Hybridized Hierarchical Watermarking and Selective Encryption for Social Image Security.

With the advent of cloud computing and social multimedia communication, more and more social images are being collected on social media platforms, such as Facebook, TikTok, Flirk, and YouTube. The amount of social images produced and disseminated is rapidly increasing. Meanwhile, cloud computing-assisted social media platforms have made social image dissemination more and more efficient. There exists an unstoppable trend of fake/unauthorized social image dissemination. The growth of social image sharing underscores potential security risks for illegal use, such as image forgery, malicious copying, piracy exposure, plagiarism, and misappropriation. Therefore, secure social image dissemination has become urgent and critical on social media platforms. The authors propose a secure scheme for social image dissemination on social media platforms. The main objective is to make a map between the tree structure Haar (TSH) transform and the hierarchical community structure of a social network. First, perform the TSH transform on a social image using social network analysis (SNA). Second, all users in a social media platform are coded using SNA. Third, watermarking and encryption are performed in a compressed domain for protecting social image dissemination. Finally, the encrypted and watermarked contents are delivered to users via a hybrid multicast-unicast scheme. The use of encryption along with watermarking can provide double protection for social image dissemination. The theory analysis and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Superheroes or Super Spreaders? The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Attitudes towards Nurses: A Qualitative Study from Poland.

The social perception of the nursing profession in Poland is profoundly affected by social stereotypes that may discourage young people from entering the profession and lead to prejudice towards nurses. During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses gained visibility, which caused the social image of nurses to likewise grow. In this study, we explore nurses' experiences with respect to how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the social image of nursing. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen hospital nurses. Three major themes emerged: (1) social attitudes towards nurses during the pandemic, (2) nurses' perception of the impact of the pandemic on the social image of the nursing profession and (3) the impact of the pandemic on nurses' mental health. Although the pandemic promoted the image of nursing to the general public, nurses were disappointed that in the face of the healthcare crisis and the constant threat, they had to struggle with difficult working conditions and professional, social and economic recognition. This study therefore stresses the duty of policy makers to undertake a systemic approach to improving the organisation of health care and increase nurses' safety by providing them with a safe working environment and prepare them better for the next health crisis.

[The social portrait of child with disability as conceived by population of the Euro-Arctic region of Russia].

The problem of perceiving person with disability as "atypical" individual is one of the most acute in modern society. The stereotypes and fears existing in conceptions of citizens regarding this category are negatively reflected in current intensive inclusive processes. The most negatively negative conceptions about persons with disabilities affect children population, aggravating processes of socialization and inclusion in social practices inherent to their "norm-typical" peers. The survey of population of the Euro-Arctic region, carried out by the author in 2022, to identify characteristics of perception of children with disabilities, established that negative perceptions prevail in assessments of children with disabilities. The results demonstrated that, basically, disabled subjects are perceived through assessments of their personal and behavioral characteristics, and not through the social conditions of their life. The results of the study made it possible to conclude that medical model of disability significantly impact on citizens' perceptions of persons with disabilities. The phenomenon of disability itself can be attributed to factors contributing to negative labeling of its subjects. The conclusions and results of the study can be used to develop positive image of disabled perdsons in the Russian socium in process of further development of inclusive processes.

Heroínas con capa de enfermera. Paralelismo entre los cuidados bélicos de Florence Nightingale y Carmen Angoloti / Heroines with a nurse's cape. Parallelism between the war care of Florence Nightingale and Carmen Angoloti

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar similitudes entre la labor desarrollada y las competencias enfermeras que Florence Nightingale y Carmen Angoloti prestaron durante la Guerra de Crimea y la Guerra del Rif respectivamente. Se ha realizado una revisión documental incluyendo biografías, memorias y periódicos de la época. Según metodología histórica, resulta en un estudio original de interés por el método analítico-sintético. Se ha podido constatar la relevancia del papel de ambas profesionales en la evolución de la profesión enfermera y su implantación en España, así como la evolución de la imagen social y relevancia de la enfermería de una época a otra. Se aprecian semejanzas como la importancia del apoyo monárquico para desarrollar la misión sanitaria, el desorden encontrado en los hospitales, establecimiento de reglas básicas de salud pública, orientación de los cuidados para cubrir las necesidades básicas de los heridos o las labores desempeñadas de gestión y administración de recursos (AU)

