A comparative study on changes in the use of heat-not-burn tobacco products based on whether apartment buildings have designated non-smoking areas.

INTRODUCTION: Since 2016, multi-family housing developments in South Korea can designate public areas such as staircases, elevator, corridors, and underground parking lots as non-smoking areas if at least half of the households residing in the development agree. This study investigated whether there were changes in the use of heat-not-burn tobacco products (HnB) based on whether non-smoking areas were introduced in multi-family housing developments. METHODS: An online survey of 1200 apartment residents (599 men and 601 women) in seven metropolitan cities in South Korea was conducted from 10 to 18 October 2018. RESULTS: Among the 1200 people who completed the survey, 493 were smokers (351 men and 142 women), of whom 287 (195 men and 92 women) were currently using HnB. In total, 51.5% (n=148) of the HnB users reported that their smoking frequency inside (n=75) or outside (n=73) the apartment building increased after using HnB, whereas the smoking frequency of 27.5% (n=79) decreased and that of 20.9% (n=6) remained unchanged. Of the HnB users, 25.4% (n=73) were currently living in non-smoking apartments, of whom 39.7% reported that the smoking frequency outside the apartment building increased. On the other hand, of 214 people who did not currently reside in non-smoking apartments, 30.4% reported that the smoking frequency in the apartment increased. CONCLUSIONS: For smokers to quit smoking, the expansion of non-smoking areas should be accompanied by the facilitation of a smoke-free atmosphere and a smoking-cessation service for smokers.

Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan.

INTRODUCTION: Enclosed designated smoking areas (DSAs) and smoking zones are allowed in food-serving venues in Kazakhstan. Air quality in smoke-free food-serving venues, in venues with smoking throughout, in those with DSAs and those with smoking zones, is not fully understood. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with aim to evaluate PM2.5 concentrations in the venues with mixed smoking was conducted from September to October 2017 in Almaty, the largest city of Kazakhstan. A total of 44 rooms within the selected 29 venues were evaluated: 100% smoke-free (5), non-smoking zones (7), smoking zones (7), non-smoking venues with DSAs (8), venues that allow smoking throughout (9), and DSAs (8). Real-time PM2.5 measurement was conducted by TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor and used to rank health-risk assessment using the Air Quality Index developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. RESULTS: Smoke-free food-serving venues had moderate levels of air quality with mean PM2.5 of 26.2 µg/m3 while non-smoking zones inside venues that also permitted smoking had a mean of 56.5 µg/m3, corresponding to unhealthy air quality. Venues restricting smoking only to DSAs also had unhealthy air quality in non-smoking areas (mean PM2.5 = 87.6 µg/m3) while DSAs had hazardous levels of air quality (mean PM2.5 = 647.9 µg/m3). Smoking zones inside the venues and venues allowing smoking throughout had a mean PM2.5 of 180.3 and 182.0 µg/m3, respectively, ranking as very unhealthy. On average 3.5 persons were observed in DSAs with mean volume of 38.9 m3. Cigarette and/or hookah were the major source of PM2.5. The higher the smoker density the poorer the air quality in the venue. CONCLUSIONS: Hazardous level of PM2.5 due to tobacco products inside DSAs demonstrated the low efficiency of a smoking ban with exemptions. A complete smoking ban in food-serving venues should be in place to fully protect people from hazardous air quality conditions.

The challenge of tobacco control at a university hospital / El reto de la lucha contra el tabaco en un hospital universitário / O desafio de controlar o tabagismo em um hospital universitário

Objective: To identify the actions taken by the Commission of Tobacco Control (CTC) to control smoking in the hospital environment.Methods: Descriptive and exploratory retrospective documentary research conducted at a university hospital in southern Brazil, in 2014. The content of the minutes of CTC meetings was used to create a database, and the rounds reports were descriptively analyzed. We sought to identify the most relevant actions from 2005 to 2014.Results: The CTC implemented the Tobacco-Free Environment programme restricted cigarette smoking to designated areas and subsequently deactivated these areas. The only remaining outdoor smoking area in 2014 was deactivated.Conclusion: CTC actions have contributed to tobacco control in the hospital environment. This study will hopefully serve as a model to encourage other institutions to implement similar actions.

