Improvements in habitability and housing satisfaction after dwelling regeneration in social housing complexes. The RUCAS study.

Housing is a pressing problem worldwide and a key determinant of health and wellbeing. The right to adequate housing, as a pillar of the right to an adequate standard of living, means more than a roof to live under. Adequate means the dwelling must fulfill material functions and psychosocial functions, thus contributing to dwellers health and wellbeing. Social housing policies aim to fulfill the right to housing, but frequently fail in fulfilling the right to it being adequate. This study capitalizes on the implementation of a national urban regeneration program in two social housing villas in central Chile (one in Santiago, in the central valley, the other in Viña del Mar, a coastal city) to run a natural experiment assessing the impact of dwelling renovation on several dimensions of perceived habitability and housing satisfaction among the -mostly female-household homemakers. We use 5 waves of survey data collected with a step-wedge design to estimate the association between a time-varying exposure status (the intervention) and 7 binary outcomes for habitability and 5 for housing dissatisfaction, including overall housing satisfaction. We use Poisson regression models with robust variance and a random intercept at the respondent level. At baseline, reports of poor habitability and dissatisfaction across all features were markedly high, the highest levels of dissatisfaction being with acoustic insulation and dwelling size in both villas, and with indoor temperature in Santiago. The intervention resulted in statistically significant and markedly large improvements in reported habitability and dissatisfaction relative to those housing components targeted by the intervention, as well as with overall dwelling satisfaction in both study cases. Implications are, first, that the policy response to quantitative housing deficits must not overlook housing quality; second, that housing renovation appears as a promising intervention for qualitative housing crises; third, that while improvements in habitability and satisfaction are specific to the interventions in place, overall housing satisfaction can improve in more limited, tailored, dwelling renovation interventions. Social housing renovation in Latin America appears as a promising intervention to improve quality of life among the urban poor dwellers and reduce inequalities in health related to housing conditions.

Assessment of the mechanical and physical characteristics of PET bricks with different aggregates.

Construction and demolition waste, along with discarded PET plastic bottles, have evolved into a widespread global resource. However, their current disposal in landfills poses a significant environmental pollution challenge. This research is centered on evaluating the performance of cement mortar composed by larger PET particles in conjunction with sand, construction and demolition waste, and lightweight expanded polystyrene aggregates. The primary objective of this study is to formulate a blend suitable for non-structural elements that can be easily manufactured for social housing construction. This modified blend extends upon the original certified mixture employed at CEVE for brick production, which encompasses cement and 3 mm-long PET particles. The experimental analysis revealed that blend containing 8 mm-long PET particles, in combination with fine aggregates of construction and demolition waste, attained a required mechanical strength of 2 MPa, while preserving the bulk density and hydric properties of the initial PET bricks developed at CEVE in Argentina.

Structural Model for Socially Sustainable Public Housing Decision-Making in Chile.

Normally the social approaches addressed in public housing policies are unclear in the implementation processes. Indeed, public agencies do not have systems that integrate clear social criteria to consider the social assessment of public housing projects. Therefore, the inclusion of social sustainability in planning and early decision-making is limited. In addition, social development technically involves variables that are not normally independent, and its completeness means their relationships must be considered to sum up the impacts. Thus, this work proposes a structural model that explains an integral interrelation of social criteria that determines socially sustainable housing projects for the vulnerable population in Chile. For this, a theoretical model was constructed and validated using a structural equation model (SEM). This system derives from the application of a survey applied to 188 professionals related to the development of public housing. From this, a model of social sustainability of public housing is validated with ten social criteria and eleven unidirectional interrelations, structured in two dimensions: the functional conditions of the home and the environmental conditions of the house. In the first dimension, the relation between the Improvement in family economic availability and Spaces for family development stands out. In the second, the strongest link is between Community health and safety and the Integration of the design in the context.