The aim of this thesis is to identify similarities between the work and nursing skills of Florence Nightingale and Carmen Angoloti during the Crimean War and the Rif War. A documentary review has been carried out, including biographies, memoirs and newspapers of the time. According to the historical methodology, it is an original study of interest through the analytical-synthetic method. The relevance of the role of both professionals in the evolution of the nursing profession and its establishment in Spain has been confirmed, as well as the evolution of the social image and relevance of nursing from one period to another. Similarities can be identified, such as the importance of monarchical support in the development of the health mission, the disorder found in hospitals, the establishment of basic public health rules, the orientation of care to meet the basic needs of the wounded and the work carried out in the management and administration of resources (AU)

Heroínas con capa de enfermera. Paralelismo entre los cuidados bélicos de Florence Nightingale y Carmen Angoloti / Heroines with a nurse's cape. Parallelism between the war care of Florence Nightingale and Carmen Angoloti

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar similitudes entre la labor desarrollada y las competencias enfermeras que Florence Nightingale y Carmen Angoloti prestaron durante la Guerra de Crimea y la Guerra del Rif respectivamente. Se ha realizado una revisión documental incluyendo biografías, memorias y periódicos de la época. Según metodología histórica, resulta en un estudio original de interés por el método analítico-sintético. Se ha podido constatar la relevancia del papel de ambas profesionales en la evolución de la profesión enfermera y su implantación en España, así como la evolución de la imagen social y relevancia de la enfermería de una época a otra. Se aprecian semejanzas como la importancia del apoyo monárquico para desarrollar la misión sanitaria, el desorden encontrado en los hospitales, establecimiento de reglas básicas de salud pública, orientación de los cuidados para cubrir las necesidades básicas de los heridos o las labores desempeñadas de gestión y administración de recursos. (AU)

The aim of this thesis is to identify similarities between the work and nursing skills of Florence Nightingale and Carmen Angoloti during the Crimean War and the Rif War. A documentary review has been carried out, including biographies, memoirs and newspapers of the time. According to the historical methodology, it is an original study of interest through the analytical-synthetic method. The relevance of the role of both professionals in the evolution of the nursing profession and its establishment in Spain has been confirmed, as well as the evolution of the social image and relevance of nursing from one period to another. Similarities can be identified, such as the importance of monarchical support in the development of the health mission, the disorder found in hospitals, the establishment of basic public health rules, the orientation of care to meet the basic needs of the wounded and the work carried out in the management and administration of resources. (AU)

Influencia de la COVID-19 en la imagen social de la Enfermería / The impact of COVID-19 on the social image of Nursing

Objetivo: describir la percepción actual que tiene la sociedad sobre la Enfermería y conocer cómo ha variado la representación de la profesión enfermera en el imaginario social con la situación de emergencia sanitaria de COVID-19. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal en población general y en profesionales sanitarios, captados a través de muestreo no probabilístico (el tamaño muestral alcanzado, n= 1.109, arrojó una precisión absoluta de 2,94%), a través de un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc. Resultados: la Enfermería fue considerada una profesión dedicada al cuidado e imprescindible dentro de la sanidad (83,7%), pero poco reconocida socialmente (53,8%), mal remunerada (48,4%) y percibida como profesión de riesgo (93,3%). A sus profesionales se les atribuía formación de grado universitario (84,8%) y su cualidad más destacable era el conocimiento (85,2%). El estereotipo mayoritario era el de una mujer (92,8%), de mediana edad (53,9%), que vestía “pijama” sanitario (85,3%). El 52,4% creía que la pandemia de COVID-19 había cambiado su percepción de la Enfermería; a sus profesionales les reconocían su relevancia, valorando su desempeño positivamente, inspirándoles sentimientos de admiración y respeto. Conclusiones: la Enfermería ha sido considerada una profesión dedicada al cuidado e imprescindible dentro de la sanidad, pero poco reconocida socialmente, mal remunerada y percibida como profesión de riesgo. La experiencia de emergencia sanitaria ha dado visibilidad a los cuidados enfermeros. La pandemia COVID-19 ha influido positivamente en la imagen social de la Enfermería, revalorizándola como profesión.(AU)