Objetivo: Identificar las medidas adoptadas por la Comisión de Control del Tabaco (CCT) para controlar el tabaquismo del entorno hospitalario.Métodos: Investigación documental retrospectiva descriptiva y exploratoria, realizada en hospital universitario en el sur de Brasil, en 2014. Construyó una base de datos con el contenido de las actas de las reuniones del CCT y la notificación de las rondas realizadas, que se analizó descriptivamente. Se buscó identificar las acciones más relevantes, en el periodo 2005-2014.Resultados: El CCT implementó el Programa de Ambiente Libre de Tabaco, restringió el consumo de cigarrillos a las instalaciones designadas, y luego los convirtió. Sólo quedaba un área externa de la tolerancia al consumo de tabaco en 2014, que fue desactivado.Conclusiones: Las acciones del CCT ayudaron a controlar el tabaquismo del hospital. Se espera que este estudio sirva de estímulo y modelo para otras instituciones.

Objetivo: Identificar as ações desenvolvidas por uma Comissão de Controle do Tabagismo (CCT) para controlar o fumo do ambiente hospitalar.Métodos: Pesquisa documental descritivo-exploratória retrospectiva, realizada em hospital universitário do sul do Brasil, em 2014. Construiu-se um banco de dados com o conteúdo das atas de reuniões da CCT e relatório das rondas realizadas, o qual foi analisado de forma descritiva. Buscou-se identificar as ações mais relevantes no período de 2005 a 2014.Resultados: A CCT implementou o Programa Ambiente Livre do Tabaco, restringiu o consumo do cigarro aos fumódromos e posteriormente desativou os mesmos. Permaneceu somente uma área externa de tolerância ao fumo até 2014, a qual foi desativada.Conclusões: As ações da CCT contribuíram para controlar o fumo do ambiente hospitalar. Espera-se que este estudo sirva de incentivo e modelo para outras instituições.

Redução do número de cigarros durante internação psiquiátrica: intervenção ou punição? / Reducción del número de cigarrillos durante la hospitalización psiquiátrica: ¿intervención o sanción? / The decreasing number of cigarettes during psychiatric hospitalization: intervention or punishment?

A restrição do fumo durante internação psiquiátrica provoca mudanças pessoais e institucionais. Objetivo: Identificar a percepção dos portadores de transtorno mental, fumantes, sobre a redução do número de cigarros durante a internação psiquiátrica. Método: Estudo exploratório com 96 portadores de transtorno mental, fumantes, internados em hospital geral: G1 (34 sujeitos quando permitido um cigarro/hora) e G2 (62 sujeitos quando reduzido para oito cigarros/dia). Questionário semiestruturado. Análise temática do conteúdo. Resultados: O G1 declarou-se satisfeito com a restrição – fumo na internação como direito. O G2 resiste à mudança da restrição que ocorreu sem diálogo ou apoio. Apesar das dificuldades, constataram-se algumas mudanças de atitudes sobre o cigarro tais como aumento responsabilidade, descoberta de capacidade em reduzir o fumo e ressignificação do seu papel. Conclusão: Alguns sujeitos entendem a mudança na política de saúde do tabagismo como punição, enquanto outros como oportunidade de repensar o papel do cigarro em sua vida. .

La restricción al tabaquismo durante la hospitalización psiquiátrica promueve cambios personales e institucionales. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de portadores de trastorno mental, fumadores, sobre la reducción del número de cigarrillos durante la internación psiquiátrica. Método: Estudio exploratorio con 96 portadores de trastorno mental, tabaquistas, internados en hospital general: GI (34 sujetos cuando permitido un cigarrillo/hora) y G2 (62 sujetos cuando reducido para ocho cigarrillo/día). Cuestionario semi-estructurado. Análisis temática del contenido. Resultados: El GI se declaró satisfecho con la restricción – tabaco en la hospitalización como directo. El G2 resiste al cambio de la restricción que ocurrió sin dialogo o ayuda. Aunque las dificultades, se constató algunos cambios de actitudes sobre el tabaco como el aumento de responsabilidad, descubierta de la capacidad de reducir el fumo y re-significación de su papel. Conclusión: Algunos de los sujetos comprenden el cambio en la política de salud del tabaquismo como sanción, mientras otros como una oportunidad de replantear el papel del cigarrillo en su vida. .

