rate was 48.10% in 2010 and 63.88% in 2015 (Cochran-Armitage test: Z=-10.60, P<0.01). We found no difference in trends by sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: The smoking rate and amount of cigarettes smoked in adults in Shaanxi remained stable and at a high level. The rate of smoking cessation increased gradually, while the passive smoking exposure rate increased rapidly.

Prevalence of Smoking Among 4 Licensed Types of Nursing Personnel in Japan: An Epidemiological Study.

There is a high prevalence of smoking among nursing personnel, despite the fact that nursing is a health care profession. In Japan there are 4 types of licensed nursing professionals. However, the prevalence of smoking among different types of licensed personnel has not been clarified. We attempted to clarify the prevalence of smoking among the various types of licensed nursing personnel and the factors associated with it. Among the members of the Japanese Nursing Association, 6000 nurses were randomly selected. The participants were sent a questionnaire on smoking habits, personal characteristics, lifestyle habits, and employment status by mail. Current smokers accounted for 1.3% of public health nurses, 4.0% of midwives, 8.2% of registered nurses, and 16.3% of assistant nurses. The license type of nursing personnel was a factor significantly associated with current smoking.

Trends of smoking and passive smoking in residents in Shaanxi province: an analysis on results of four cross-sectional surveys, 2007-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To understand the trends of smoking and passive smoking exposure in adults in Shaanxi province from 2007 to 2015.@*Methods@#Data was from China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance in 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2015 to calculate the rates of smoking, smoking cessation and passive smoking exposure, as well as the amount of smoking of smokers indicated by each surveillance. Cochran-Armitage test was used to assess the trends across survey periods. The weighting rate was calculated by using sampling weight and data from the 6th national census in 2010. Sensitivity analysis was done to test the trends as well.@*Results@#The results of the surveillance indicated that the smoking rate in 2007 was 38.26%, highest in the results of four surveys, it decreased to 30.95% in 2013 and then increased to 34.11% in 2015 (Cochran-Armitage test: Z=2.46, P=0.014). The amount of smoking increased from 16.90 cigarettes per day in 2007 to 17.76 cigarettes per day in 2015. The overall rate of smoking cessation was 11.02% in 2007 and 16.95% in 2015 (Cochran- Armitage test: Z=-4.18, P<0.01). We observed the passive smoking exposure rate was 48.10% in 2010 and 63.88% in 2015 (Cochran-Armitage test: Z=-10.60, P<0.01). We found no difference in trends by sensitivity analysis.@*Conclusions@#The smoking rate and amount of cigarettes smoked in adults in Shaanxi remained stable and at a high level. The rate of smoking cessation increased gradually, while the passive smoking exposure rate increased rapidly.

[Tobacco prevention using the example of the "smoke-free" campaign : Nationwide measures by the Federal Center for Health Education (BZgA)]. / Tabakprävention am Beispiel der "rauchfrei"-Kampagne : Bundesweite Maßnahmen der Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA).

Currently, 28.7% of 18- to 64-year-olds in Germany smoke (26.1% of women/31.2% of men). Among the 12- to 17-year-olds, the smoking rate at 7.4%, is at a historic low. The smoking rate among the 18- to 25-year-olds has also fallen in recent years.The most important goal of the nationwide measures of the Federal Center for Health Education (BZgA) on tobacco prevention is to reduce the smoking rate. For this purpose, the BZgA carries out the "smoke-free" campaign, which is targeted at both adolescents and adults. With a closely interlinked and continuously reviewed and further developed mix of measures, the target groups are reached on the internet, in settings and via media and mass communication. In addition to the information on the risks of smoking and passive smoking, the motivation to quit smoking and the quality-assured support in smoking cessation play an important role here.The measures of the BZgA are reviewed and further developed on the basis of representative surveys on the smoking behavior of the 12- to 25-year-olds, which the BZgA regularly carries out. On this basis, new products, such as e­cigarettes, e­shishas or tobacco heaters, and new consumer trends, such as the trend for waterpipe smoking, are integrated. Access routes to the target groups are continuously reviewed against the background of the digitization of society and the health-promoting design of settings is supported. All in all, the smoke-free campaign offers a quality-assured range of measures that is continuously being developed.