Objective: to describe the current perception of Nursing by society, and to understand how the representation of the Nursing profession in the social consciousness has changed with the healthcare emergency scenario of COVID-19. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study in the overall population and healthcare professionals, recruited through non-probabilistic sampling (the sample size achieved, n= 1.109, delivered absolute accuracy of 2,94%), through a questionnaire designed ad hoc. Results: Nursing was considered a profession devoted to care and essential within the healthcare system (83.7%), but with low social recognition (53.8%), underpaid (48.4%) and perceived as a high-risk profession (93.3%). These professionals were considered to have university degree education (84.8%), and their most outstanding quality was knowledge (85.2%). The stereotype profile was a woman (92.8%), middle-aged (53.9%), wearing sanitary “pyjamas” (85.3%). 52.4% of the sample believed that the COVID-19 pandemic had changed their perception of Nursing; the importance of these professionals was acknowledged, and their performance was valued positively, inspiring feelings of admiration and respect towards them. Conclusions: Nursing has been considered a profession devoted to care and essential within the healthcare system, but with low social recognition, underpaid, and perceived as a high-risk profession. The healthcare emergency experience has given visibility to nursing care. There has been a positive impact by the COVID-19 pandemic upon the social image of Nursing, revaluing it as a profession.(AU)

The Experience of the Transition from a Student Nurse to a Registered Nurse of Kuwaiti Newly Graduated Registered Nurses: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: The experience of the transition from a student nurse to a registered nurse is a challenging period for newly graduated registered nurses. AIM: To explore newly graduated registered nurses' experiences of transition from student to registered nurse in clinical practice. DESIGN: A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews conducted with 12 Kuwaiti newly graduated registered nurses. FINDINGS: The findings generated three themes: nursing support; education preparation; and psychological wellbeing. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study is the first in Kuwait aiming to understand Kuwaiti national newly graduated registered nurses' transition experiences from student nurses to registered nurses in clinical practice. While the study revealed that newly graduated registered nurses received limited organisational support, the nursing policymakers in health care organisations and nursing education in Kuwait need to develop plans to improve newly graduated registered nurses' knowledge, skills and confidence and align them with the roles and realities of actual nursing practice, to improve retention. There is a need to change the societal image of nursing in Kuwait by highlighting the importance of the nursing profession within the health care delivery. The study recommends further research on newly graduated registered nurses' transition experiences into their new nursing roles to identify the factors behind their decision to stay or to leave, as this could offer possible solutions to address newly graduated registered nurses' retention in the future.

The relationship of social status and social image with the choice of nursing career among the next generation of Turkish youth: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To evaluate the nursing image and social status characteristics on young people's decision to choose nursing as a career. BACKGROUND: Low social status and social image threaten the nursing workforce. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: The study was conducted with 745 high school students and 349 nursing students between 24 March and 10 May 2022. The data were collected through the Nursing Image Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale and Personal Form and analyzed using multiple regression and decision tree analysis. RESULTS: High school (43.1 %) and 73.6 % of nursing students expressed their intention to become a nurse. While the likelihood of choosing nursing as a career decreases among man high school students (p = 0.018) with a high occupation (p = 0.003) and income index (p = 0.003), it increases among low-income female students (p = 0.012), perceiving occupational status more positively (p = 0.002). The possibility of continuing in the profession increases among nursing students who have a higher opinion of the profession's status (p = 0.010) and job satisfaction increases as the image perception improves (r = 0.385, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Perception of professional image guides career choice in nursing. The choice of nursing as a future profession differs according to gender and is influenced by social status. The glass ceiling effect should be evaluated in nurses coming from low status.

The optics of lying: How pursuing an honest social image shapes dishonest behavior.

People frequently engage in dishonest behavior. Yet, they do so only to a limited extent, often forgoing potential profits. In the past few decades, the dominant psychological account explaining people's "limited dishonesty" characterized this behavior as driven by a desire to preserve a positive image of the self. Recently, a new account has been put forward, based on social considerations. This social image account claims that limited dishonesty is driven by a desire to be viewed positively by others. Here we review empirical findings from psychology and behavioral economics on the role of social image in dishonest behavior. We conclude by suggesting that both self-image and social image are at play.

Research on the Formation Mechanism of Individual Food Waste Behavior from the Perspective of Image Construction.