Water demand profile before and during COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian social housing complex.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way resources are consumed around the world. The relationship between the pandemic and water consumption has important implications for the management of water use and must be evaluated in depth. The main goal of this research paper is to establish a comparison between pre-pandemic and pandemic water consumption profiles for 14 social-housing buildings located in Joinville, Southern Brazil. Telemetry data from each apartment were collected on an hourly basis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis was based on descriptive statistics on the hourly and daily water consumption in addition to its profile plots. The best probability distribution fitting was also determined. To assess the differences in water consumption due to de pandemic, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was employed and a Generalized Linear Model with mixed effects was fitted to the data. The Lognormal distribution was shown to be the most appropriate to model the water consumption data. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the two daily peak consumption periods changed from 12 h to 15 h and from 19 h to 21 h. The COVID-19 pandemic also impacted daily water consumption, leading to a small, yet significant, increase in demand in the first quarter of the pandemic period.

A construction and demolition waste management model applied to social housing to trigger post-pandemic economic recovery in Mexico.

Buildings consume 40% of raw material and primary energy and generate 35% of industrial waste worldwide, making this sector play a main role in raw material depletion, energy consumption and carbon emissions which provoke great environmental impact and worsen Global Warming. Latin American countries including Mexico have the world's highest urbanisation rate (84%) but lack effective construction and demolition waste (CDW) management to thrive in regenerative sustainability, climate change mitigation and post-pandemic economic recovery. This work applies the Spanish current model to quantify on-site 61 Mexican social housing CDW with surveys to workers and supervisors as an additional source of data. The results of the case study show that social housing consumes 1.24 t.m-2 of raw materials and produces 0.083 t.m-2 of CDW. Cement-based, ceramic and mixed CDW represent 83.44% of total CDW. When considering inert soil as a recyclable resource, 78% of the remaining CDW ends in landfills and only 22% of it goes to recycling plants. The implementation of this methodology will deliver sustainable CDW management in Mexico, by minimising CDW production, promoting related legislation and allowing replacement of current construction materials for eco-efficient ones. Furthermore, these data can broaden the Spanish coefficients of the construction resources that become CDW to build an internationally sourced database.

The Social Housing Crisis and the Barriers to Developing Dementia-Friendly Communities in Chile.

Interaction with living place and neighbourhood is one of the cornerstones for creating dementia-friendly communities (DFC). Chile has one of the largest proportions of older adults in Latin America and is currently facing an increase in the number of people with dementia. In this context, the Chilean government has launched a national strategy that involves actions in the health and social care system, including the promotion of DFC. From a multisectoral approach, social and environmental aspects involving engagement with local communities and access to social connections and services are directly related to urban policies. This perspective article focuses on urban aspects of social housing policy, such as placement, networks, affordability and the relationship between subsidy structure and adequate housing provision in a country with a qualitative housing deficit of around 1,200,000 units and where a large proportion of people with dementia and their families live in poverty. We identified several barriers to delivering appropriate environments for people living with dementia in relation to a two-fold problem: (a) the social housing subsidy displaces caregivers and/or older adults to satellite towns where social connections and access to services and urban equipment are lost; and (b) people resisting displacement live in overcrowded neighbourhoods where dementia is a common problem. In both scenarios, a detrimental environment and social conditions directly affect the quality of life of elderly people living with dementia and their caregivers.

Instrumento WHOQOL-100 e políticas públicas: avaliação da qualidade de vida de população alvo de política habitacional / WHOQOL-100 and public policies: assessing the quality of life of people assisted by housing policies

Resumo O ambiente é um dos determinantes sociais da saúde. No Brasil, as habitações sociais, financiadas por políticas públicas, tendem a ser erguidas em espaços desprovidos de infraestrutura urbana e a posse da casa se acompanha de incertezas na condução da vida cotidiana. Este trabalho visa investigar o uso do questionário de qualidade de vida WHOQOL - 100 como instrumento de análise da qualidade de vida de uma população atendida por política habitacional, integrando os campos da saúde coletiva e do planejamento urbano. O questionário foi respondido por 101 moradores de um conjunto habitacional de São José dos Campos, um município paulista de grande porte. Encontraram-se baixos escores de autoavaliação de qualidade de vida, ambiente e subjetividade comparados aos dados disponíveis em publicações acadêmicas que avaliam, no geral, populações adoecidas. Os resultados permitiram avaliar de modo objetivo a relação entre ambiente e qualidade de vida, subsidiando a formulação e implantação de políticas sociais integradas às habitacionais para garantia dos direitos sociais de populações carentes.