The smoking ban during psychiatric hospitalization provokes personal and institutional changes. Objective: To identify the mental disorders carriers’ perception, the smokers ones, about the decreasing number of cigarettes during psychiatric hospitalization. Method: Exploratory study with 96 hospitalized carriers of mental disorders who are smokers: G1 (34 subjects hospitalized when was allowed one cigarette by hour) and G2 (62 subjects hospitalized when it was reduced to eight cigarette by day). Semi-structured questionnaire. Thematic content analysis. Results: The G1 admitted satisfaction with the restriction – smoking during hospitalization as entitlement. The G2 resists the restriction change occurred without dialogue or support. In spite of the difficulties, some attitude changes about the cigarette were noticed such as increase of the responsibility, discovery of the ability to reduce smoking and the meaning of its role. Conclusion: Some subjects understand the smoking health policy change as punishment, while others as opportunity to think about the role of cigarette in their life. .

The opinion of patients with mental disorder about tobacco and its prohibition in psychiatric hospitalization / Opinião dos portadores de transtorno mental sobre o fumo e sua proibição na internação psiquiátrica / Opinión de los portadores de trastorno mental sobre el tabaco y su prohibición en la hospitalización psiquiátrica

Objective: To identify the opinion of patients with mental disorder about tobacco and its prohibition during psychiatric hospitalization. Method: An exploratory study with 96 patients smokers with mental disorders hospitalized in a psychiatric ward of a general hospital. The interviews were conducted individually, using an instrument designed for this study. The content from the interviews was recorded, transcribed and submitted to a thematic content analysis. Results: The patients with mental disorder were identified as perceiving smoking during the psychiatric hospitalization as a help to support the difficulties in socialization and in the lack of activities. The permission for smoking is seen as a signal of respect to their needs. The subjects mentioned to not accept the total smoking prohibition. Conclusion: Tobacco helps to face difficulties and conflicts in the psychiatric hospitalization. There is resistance regarding the possibility to totally withdraw the smoking permission during hospitalization.

.

Objetivo:Construir un modelo teórico que configure la vivencia del apoyo de la red social por las personas en cuidado domiciliario. Método: Estudio de abordaje cualitativa, con la utilización del método Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos. La recopilación y el análisis concomitante de los datos hizo viable la interpretación del significado del fenómeno La vivencia del apoyo de la red social por las personas implicadas en el cuidado domiciliario. Resultados: Se destacó la postura pasiva de la población en la construcción de su bienestar. Reconociendo que debe existir una responsabilidad compartida entre las partes implicadas, población y Estado. Conclusión: Se sugiere que los enfermeros sean estimulados a ampliar el cuidado que realizan en el domicilio para atender las demandas de los cuidadores; y que sean elaborados nuevos estudios con distintas poblaciones, con el fin de validar o complementar el modelo teórico propuesto.
.

Objetivo: Identificar a opinião dos portadores de transtorno mental sobre o fumo e sua proibição durante a internação psiquiátrica. Método: Estudo exploratório com 96 portadores de transtorno mental, tabagistas, internados em enfermaria psiquiátrica de hospital geral. As entrevistas foram realizadas individualmente, utilizando-se o instrumento elaborado para este estudo. O conteúdo verbalizado nas entrevistas foi gravado, transcrito e submetido à análise de conteúdo temático. Resultados: Identificou-se que os portadores de transtorno mental veem o tabagismo na internação psiquiátrica como ajuda para suportar a dificuldade de convívio e a falta de atividades. A permissão do tabagismo é vista como sinal de respeito às suas necessidades. Os sujeitos relatam não aceitar a proibição total do tabagismo. Conclusão: O tabagismo ajuda a enfrentar dificuldades e conflitos na internação psiquiátrica. Existe resistência quanto à possibilidade de retirar totalmente a permissão para fumar na internação.


.