The attention regarding individuals' external appearance and social identity provides a unique perspective to reveal the cause of their behavior. This study explored the formation mechanism of individual food waste behavior in China from the perspective of appearance image construction and social image construction, especially considering the role of emotion, education level, and body mass index (BMI) in relationship transmission. This study collected data by questionnaire in 133 cities in 32 provinces of China. By using the methods of factor analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis, the results show that individuals with high need for external appearance image (r = 0.242, p < 0.001) and social image construction (r = 0.31, p < 0.001) are more likely to waste food. In terms of transmission mechanisms, positive emotions (e.g., excitement) (ß = 0.104~0.187, 95% confidence interval) and negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and disgust) (ß = 0.08~0.177, 95% confidence interval) are the intermediary factors of image construction affecting food waste behavior, and emotional fluctuations can aggravate individuals' food waste behavior. In terms of interaction effects, BMI significantly positively regulates the predictive effect of image construction on food waste behavior, while the level of education buffers this predictive effect. Finally, relevant policy suggestions are put forward to guide individuals to reduce food waste.

A cross-country investigation of social image motivation and acceptance of lab-grown meat in Singapore and the United States.

This research has three goals. First, it sets out to compare consumer acceptance of lab-grown meat in the U.S. and in Singapore. Second, it seeks to explain the difference in Americans' and Singaporeans' acceptance of lab-grown meat by examining their eating motivations. Specifically, we focused on social image motivations - the motivations to present oneself positively in social contexts. Third, this study also aims to assess if exposure to information about lab-grown meat communicated by celebrity versus expert social media influencers (SMIs) can impact people's acceptance of lab-grown meat products. Our analysis showed that Singaporean participants had greater acceptance of lab-grown meat compared to their American counterparts, and this cultural difference was explained by Singaporeans' stronger social image eating motivations. In other words, cross-country differences in motivation to eat for a favorable social image can explain differences in consumer acceptance of lab-grown meat. The Singaporean cultural trait of kiasuism, which is exemplified by the fear of losing out or being left behind, may explain Singaporeans' motivation to project an image of being 'trailblazers' (vis-a-vis other nationalities) by expressing a higher acceptance of novel foods such as lab-grown meat. Results also revealed that the information about lab-grown meat being communicated by a celebrity or an expert SMI did not make a difference in participants' acceptance of lab-grown meat in both countries. Together, this research suggests an interesting implication that novel food industries and marketers can promote product branding by boosting media coverage (including online social media) of their lab-grown products' 'firsts' (e.g., the first production line in the world, the first technological breakthrough), especially in markets with high social image concerns.

Current Social Perception of and Value Attached to Nursing Professionals' Competences: An Integrative Review.

In order to develop nurses' identities properly, they need to publicise their professional competences and make society aware of them. For that, this study was conducted to describe the competences that society currently attributes to nursing professionals and how nursing is valued in society. This review was based on the conceptual framework by Whittemore and Knafl. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, WOS, and CINAHL databases, and the search strategy was based on a combination of natural language and standardised keywords, with limits and criteria for inclusion, exclusion, and quality. The results of the studies were classified and coded in accordance with the competence groups of the professional profile described in the Tuning Educational Structures in Europe programme. Fourteen studies were selected. The most commonly reported competence groups were as follows: nursing practice and clinical decision making; and communication and interpersonal competences. Nursing is perceived as a healthcare profession dedicated to caring for individuals. Its other areas of competence and its capacity for leadership are not well known. In order to develop a professional identity, it is essential to raise awareness of the competences that make up this professional profile.

Why do people follow social norms?

Norms prescribe how to make decisions in social situations and play a crucial role in sustaining cooperative relationships and coordinating collective action. However, following norms often requires restricting behavior, demanding to curtail selfishness, or suppressing personal goals. This raises the question why people adhere to norms. We review recent theories and empirical findings that aim at explaining why people follow norms even in private, when violations are difficult to detect and are not sanctioned. We discuss theories of norm internalization, social and self-image concerns, and social learning (i.e. preferences conditional on what others do/believe). Finally, we present two behavioral, incentivized tasks that can be used to elicit norms and measure the individual propensity to follow them.