Outcomes Of A Two-Year Smoke-Free University And Organizational Policy Management

@#This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of the implementation of a smoke-free university policy after two years and to analyze predictors for organizational policy management and smoke-free university. A cross-sectional survey study was designed and undertaken as a baseline in 2014 and as an evaluation in 2016 in a government university within 2 campuses in the Northeast of Thailand. Students and staff/personnel returned questionnaires at a university. There were 891 and 960 people enrolled in to the study in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Outcomes were smoke-free environment, smoking rate, quit rate and variables affecting a smoke-free university. After two years, the smoke-free environment was improved significantly (p<0.001). The smoking rate was not a statistically significant increase, (6.73% in 2014 and 8.42% in 2016, p>0.05). Of this increase, the rate for regular smoking was lower than its expected value by 7.6%. The quit rate significantly increased from 8.33% to 33.96% (p<0.05). Law and organizational support were significant predictors of organizational policy management (adjusted R2 = 19%, p<0.001). Organizational policy management was a significant predictor for being smoke-free university (adjusted R2= 41%, p<0.001). Two years’ experience of implementing a smoke-free university policy showed significant improvements. The organizational policy management directly strengthened these improvements.

Simulating demand for cigarettes among pregnant women: A Low-Risk method for studying vulnerable populations.

A substantive obstacle to experimentally studying cigarette smoking and use of other tobacco products in pregnant women is the risk of adverse effects on mother and fetus from experimenter administration of the product of interest. The purpose of this study is to investigate bypassing that obstacle by using behavioral economic simulation tasks. In the present study we used the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) to simulate changes in demand for hypothetical cigarettes as a function of varying cigarette prices. Participants were 95 pregnant women who completed the CPT prior to participation in a smoking-cessation trial. Aggregate and individual participant demand varied as an orderly function of price and those changes were well fitted by an exponential equation. Demand also varied in correspondence to two well-validated predictors of individual differences in smoking cessation among pregnant women (cigarettes smoked per day, pre-pregnancy quit attempts). Moreover, CPT indices were more effective than these two conventional variables in predicting individual differences in whether women made a quit attempt during the current pregnancy. Overall, these results represent a promising step in demonstrating the validity and utility of the CPT for experimentally examining demand for cigarettes, and potentially other tobacco and nicotine delivery products, among pregnant women.

An investigation on smoke-free environment and smoking statusat or below county-level governments / 预防医学

Objective To learn the smoke-free environment and smoking status at or below county-level governments of Zhejiang Province, and to promote a smoke-free government.Methods By multi-stage random sampling method, 4 cities were selected in Zhejiang Province, then 4 counties were selected in 4 cities, finally12 governments were selected in 4 counties.With the methods of field observation,interview and questionnaire survey,smoke-free environment and smoking behavior , tobacco related knowledge of civil servants were investigated.Results A total of 12 governments and 405 civil servants were investigated.The smoke-free environment of 12 governments were relatively well.The total smoking rate of civil servants was 17.78%, and the highest was 26.67% in Jiande City, and the lowest were 9.00% in Zhuji City.For the civil servants ,male(26.62%), aged 50-(40.74%),divorced or widowed(40.00%),graduation of technical secondary school (33.33%),cadre of section rank(57.14%),above 20 years' work(28.81%),smoking anywhere at home(50.00%), smoking in certain areas at work(22.95%)were significantly higher.The rate of cognition on the hazards of smoking was lower among the smokers than that of non-smokers (P<0.05).The rate of agreement on MPOWER tobacco control strategies and smoking bans in public places were lower among the smokers than that of non-smokers (P<0.05).Non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that age of 30-39(OR=9.87,95%CI:1.45-67.29),50-(OR=9.87,95%CI:1.45-67.29), smoking anywhere at home(OR=12.28,95%CI:2.95-51.18),and smoking in certain areas at home(OR=6.57,95%CI:3.07-14.08) may be the risk factors about smoking behavior.Conclusion The situation of smoking control at or below county-level governments in Zhejiang Province was good, and smoking rates has declined.But tobacco related knowledge and behavior of civil servants were relatively insufficient.Aiming at the problems found in the investigation, it is necessary to strengthen education on smoking control among civil servants, and to promote a smoke-free government.

Impact of Increased Tobacco Price on Adult Smoking Rate in South Korea / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate impact of increased tobacco price in 2015 on the adult smoking rate in South Korea. METHODS: This study used 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2015. Total 14,860 adults were included in the analysis. The chi-square test, univariate- and multivariate survey logistic regressions, and subgroup analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Results show that adult smoking rate before price increase were 19.08% and after price increase were 16.69%. Adjusted by variables associated with smoking behavior and others, multivariate survey logistic regressions revealed that smoking rate decreased after introduction of increased tobacco price policy (odds ratio [OR], 0.745; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.575 to 0.967) and the impact was different by various social status (male: OR, 0.688; 95% CI, 0.523 to 0.905; age over 60: OR, 0.487; 95% CI, 0.315 to 0.754; rural area: OR, 0.531; 95% CI, 0.309 to 0.912; household income Q1: OR, 0.593; 95% CI, 0.352 to 0.999; household income Q4, OR, 0.616; 95% CI, 0.386 to 0.983). CONCLUSION: The study revealed decreased smoking rate after increased tobacco price policy and different trend depending on various social characteristics. We recommend that government agencies and policy makers should pursue tobacco price control policy continuously and population specific manner and concurrently non-price policy should be implemented as well.