A resposta da indústria do tabaco à criação de espaços livres de fumo no Brasil / Response of the tobacco industry to the creation of smoke-free environments in Brazil

Objetivos: Documentar a reação da indústria do cigarro à regulamentação do fumo em locais públicos no Brasil, iniciada com legislação em 1996 Métodos: Foram pesquisados os bancos de dados Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) e British American Tobacco (BAT) Company Documents (bat.library.ucsf.edu/). Utilizaram-se as palavras-chave Brasil/Brazil; Souza Cruz; fumo passivo, tabagismo passivo/passive smoking; fumo de segunda mão/secondhand smoking; convivência em harmonia/courtesy of choice; e nomes de instituições, políticos e pessoas atuantes na área de controle de tabaco. Foram pesquisados ainda os websites de fabricantes de cigarro e de estabelecimentos da indústria da hospitalidade no Brasil, e sites de notícias, jornais e revistas. A pesquisa foi limitada a documentos com datas entre 1995 e 2005. Resultados: A primeira lei a restringir o fumo no Brasil (lei 9 294 de 1996) beneficiou a indústria por sua redação, pela qual um mesmo espaço poderia ser compartilhado por fumantes e não-fumantes desde que houvesse uma separação entre as duas categorias (área de fumantes e área de não-fumantes). Como em outros países, a indústria do cigarro criou parcerias com associações de hotéis, bares e restaurantes para evitar a aprovação de leis que exijam espaços 100 por cento livres de fumo, conforme preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Entretanto, leis locais em municípios e estados representativos (como Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo) têm tido sucesso em criar espaços 100 por cento livres de fumo. Conclusões: É fundamental que o Brasil reconheça os prejuízos causados pelo fumo e revise a sua lei federal de regulamentação do fumo em locais fechados. O conhecimento acerca das estratégias da indústria permite que políticos e profissionais de saúde preparem argumentos de oposição a medidas que podem comprometer a saúde pública.

Objectives: To document the response of the tobacco industry to the regulation of smoking in public places in Brazil starting in 1996. Methods: The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) and the British American Tobacco (BAT) Company Documents (bat.library.ucsf.edu/) were searched. The following key words were used: Brasil/Brazil; Souza Cruz; fumo passivo, tabagismo passivo/passive smoking; fumo de segunda mão/secondhand smoking; convivência em harmonia/courtesy of choice; along with the names of institutions, politicians, and individuals associated with tobacco control. We also searched the websites of cigarette manufacturers and hospitality industry organizations and businesses, news websites, and online newspapers and magazines. The search was limited to the period from 1995 to 2005. Results: The text of the first law restricting smoking in Brazil (no. 9 294, of 1996) benefited the industry by stating that smokers and nonsmokers could share the same space provided that specific areas were designated as smoking and nonsmoking. As in other countries, the tobacco industry established partnerships with hotel, bar, and restaurant associations to prevent the passing of laws creating 100 percent smoke-free environments, as recommended by the World Health Organization. However, local state and city laws in major cities and states (such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) have been successful in ensuring the creation of 100 percent smoke-free places. Conclusions: It is essential that Brazil recognize the damage caused by smoking and revise its federal law regulating smoking in closed environments. The knowledge concerning the strategies employed by the industry may be useful for politicians and health care professionals to prepare arguments opposing measures that can be detrimental to public health.

The control of environmental tobacco smoke: a policy review.

According to World Health Organisation figures, 30% of all cancer deaths, 20% of all coronary heart diseases and strokes and 80% of all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are caused by cigarette smoking. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure has also been shown to be associated with disease and premature death in non-smokers. In response to this environmental health issue, several countries have brought about a smoking ban policy in public places and in the workplace. Countries such as the U.S., France, Italy, Ireland, Malta, the Netherlands, Sweden, Scotland, Spain, and England have all introduced policies aimed at reducing the population exposure to ETS. Several investigations have monitored the effectiveness of these smoking ban policies in terms of ETS concentrations, human health and smoking prevalence, while others have also investigated a number of alternatives to smoking ban policy measures. This paper reviews the state of the art in research, carried out in the field of ETS, smoking bans and Tobacco Control to date and highlights the need for future research in the area.