Construcción de la imagen profesional de enfermería durante la pandemia por Covid-19 a través de las noticias de prensa / Construction of nursing professional image during the Covid-19 pandemic through press news

Objetivo: Describir la imagen social de la enfermería durante la primera oleada de pandemia por Covid-19 a través de la prensa escrita generalista y especializada. Metodología: Estudio documental cualitativo descriptivo, análisis realizado bajo la teoría de Moscovici. Selección 95 noticias del 15 marzo a 15 de mayo. Se descartaron artículos con alusión puntual a las enfermeras o al personal sanitario general. Se incluyeron finalmente 37 noticias prensa general y 40 prensa especializada. Extracción de datos siguiendo 8 indicadores: lenguaje verbal, imágenes, grado trascendencia y difusión de la información, ámbito, personas implicadas, por qué trasciende la información, identificación de juicios por parte de los autores y elementos de construcción social. Resultados: Prensa general: 94,5% lenguaje periodístico frente 5,5% científico-divulgativo. Uso mayoritario del masculino, centradas en la actividad asistencial. Las principales categorías emergentes fueron: ámbito de trabajo/profesión (43,75%), contexto/entorno (34,71%), emociones (13,88%) y patrones de conocimiento (7,64%). Conclusiones: Las noticias publicadas en prensa generalista incorporan una visión reduccionista de la enfermera sobre su desempeño profesional, aunque le otorgan un gran valor social. Es necesario lograr el reconocimiento del rol autónomo, así como la visibilización de todos los campos de actuación. Se evidencia como un recurso necesario, a la vez que escaso, para la viabilidad del sistema de salud y los cuidados de la población.(AU)

Objective: Describe the image of nursing during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic through the generalist and specialized written press. Methods: Descriptive qualitative documentary study, analysis carried out under Moscovici's theory. 95 news items published from March 15 to May 15 were selected. Articles that made specific references to nurses or dealt with health personnel in general were discarded. In a second selection phase, 36 news from the general press and 40 from the specialized press were included for the analysis. Data were extracted taking into account 8 indicators: verbal language, images, degree of importance and dissemination of the information, scope, people involved, why the information transcends, identification of judgments by the authors and elements of social construction. Results: General press: 94.5% journalistic language compared to 5.5% scientific-informative. Majority use of masculine, focused on care activity. The main emerging categories were: field of work/profession (43.75%), context/environment (34.71%), emotions (13.88%) and knowledge patterns (7.64%). Conclusions: The news published in the general press incorporates a reductionist view of the nurse regarding their professional performance, although they give it great social value. It is necessary to achieve recognition of the autonomous role as well as the visibility of all fields of action. It is evidenced as a necessary resource, as well as scarce, for the viability of the health system and the care of the population.(AU)

On Lies and Hard Truths.

We run an experimental study using sender-receiver games to evaluate how senders' willingness to lie to others compares to their willingness to tell hard truths, i.e., promote an outcome that the sender knows is unfair to the receiver without explicitly lying. Unlike in previous work on lying when it has consequences, we do not find that antisocial behavior is less frequent when it involves lying than when it does not. In fact, we find the opposite result in the setting where there is social contact between senders and receivers, and receivers have enough information to judge whether they have been treated unfairly. In this setting, we find that senders prefer to hide behind a lie and implement the antisocial outcome by being dishonest rather than by telling the truth. These results are consistent with social image costs depending on the social proximity between senders and receivers, especially when receivers can judge the kindness of the senders' actions.

What's Behind Image? Toward a Better Understanding of Image-Driven Behavior.

Our experimental design systematically varies image concerns in a dictator/trust game. In comparison to the baseline, we either decrease the role of self-image concerns (by providing an excuse for selfish behavior) or increase the role of social-image concerns (by conveying the transfer choice to a third person). In this set up, we analyze the underlying processes that motivate subjects to give less/more. Controlling for distributional preferences and expectations, our results indicate that moral emotions (guilt and shame) are a significant determinant of pro-social behavior. The disposition to guilt explains giving in the baseline, while it does not when an excuse for selfish behavior exists. Subjects' disposition to shame is correlated to giving when their choice is public and they can be identified. JEL Classifications: C72, C91, D03, D80.

How to distinguish a "scientoskeptic" from a "scientoenthusiast"? Psychometric properties and criteria for qualitative interpretation of the scores of the Views of Science Questionnaire in a Polish quota sample.