Impact of Increased Tobacco Price on Adult Smoking Rate in South Korea / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate impact of increased tobacco price in 2015 on the adult smoking rate in South Korea. METHODS: This study used 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2015. Total 14,860 adults were included in the analysis. The chi-square test, univariate- and multivariate survey logistic regressions, and subgroup analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Results show that adult smoking rate before price increase were 19.08% and after price increase were 16.69%. Adjusted by variables associated with smoking behavior and others, multivariate survey logistic regressions revealed that smoking rate decreased after introduction of increased tobacco price policy (odds ratio [OR], 0.745; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.575 to 0.967) and the impact was different by various social status (male: OR, 0.688; 95% CI, 0.523 to 0.905; age over 60: OR, 0.487; 95% CI, 0.315 to 0.754; rural area: OR, 0.531; 95% CI, 0.309 to 0.912; household income Q1: OR, 0.593; 95% CI, 0.352 to 0.999; household income Q4, OR, 0.616; 95% CI, 0.386 to 0.983). CONCLUSION: The study revealed decreased smoking rate after increased tobacco price policy and different trend depending on various social characteristics. We recommend that government agencies and policy makers should pursue tobacco price control policy continuously and population specific manner and concurrently non-price policy should be implemented as well.

Impact of village-based health education of tobacco control on the current smoking rate in Chinese rural areas.

The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group (3 villages in each group). Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups (P>0.05). After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group (51.2%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (62.8%) (P<0.001). Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.

Impact of village-based health education of tobacco control on the current smoking rate in Chinese rural areas / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group (3 villages in each group). Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups (P>0.05). After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group (51.2%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (62.8%) (P<0.001). Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.

Trends in smoking rates among urban civil servants in Japan according to occupational categories.

Occupation could affect the distribution of smoking status of workers, and the success of smoking cessation among workers depends partly on worksite conditions. Blue collar workers have been identified as a high-risk group for smoking. The aim of the present study was to examine trends in smoking rates among urban civil servants in Japan according to occupational categories. Subjects were urban civil servants aged 30-59 years. They annually reported smoking status in a questionnaire in a worksite health check-up each year from 2004 to 2011. Urban civil servants reported substantially lower current smoking rates than national smoking rates in Japan (20.2%, 23.8%, and 27.0% for males in their 30s, 40s, and 50s and 2.4%, 6.3%, and 9.5% for females, respectively, in 2011). In analysis by occupational categories, current smoking rates declined among all groups except female white collar workers in their 50s. The current and persistent smoking rates (number of current smokers/[number of ex-smokers and current smokers]) among blue collar workers were higher than those among white collar workers at almost all time points in all age and gender groups. This study found relatively lower current smoking rates among urban civil servants than the national average and higher current and persistent smoking rates in blue collar workers than in white collar workers among them. These results would help to make suitable worksite smoking cessation policies for each occupational category.

The Correlation of Different Cotinine Levels With Questionnaire Results: A Comparative Study for Different Measurement Methods of the Adolescent Smoking Rate in Korea.

This study compares the results of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Self-Reported; KNHANEs [SR]) survey with urine-cotinine concentration (UCC) and the official index issued by the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). We established standard cutoffs of 20 ng/mL, 30 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, and 100 ng/mL to compare the results of UCC testing with those of self-reporting methods. The KYRBS demonstrated an overall current smoking rate of 12.25%, while the KNHANEs measured an overall rate of 9.63%. The UCC20 reported the highest current smoking rate at 25.6% overall. Methods that detected a lower prevalence of current smoking, in declining order, were the UCC30, UCC50, UCC100, online survey, and the KNHANEs (SR). The results of this study show that online surveys on smoking administered to adolescents have fewer false responses compared with the KNHANEs (SR). However, compared with UCC testing, online surveys still significantly underreport adolescent smoking rates.