Abstract The environment is one of the social determinants of health. In Brazil, social housing, financed by housing policies, tends to be built in spaces devoid of urban infrastructure and home ownership is accompanied by uncertainties in the conduct of daily life. This work aims to investigate the use of the WHOQOL - 100 quality of life questionnaire as an instrument for analyzing the quality of life of people attended by housing policy, integrating the fields of public health and urban planning, especially with regard to housing policies. The questionnaire was applied to 101 residents of a housing complex in São José dos Campos, a large city in São Paulo. Low self-assessment scores for quality of life, environment and subjectivity were found, compared to data available in academic publications, which assess, in general, sick populations. The results allowed, in the studied housing complex, to objectively assess the relationship between environment and quality of life, subsidizing the formulation and implementation of social policies integrated with housing policies to guarantee the social rights of the target populations of housing policies.

Importancia de la planeación en la gestión de vivienda social: caso Buenaventura (Colombia) / Importance of planning in social housing management: case Buenaventura (Colombia) / Importância do planejamento na gestão de habitação social: caso Buenaventura (Colômbia)

Resumen Introducción: el crecimiento poblacional y la variedad de actividades económicas concentran a las personas en ciertas regiones. Este hecho exige obras de infraestructura que, en ocasiones, fracasan porque se localizan en la periferia de las ciudades. A esta realidad se enfrentan proyectos de vivienda de interés social, que para el caso de Buenaventura (Colombia), que si bien es cierto están respondiendo para cubrir el déficit cuantitativo de vivienda, no han incorporado aspectos sociales relacionados con el impacto en confort y comodidad de los beneficiarios de estos proyectos. Objetivo: en este artículo se invita a la reflexión del quehacer ocupacional del arquitecto y del ingeniero hacia la gestión de proyectos que demuestren que la articulación de estas disciplinas sensiblemente puede beneficiar la ejecución de las obras, toda vez que se contemple que el proceso de planeación involucra dinámicas flexibles y participativas de manera multi y transdisciplinaria con la comunidad de usuarios. Materiales y métodos: se realizó la revisión técnico-administrativa a tres proyectos entregados en el 2015 por la Dirección Técnica de Vivienda (DTV) de Buenaventura. Resultados: el estudio muestra que, aunque estos proyectos obedecieron a un trabajo de planeación multidisciplinario entre la arquitectura y la ingeniería, no ofrecieron bienestar total a la población beneficiada por cuanto la localización de estos está afectando la economía de los propietarios debido al aumento en tiempos de desplazamiento y en costos ante la búsqueda de soluciones adecuadas y oportunas para la movilidad. Conclusiones: debe mantenerse un trabajo participativo entre profesionales y la comunidad que recibe el proyecto para obtener mayores beneficios.

Abstract Introduction: population growth and the variety of economic activities concentrate people in certain regions. This fact demands infrastructure works that, sometimes, fail because they are in the periphery of the cities. Social housing projects are facing this reality, which in the case of Buenaventura (Colombia), which although they are responding to cover the quantitative housing deficit, have not incorporated social aspects related to the impact on comfort and convenience. of the beneficiaries of these projects. Objective: this article invites reflection on the occupational work of the architect and the engineer towards the management of projects that demonstrate that the articulation of these disciplines can significantly benefit the execution of the works, provided that the planning process is contemplated it involves flexible and participative dynamics in a multi and transdisciplinary way with the community of users. Materials and methods: the technical-administrative review was carried out on three projects delivered in 2015 by the Housing Technical Directorate (DTV) of Buenaventura. Results: the study shows that, although these projects were due to a multidisciplinary planning work between architecture and engineering, they did not offer total welfare to the beneficiary population because the location of these is affecting the owners' economy due to the increase in travel times and costs in the search for adequate and timely solutions for mobility. Conclusions: participatory work should be maintained between professionals and the community that receives the project to obtain greater benefits.