BACKGROUND: The main aim of this study was to develop criteria for qualitative interpretation of the scores of the Views of Science Questionnaire (VoSQ), which is a tool for measuring the level of scientistic worldview. Another goal was to verify the psychometric properties of the tool in an adequately large and demographically diverse sample. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: The study involved 1,119 participants aged 18 to 87 who filled in the Polish version of the VoSQ via the Internet. The obtained results were subjected to reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and analyses aimed at developing criteria for the qualitative interpretation of both individual and group scores of the VoSQ scales. RESULTS: The CFA analysis showed a satisfactory level of fit of the VoSQ factor structure containing one higher-order factor and four sub-factors. The reliability of the tool scales was also satisfactory. The obtained results showed gender and age differences, but no differences related to the level of education. This information was used to develop the percentile-based criteria for the interpretation of the individual scores and the mean and standard deviation-based criteria for qualitative interpretation of the group scores. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between science and its social reception is becoming an increasingly important issue. The development of criteria for the qualitative interpretation of the results of the Views of Science Questionnaire makes it possible to use it as a tool for diagnosing attitudes towards science, displayed by both individuals and groups. This knowledge may be useful in improving the effectiveness of social implementation.

Social Image Impacting Attitudes of Middle-Aged and Elderly People toward the Usage of Walking Aids: An Empirical Investigation in Taiwan.

The elderly need the assistance of walking aids due to deterioration of their physical functions. However, they are often less willing to use these aids because of their worries about how others may think of them. Not using professional walking aids often makes elderly people fall easily when walking. This study explores the behavioral intention factors of middle-aged people (45-64 years old) and elderly people (65 years and older) that affect the use of walking aids. Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), subjective norms, attitude toward usage, behavior intention, safety, and usefulness were combined with social image to establish the research framework. This study used questionnaire surveys both in paper form assisted by volunteers and in online electronic form. A total of 457 questionnaires were collected. Data analysis was carried out in three stages: descriptive analysis, measurement model verification, and structural equation model analysis. The results showed that social image had a significant impact on the attitude toward using walking aids. Factors such as attitude toward usage, subjective norms, and safety of walking aids also had a significant positive impact on behavioral intention. Finally, through the research results, some suggestions are proposed for stakeholders to improve the elderly's concerns about the social image of using walking aids.

Endogenous testosterone is associated with increased striatal response to audience effects during prosocial choices.

The role of testosterone on cognitive functions in humans remains controversial. One recent hypothesis suggests that this steroid hormone advances social status. As being observed by others is known to modulate a range of behaviors because of image concerns, we hypothesized that such an audience effect might be an important component of status seeking that is under the control of testosterone. Thus, we investigated to which extent testosterone levels are associated with the effect of being observed during prosocial choices and the neural mechanisms underlying this effect. We enrolled twenty-four male participants, aged 22.47 ± 2.62 years, in an fMRI experiment to examine the relationship between testosterone levels and brain activity engaged in deciding whether to accept or reject monetary transfers to two types of organizations (a positively evaluated organization and a negatively evaluated organization) in presence or absence of an audience. When comparing the public to the private condition, the rate of acceptance increased for the positively evaluated organization, while the rate of rejection increased for the negatively evaluated one. Higher testosterone levels were linked to greater activation in the striatum in the public compared to the private condition, regardless of the organization type. These results indicate a relationship between testosterone levels and striatal activity induced by the audience effect. These findings provide new insights on the role of testosterone in human social behavior.

Are Proselfs More Deceptive and Hypocritical? Social Image Concerns in Appearing Fair.

Deception varies across individuals and social contexts. The present research explored how individual difference measured by social value orientations, and situations, affect deception in moral hypocrisy. In two experiments, participants made allocations between themselves and recipients with an opportunity to deceive recipients where recipients cannot reject their allocations. Experiment 1 demonstrated that proselfs were more deceptive and hypocritical than prosocials by lying to be apparently fair, especially when deception was unrevealed. Experiment 2 showed that proselfs were more concerned about social image in deception in moral hypocrisy than prosocials were. They decreased apparent fairness when deception was revealed and evaluated by a third-party reviewer and increased it when deception was evaluated but unrevealed. These results show that prosocials and proselfs differed in pursuing deception and moral hypocrisy social goals and provide implications for decreasing deception and moral hypocrisy.