The Characteristics of False Respondents on a Self-reported Smoking Survey of Korean Women: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that self-reports tend to underestimate smoking status, especially among women in Korea. We therefore assessed the characteristics of Korean women smokers who falsely described themselves as non-smokers. METHODS: The subjects were 4,135 adult women aged ≥19 years who participated in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Of these, 3,151 subjects answered questions about their smoking status on self-reported questionnaires and underwent assays of urinary cotinine concentration. Subgroups of false respondents (n = 131) and true respondents (n = 198) regarding smoking were determined by comparing their responses on questionnaires with their urinary cotinine levels. RESULTS: Among adult Korean women, the self-reported smoking rate was 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.4% to 8.4%); however, using urinary cotinine >100 ng/mL as a marker of smoking, the smoking rate was 11.8% (95% CI, 10.5% to 13.3%). In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for type of household, family income, and suicidal ideation, the odds ratios (ORs) of false respondents were 3.49 (95% CI, 1.41 to 8.63) for college-educated women and 2.47 (95% CI, 1.22 to 5.01) for women with high school education, relative to women with elementary school education. Married women with living spouses (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.33 to 5.90) were more likely to respond falsely than unmarried women. Women who reported trying to reduce weight within 1 year (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.47 to 4.93) and those who reported being less stressed (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.08 to 3.07) were more likely to be false respondents. CONCLUSION: The smoking rate determined using urinary cotinine concentration was higher than the self-reported rate among Korean women. Among smokers, those who were more educated, married, living with a husband, trying to reduce weight, and less stressed tended to describe themselves falsely as non-smokers.

The Characteristics of False Respondents on a Self-reported Smoking Survey of Korean Women: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008 / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that self-reports tend to underestimate smoking status, especially among women in Korea. We therefore assessed the characteristics of Korean women smokers who falsely described themselves as non-smokers. METHODS: The subjects were 4,135 adult women aged > or =19 years who participated in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Of these, 3,151 subjects answered questions about their smoking status on self-reported questionnaires and underwent assays of urinary cotinine concentration. Subgroups of false respondents (n = 131) and true respondents (n = 198) regarding smoking were determined by comparing their responses on questionnaires with their urinary cotinine levels. RESULTS: Among adult Korean women, the self-reported smoking rate was 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.4% to 8.4%); however, using urinary cotinine >100 ng/mL as a marker of smoking, the smoking rate was 11.8% (95% CI, 10.5% to 13.3%). In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for type of household, family income, and suicidal ideation, the odds ratios (ORs) of false respondents were 3.49 (95% CI, 1.41 to 8.63) for college-educated women and 2.47 (95% CI, 1.22 to 5.01) for women with high school education, relative to women with elementary school education. Married women with living spouses (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.33 to 5.90) were more likely to respond falsely than unmarried women. Women who reported trying to reduce weight within 1 year (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.47 to 4.93) and those who reported being less stressed (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.08 to 3.07) were more likely to be false respondents. CONCLUSION: The smoking rate determined using urinary cotinine concentration was higher than the self-reported rate among Korean women. Among smokers, those who were more educated, married, living with a husband, trying to reduce weight, and less stressed tended to describe themselves falsely as non-smokers.

Tobacco consumption and behavior of the smokers in Jiangxi province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the behaviors of smokers as well as the tobacco consumption in Jiangxi province.Impact regarding the increases of tobacco retail price on the smoking behaviors among cigarette consumers was also studied.Data was provided for further development on measurements including legislation,taxing and increasing the retail price on tobacco.Methods 805 residents above 15 year-olds were chosen through random clustered sampling,and face to face interviewed,in Shangrao and Yichun of Jiangxi province.A chart was drawn to show the relationship between the change of smoking behavior and the increase of sales price of tobacco.Results The average rate of smoking was 27.08％ (46.62％ for males and 3.05％ for females).16.06％ (35/218) of the smokers had ever tried to quit smoking but failed.The years of smoking ranged from 1 year to 50 years,with 96.33％ of the smokers purchased cigarettes on their own.Price of the cigarette ranged from 15 to 30 RMB per package,and smokers usually spent on average 192 RMB which accounted 13％ of their monthly income,per month.According to the chart,if the cigarette price had a 50％ increase,it would lead to 45％ of the smokers reduce the number of cigarette consumption with another 5％ of the smokers attempt to quit smoking.If cigarette price had an increase by 2 times,50％ of the smokers would attempt to quit smoking.So the chart could be used to estimate the percentage of smokers' behavior change according to the increase of tobacco's sales price.Conclusion The cconomy burden of tobacco consumption among cigarette smokers was huge,suggesting that the Chinese smokers did need to change their smoking behavior.Chinese government should develop tobacco-related legislations and laws and set proper cigarette tax,hopefully this could reduce the number of smokers in a long run.