Resumo Introdução: o crescimento populacional e a variedade de atividades econômicas concentram as pessoas em certas regiões. Esse fato exige obras de infraestrutura que, às vezes, falham por serem na periferia das cidades. Os projetos de habitação de interesse social estão enfrentando esta realidade, que no caso de Buenaventura (Colômbia), que embora respondam para cobrir o déficit habitacional quantitativo, não incorporou aspectos sociais relacionados ao impacto no conforto e comodidade dos beneficiários desses projetos. Objetivo: este artigo convida à reflexão sobre o trabalho ocupacional do arquiteto e do engenheiro na gestão de projetos que demonstrem que a articulação dessas disciplinas pode beneficiar significativamente a execução das obras, desde que o processo de planejamento seja contemplado por envolver dinâmicas flexíveis e participativas em de forma multi e transdisciplinar com a comunidade de usuários. Materiais e métodos: a revisão técnico-administrativa foi realizada em três empreendimentos entregues em 2015 pela Diretoria Técnica de Habitação (DTV) de Buenaventura. Resultados: o estudo mostra que, embora esses projetos sejam decorrentes de um trabalho de planejamento multidisciplinar entre arquitetura e engenharia, eles não proporcionam bem-estar total à população beneficiária, pois a localização destes está afetando a economia dos proprietários devido ao aumento dos tempos de deslocamento. e custos na busca de soluções adequadas e oportunas para a mobilidade. Conclusões: o trabalho participativo deve ser mantido entre os profissionais e a comunidade que recebe o projeto para obter maiores benefícios.

Bioclimatic Prosthesis: Experimental dataset for a low-cost Trombe wall to existing social housing refurbishment for an intermediate valley (Chillán) city in the south of Chile.

This dataset is part of the article entitled "Design and experimental study of a low-cost prefab Trombe Wall to improve indoor temperatures in social housing in the Biobío Region in Chile" [1], [2]. The dataset represents the outcome of experimental measurements during a 1-year monitoring campaign to assess the performance of an adaptable and low-cost prefabricated Trombe Wall (TW) with a vertical water storage system. The experiments include periods with mobile insulation during winter nights and external shading during summer which were added to test their effect on the thermal performance. Temperature sensors were used to measure and compare the temperature in two test cells: one with and one without the TW. Following the National Chilean Standard [3], the experiment was done in the interior valley (Chillan), a Mediterranean climate (Csb), according to the Köppen climate classification [4]. The two test cells were designed to represent the most used area of a social housing unit in combination with the most widely used type of window in north façades in the region. One test cell was built exactly as the social housing unit, while the second test cell included a low-cost Trombe wall. Five temperature sensors were installed in the test cells. The thermal performance of the TW was monitored and analysed for the first time in Chile, providing insights in the thermal performance of the TW and proving the potential effectiveness of seasonal variations to improve winter and summer performances.

Aproximación a una propuesta metodológica para evaluar la sostenibilidad en el entorno de la vivienda social en Medellín / An Approach to a Methodological Proposal for Evaluating Sustainability in the Setting of Social Housing in Medellín

Resumen La gran mayoría de las alternativas y soluciones propuestas, adolecen de un enfoque holístico, que permita enfrentar el problema desde una óptica integradora como consecuencia, no se cuenta en la actualidad en la ciudad de Medellín, con una alternativa que permita suplir el déficit de vivienda digna, segura, económica y sostenible. La duplicación de esfuerzos, el despilfarro de recursos y la ineficiencia en los procesos, se han convertido en una constante permanente de los proyectos que termina ofreciendo el Estado, el rechazo por parte de la comunidad y los usuarios ante las soluciones propuestas, genera un impacto social de grandes proporciones, que termina agudizando el problema existente.

Abstract The vast majority of the alternatives and solutions proposed, suffer from a holistic approach, which allows to tackle the problem from an integrative perspective as a consequence, currently, in the city of Medellín there does not exist, an alternative, which allows to supply the deficit of a dignified, safe, economic and sustainable housing. The duplication of efforts, the waste of resources, and the inefficiency in the processes have become a permanent constant of the projects, which the State ends up offering, the rejection by the community, and the users in the light of the proposed solutions. It generates a social impact of great proportions, which ends up sharpening the existing problem.

Peacebuilding Through Yoga? Qualitative Assessment of a Yoga Program in a Social Housing Complex in Santa Marta, Colombia.

The goal of the study was to assess perceived mental and physical health benefits of a yoga intervention for people living in Ciudad Equidad, a social housing complex in Colombia. The study participants voluntarily enrolled to complete two yoga sessions per week, each lasting 1.5 hours, during a 3-month period. Additionally, they participated in baseline and postintervention focus groups. This qualitative assessment was intended to identify perceived changes in aggressiveness, interpersonal relationships, and stress after participating in the yoga sessions. Data analysis revealed that participants perceived changes over time in relation to when they began the intervention.

Single- or Pair-Housed: Which Is Better for Captive Southern Tamanduas?

The captive environment can limit some important behavioral options for nonhuman animals, which often results in decreased welfare. The companion of a conspecific can be a source of complexity in captivity, but this aspect has received little attention for solitary species. This study investigated the effects of two different housing conditions on the behavior of a solitary species, the Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). Six individuals housed singly and four housed in pairs in two Brazilian zoological institutions were observed for 10 days from 09:00h to 17:00h during the rainy season. Each individual was observed for 26:40 hours. Compared with singly housed tamanduas, paired animals were less inactive (single = 74.62 ± 5.2%, paired = 28.51 ± 0.04% of the records), foraged and explored more (single = 11.07 ± 3.0%, paired 31.48 ± 0.01% of the records), and exhibited a diversity of behaviors 102.56% greater than single tamanduas. These results suggest that interactions with conspecifics in captivity, even for solitary animals, can promote the performance of desirable behaviors, which in several species has been correlated with improved welfare.

Contradições na organização do espaço habitacional de uma favela paulistana / Las contradicciones em la organización del espacio de vivienda de una favela de Sao Paulo / Contradictions in the organization of the housing space of favela in São Paulo

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as contradições na organização do espaço habitacional em uma favela paulistana. Para tanto, realizei um trabalho etnográfico com 18 meses de observação participante, 21 entrevistas com moradores e trabalhadores locais e 26 depoimentos do projeto memorial. Na tentativa de dar sentido e compreender este fenômeno social urbano, dividi os dados em duas categorias e 16 subcategorias, analisando os dados embasados na grounded theory. Fundamentada em uma epistemologia espaçotemporal associada à teoria de processos de organizar, concluí que na organização do espaço habitacional da favela as práticas de luta social por moradia coexistem com as práticas de reprodução de um mercado imobiliário adaptado à realidade da favela em que, ao mesmo tempo, conflitam entre si, alimentam a existência uma da outra, complexificando a concretização do direito à moradia.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las contradicciones en la organización de la vivienda en una favela de San Pablo. Con este fin, se realizó un trabajo etnográfico de 18 meses de observación participante, se entrevistaron 21 residentes y trabajadores locales, y 26 testimonios del proyecto memorial. Tratando de dar sentido y entender dicho fenómeno social urbano, se divideron los datos en 2 categorías y 16 subcategorías en el análisis de los datos, puestos a tierra en grounded theory. Teniendo en cuenta la epistemología espacio-temporal asociada a la teoría de la "organizing", se concluye que la organización del modo de la vivienda y la lucha social por la misma coexisten con prácticas como las de un verdadero mercado inmobiliario, si bien esto último está adaptado a la realidad de la favela. Estos dos fenómenos ocurren simultáneamente en conflicto y se retroalimentan mutuamente, volviendo más complejo el cumplimiento del derecho a la vivienda.

Abstract This article analyzes the contradictions in the housing space organization in a favela of Sao Paulo. I carried out ethnographic fieldwork with 18 months of participant observation, 21 interviews with residents and local workers, and 26 testimonials of the memorial project. In an attempt to make sense and understand this urban social phenomenon, I divided the data into two categories and 16 subcategories, carrying out the analysis based on grounded theory. Considering the spatiotemporal epistemology associated with the theory of organizing, I conclude that in the organization of the favela's housing space, the social struggle for housing coexists with practices like those of a real estate market, although adapted to the reality of the favela. These two phenomena are simultaneously in conflict and nourish each other, making it complex the fulfillment of the right to housing.

Efeitos da ilha de calor nos níveis de conforto em ambientes externos e internos para as condições climáticas de Curitiba / Effects of the urban heat island on outdoor and indoor thermal comfort for the climatic conditions of Curitiba

RESUMO: O crescimento urbano e o decorrente surgimento de ilhas de calor são fatores responsáveis não apenas por mudanças nos padrões de conforto e desconforto térmico urbanos mas também por possíveis impactos no aumento da demanda de energia (em climatização artificial) das edificações urbanas. Países em desenvolvimento, a maior parte deles localizada em regiões tropicais, apresentam taxas de crescimento urbano mais elevadas relativamente aos países desenvolvidos; segundo dados da ONU, no período de 2005 - 2010, a taxa de urbanização dos primeiros foi cerca de cinco vezes mais alta que a dos últimos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a atual ilha de calor urbana de Curitiba, decorrente de seu considerável crescimento urbano nas últimas décadas, a partir de um monitoramento climático contínuo entre dezembro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2013 por meio de estações meteorológicas localizadas na mancha urbana. Adicionalmente à análise de diferenças na temperatura local, quantificaram-se níveis de conforto/desconforto térmico a fim de se verificar o efeito integrado das diversas variáveis meteorológicas em termos de percentuais de horas em frio, conforto e calor, e suas variações dentro e fora da área urbana. Complementarmente são analisadas implicações da ilha de calor urbana em níveis de conforto em ambientes internos. Verificou-se que a presença de uma ilha de calor na área urbana para combater o frio no inverno acarreta aumento desproporcional do calor em situação de verão, não havendo benefício térmico de maneira geral.

ABSTRACT: Urban growth and the resulting urban heat island effect are not only responsible for variations in thermal comfort and discomfort levels within the city but also for increases in building energy demand for air conditioning. In tropical regions, urbanization rates tend to be the highest: the average annual rate of change of the urban population for the five-year period 2005 - 2010 was just over five times higher in the less developed regions than in the more developed part of the world, following a rising trend. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the urban heat island of Curitiba, which results from its considerable urban growth over the last decades, by means of a long-term climate monitoring between December 2011 and February 2013 with a pair of weather stations within the urban area. Additionally, an analysis was performed with regard to outdoor comfort, so that the combined effect of relevant meteorological variables could be assessed in terms of percentages of cold, comfortable and hot hours and variations in and outside the urban area. Finally, implications of the urban heat island effect on indoor conditions are analyzed. It is concluded that the heat island effect with reductions of cold stress in winter does not offset the occurrence of excess heat in summer, with an overall not advantageous effect.

Vivienda social accesible: evaluación de costos / Accessible social home: cost evaluation

Introduction: Physical accessibility is considered a fundamental part in the exercise of rights and the development of independent living for people with a disability. One of the most important spaces where accessibility should be considered is the home. Accessibility is presumably associated to high construction cost therefore social homes do not incorporate this criteria. An evaluation is needed to verify this presumption. Objective: To evaluate the economic impact of incorporating physical accessibility in basic housing solutions, or type Solidarity Fund 1 (FSV1) homes. Method: Cost evaluation was performed on the basis of an academic comparison of direct construction cost of 15 built social homes (FSV1), versus 15 counterproposals with incorporated accessibility. Results: 13 of 15 cases increased costs between 1.27 percent and 6.11 percent of the basic construction cost. However, the unitary cost per constructed square meter did not increase. Conclusion: Limited cost variations was associated more to the surface increase needed to generate accessibility conditions, than to the incorporation of new elements o technical aids.

Introducción: La accesibilidad física es considerada como parte fundamental para el ejercicio de los derechos y el desarrollo de una vida independiente de las personas en situación de discapacidad. Uno de los espacios más importantes que debiera considerar accesibilidad es la vivienda, especialmente la vivienda social, siendo uno de los principales impedimentos a la hora de incorporar este criterio, el supuesto alto costo asociado; sin embargo, no existen evaluaciones que lo puedan objetivar. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto económico que tendría incorporar accesibilidad física en soluciones habitacionales más básicas o tipo Fondo Solidario de Vivienda I (FSV1). Materiales y Método: La evaluación de costos se realizó sobre la base de un ejercicio académico de comparación de costos directos de construcción de 15 casos de viviendas sociales construidas (FSV1) con 15 contrapropuestas con accesibilidad incorporada. Resultados: Trece de 15 casos aumentaron sus costos de construcción, entre 1,27 por ciento y 6,11 por ciento del costo base de la vivienda construida. Sin embargo, el costo unitario por metro cuadrado construido no presenta incremento. Conclusiones: Las variaciones de costo fueron bastante acotadas y estuvieron relacionadas con el aumento de superficie necesario para generar condiciones de accesibilidad, más que en la incorporación de nuevos elementos o ayudas técnicas.